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Lecturer: Ms. Farwah Ahmad

https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnRigorouslywithFarwahAhmad 17/05/2022
Course Content:

Digital Number
Systems system

Recommended Books:
1. Digital Logic and Computer
Design, Morris Mano, Prentice
Hall, 1996
2. Digital Fundamentals, Thomas
L. Floyd
https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnRigorouslywithFarwahAhmad 17/05/2022
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 Weighted/Positional

DECIMAL

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnRigorouslywithFarwahAhmad 17/05/2022 3
General Notation
Base or Radix
MSD

n-1 2 -1
 (N)R = an-1. R + ...............+ a2 .R + a1.R + a0 + a-1. R +
-2 -m LSD
a-2 . R + ...........+ a-m . R .  Where N is any number.
Place Value  Where “R” is base or radix of number
system.
Fractional Side
 Possible Digits : (0,1, . . . , R − 1)

 Coefficients an = a5a4a3a2a1a0 . a-1a-2a-3  an are the coefficients and the subscript

value n gives the place value.
Integral Side Radix Point  Any Coefficient an has weight = R
n

n-1
 an-1. R = most significant digit (MSD)
Powers from right to left Powers from left to right -m -m
 a . R = least significant digit (LSD)
( Power = weight)
 N = (𝑎5 𝑎4 𝑎3 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎0 . 𝑎−1 𝑎−2 𝑎−3 ) R

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Example: 1 9 3 8 . 2 5 7
.  Base, or Radix is 10
Place value
 So weight = 10𝑛
R=10 regarding the power of
a−1 10
a0  Coefficients aj = { 0, 1,
a1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
a2
a3  Range for n integer
n
a−2 bits = 0 – (10 – 1 )
a−3 Minimum Maximum
3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
= (a3×R )+(a2×R )+(a1×R )+(a0×R )+(a−1×R )+(a−2×R )+(a−3 × R ) = 000…..0 - (999…..9)
Weight  Range for n integer
3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
= ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) + ( × 10 ) -m
bits = (1 – 10 )
= 1 x 1000 + 9 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 8x1+ 2 x 0.1 + 5 x 0.01 + 7 x 0.001 17/05/2022 5
Example: 1 1 0 0 . 1 1 1
.  Base, or Radix is 2
Place value
 So weight = 2𝑛
R=2 regarding the power of
a−1 2
a0  Coefficients aj = { 0, 1}
a1
a2  Range for n integer
n
a3 bits = 0 – (2 – 1 )
a−2 Minimum Maximum
a−3 = 000…..0 - (111…..1)
3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
= (a3×R )+(a2×R )+(a1×R )+(a0×R )+(a−1×R )+(a−2×R )+(a−3 × R )  Range for n integer
Weight -m
3 2 1 0 −1 −2 −3
bits = (1 – 2 )
= ( ×2 )+( ×2 )+( ×2 )+( ×2 )+( ×2 )+( ×2 )+( ×2 )
= 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 1 + 1 x 0.5 + 1 x 0.25 + 1 x 0.125 17/05/2022 6
Example: 2 6 . 2 4
.  Base, or Radix is 8
Place value
 So weight = 8𝑛
R=8 regarding the power of
a−1 8
a0  Coefficients aj = { 0,
a1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

a−2  Range for n integer

n
bits = 0 – (8 – 1 )
Minimum Maximum
1 0 −1 −2
= (a1×R )+(a0×R )+(a−1×R )+(a−2×R ) = 000…..0 - (777…..7)
Weight  Range for n integer
1 0 −1 −2 -m
= ( ×8 )+( ×8 )+( ×8 )+( ×8 ) bits = (1 – 8 )
= 2 x 8 + 6 x 1 + 2 x 0.125 + 4 x 0.015625 17/05/2022 7
Example: F A F A . B
.  Base, or Radix is 16
Place value  So weight = 16𝑛
regarding the power of
R=16
16
a−1

a0  Coefficients aj = { 0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,
a1 D,F}
a2
a3  Range for n integer
n
bits = 0 – (16 – 1 )
Minimum Maximum
3 2 1 0 −1 = 000…..0 - (FFF…..F)
= (a3×R )+(a2×R )+(a1×R )+(a0×R )+(a−1×R )
 Range for n integer
Weight
-m
3 2 1
= ( × 16 ) + ( × 16 ) + ( × 16 ) + ( × 16 ) + ( × 16 )
0 −1 bits = (1 – F )

= 15 x 4096 + 10 x 256 + 15 x 16 + 10 x 1 + 11 x 0.0625 17/05/2022 8

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https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnRigorouslywithFarwahAhmad 17/05/2022