National Capital Region

Division of City Schools

M.B. ASISTIO SR. HIGH SCHOOL UNIT-I
Pla-Pla St. Kaunlaran Village, Caloocan City
S.Y. 2018-2019

ECO-Holder: The Effectiveness of

Eco-friendly Pen and Phone Holder
Made out of Used Paper

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge about The
Effectiveness of Eco-friendly Pen and Phone Holder Made out of Used Paper
It introduces the framework for the case study that comprises the main focus of
the research

PAPER WASTE PROBLEM IN PHILIPPINES

According to Hunt (1997) et al. The generation of waste possess a major

challenge in the society the management of solid waste is an expensive public
service worldwide. Solid waste collection, Solid waste disposal and recycling
we're namely buy the service categories.

According to ADB (2003) and Sumalde (2004) et al. The insufficiency of

funds, are inquiring financial gap in the implementation of the whole system.

According to ADB (2003) et al. The LGU's have the options for the
establishment of the solid waste management system. The sources of funds
include the following: (a) general budgetary appropriations; (b) external sources;
(c) Cost recovery mechanism such as collection and work fees (d) National Solid
Waste Management.

According to Marques and Simões (2012) et al. The crucial threats the
environment and human civilization to attain sustainable future for the recent
globalize society. The studies conducted that assess the efficiency of the waste
sector in the developing countries.

Wala po akong bagong nalaman sa problema ng pilipinas sa paper waste, parang

kung anoa no lang nakalagay eh, walang bullet form or alphabet listing sa
chapter 2

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EMERGENCE OF PEN AND PHONE HOLDER

Joshua M.Alis Discover the invention that provides cellphone holder that
holds the phone substantially horizontal. The holder includes a phone pocket
made of Sup pleather , Sized to firmly hold the phone when its used . Yet quickly
release it when needed .

Many people like Joshua M. Alis discover to make a pencil case or pencil
box is a container used to store pencils..

He also said that a pencil case can also container a variety of other
stationery such as sharpeners, pens, glue sticks, erasers, scissors, rulers and
calculators. That will help a lot of students or workers .

Pakidagdagan pa ito, lagyan ng sn nagmula, san gawa anoa no yung mga

pinaggamitan nun.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PAPER RECYCLING

Lagyan ng unting meaning dito ng paper recycling. Recycling paper helps to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions that can contribute to climate change. It takes
70% less energy and water to recycle paper than to create new paper from trees.
Manufacturing with recovered paper cuts down on pollution that contributes to
smog (and ill health). Best of all, according to the Environmental Protection
Agency, recycling one ton of paper saves 17 trees and more than 3.3 cubic yards
of landfill space. (Jenny Green, 2015)

In addition, as stated by Byström & Lönnstedt (1997), paper recycling saves

the natural wood raw stock, decreases the operation and capital costs to paper
unit, decrease water consumption and last but not least this paper processing
gives rise to the environment preservation (e.g., 1 t of wastepaper can replace ca
2.5 m3 of wood). A key issue in paper recycling is the impact of energy use in
manufacturing. Processing wastepaper for paper and board manufacture
requires energy that is usually derived from fossil fuels, such as oil and coal. In
contrast to the production of virgin fiber-based chemical pulp, wastepaper
processing does not yield a thermal surplus and thus thermal energy must be
supplied to dry the paper web. If, however, the wastepaper was recovered for
energy purposes the need for fossil fuel would be reduced and this reduction

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would have a favorable impact on the carbon dioxide balance and the
greenhouse effect.

Dagdagan ng sino sino yung mga top country na nagrerecycle ngh paper at anoa
no yung giunagawa nila kasi yun yung mga maiipakita mon a output ng impact
nun sa environment.

PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY

Paper and pulp industries consume huge number of resources like wood and
water every year and creates large amounts of solid wastes. Different forms of
wastes are produced such as particle, solid, gas, and water during paper
production. The developed wastes are usually not treated properly, and
wastewater is mostly allowed to mix with water resources like river. So,
identification of some suitable methodologies to treat these wastes in an
environmental-friendly way and to extract the energy from these wastes is the
need of the day. (Gopal et. al, 2019)

Moreover, Bajpai (2014) et. Al stated that, the Paper and Paperboard Industry
in the Global Market, the pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries
in the world. It is dominated by North American, Northern European, and East
Asian countries. Latin America and Australasia also have significant pulp and
paper industries. Over the next few years, it is expected that both India and China
will become the key countries in the industry’s growth. World production of paper
and paperboard is around 390 million tones and is expected to reach 490 million
tons by 2020. In 2009, total global consumption of paper was 371 million tons. In
North America, total paper consumption declined 24% between 2006 and 2009.

Growth is speedy in Asia; it accounts for almost 40% total world paper and
paperboard production whereas the European Union (EU) and North America
account for about one quarter each. The profitability of pulp and paper industry
has been weak on the global level in recent years. Excess capacity has led to
falling product prices that have, with the impact of rising production costs,
eroded the industry’s profitability globally.

Consumption of paper and paperboard per person varies significantly from

country to country. One person uses about 60 kg of paper a year on average; the
extremes are 265 kg for each US resident and some 7 kg for each African. In the
heavily populated areas of Asia, only around 40 kg of paper per person is used.

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This means that Asian consumption will continue to grow intensely in the coming
years if developments there follow the example of the West. In Finland,
consumption of paper and paperboard per person is about 194 kg. Although
India’s population is about 7% of the world’s population, it consumes barely 2% of
the global paper output with consumption per person at only 9 kg against a
global average of 55 kg, 65 kg in China and 215 kg in Japan. Rapid growth in
Asian paper production in recent years has increased the region’s self-
sufficiency, lessening the export opportunities available to both Europeans and
Americans. Moreover, Asian paper has started to enter Western markets – from
China in particular. Global contest has increased noticeably as the new entrant’s
cost level is considerably lower than in competing Western countries.

The European industry has been dismantling overcapacity by shutting down

mills that do not make any profit. In all, over 5% of the production volume in
Europe has been closed down in the past few years. Globally speaking, the
products of the forest industry are primarily consumed in their country of
production, so it can be considered a domestic-market industry. The largest trade
flows are between the countries of Central Europe and between the Nordic
countries and Central Europe. Furthermore, a lot of Canadian paper is exported to
the USA. In Asia, Korea is a significant exporter. The most significant
intercontinental trade flows are directed from Europe and North America to Asia,
from Europe to North America as well as from North America to South America.
The profitability of paper industry companies has been weak overall in the recent
years. Overcapacity has led to falling prices and this, coupled with rising
production costs, is eating into the sector’s profitability.

According to Debkumar Chakraborty,S. Venkata Mohan,(2019) et. al , The

paper and pulp industry (PPI) is regarded as one of the most polluted, as it
produces high quantities of solid and liquid discharge. On average, in a
developed country, up to 10 million tons of waste is generated each year and
considerable amounts of capital and other resources goes toward its treatment.
The discharge from PPIs mainly constitutes solid and liquid waste with high
organic content. This discharge is a potential feedstock containing a high
percentage of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which can be used as a
valuable raw material for the production of bioenergy, platform chemicals, and
biofuels. At present, most of this waste is recycled using a conventional
approach, through biological and chemical processes, incurring high costs and
low returns. Therefore, strategies relying on any one of the conventional
treatment technologies do not lead to optimal utilization of the valuable

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resources in the waste. Instead, cascading approaches such as coupling the
generation of conventional bioenergy and high-value bio products within a bio
refinery context could address this challenge. Therefore, this chapter initially
provides a detailed account of the availability of paper and pulp waste and
pretreatment methods. Various high-value bio products that can be produced in a
bio refinery approach are discussed in order to pinpoint the most recent trends
and future directions in research and development. It also focuses on
technologies that have moved beyond the laboratory phase, identifies the
problems, and summarizes the main interventions that can help overcome these
issues. The chapter thus provides systemic insight into developing efficient,
economically feasible, and sustainable bio refineries that could meet the
technical and market requirements and improve the valorization of paper and
pulp waste. Ito dapat yung content sa taas sa paper waste problem , pero dapat
ung info pang Philippines, katuald ng content na to same lang pero about sa
Philippines