Tutorial 1

Question 1
Calculate the determinant of the five matrices and state which are singular.
   
2 0 −1 2 1 2
   
A=    2
 1 2 2  , B =  −1 1 5  , AB , A + B, AB + A .
2

3 2 4 4 2 3
Question 2
 
0 0 1
 
(a) Let A =   β 0 0 . Verify that A3 = βγI3 , where I3 is the identity

0 γ 0
matrix of order 3. Deduce that A is non-singular and hence, compute A−1 .
(b) Find the value(s) of x for which the following matrix is singular:
 
x+3 2 1
 
 x 3 x 4 
 
2x − 1 2 1
.
 
α2 + 3 α 1
 2 
(c) Given that M =  
 β + 3 β 1 , use properties of determinant to show
γ2 + 3 γ 1
that |M| = − (β − α) (−α + γ) (γ − β).
Question 3
An n × n matrix A = (aij ) is called orthogonal if AAT = I.
i Show that the following matrix is orthogonal:
 
−1 1 1
 √2 √
6
√ 
3 

 1 1 1 
 √ √ √ 
 
 2 6 3 
 
 −2 1 
0 √ √
6 3

ii Show that if A is orthogonal then det(A) = ±1.

1
 Answers
Question 1
|A| = 12, |B| = −3, |AB2 | = 108 |A + B| = 0 (singular), |AB + A2 | = 0
(singular).
Question
 2 
0 β −1 0
 
(a)
 0 0 γ
−1 .

1 0 0
8
(b) , 4.
3

2
 Tutorial 2
Question 1
Let ω be a complex cube root of 1 (this means ω 3 = 1) with ω 6= 1. Prove that
1 + ω + ω 2 = 0. Letting A be the matrix
 
1 1 1
 1 ω ω2 
1 ω2 ω
Determine A2 and A−1 .

Question 2
For each v ∈ <, define the matrix A(v) by
 
1 0 0
A(v) =  v 1 0 
1 2
2
v v 1

Show that for all v, w ∈ < we have A(v + w) = A(v)A(w). Deduce that each
matrix A(v) is invertible.

Question 3
Determine how the rank of the real matrix
 
3 1 2
 1 2 −1 
 
 1 0 1 
2 b −1

depends on the real number b.

3
 Question 4
Find the rank of the following
 matrices:
1 1 −1
 
(a)  2  2 3
 1 1 α + α , where 1 + α + α = 0. and α = 1.
1 2α α

 
2 1 2 1  
  1 1 1 2
 2 2 4 4   
(b)
 0 1
, (c) 1 3 1 4 .
 2 3 

 
1 5 1 7
4 5 10 11

4
 Answers
Question
 1   
3 0 0 1/3 1/3 1/3
   
A2 =  0 0 3 ,
 A−1 = 
 1/3 ω /3
2
ω/3 
2
0 3 0 1/3 ω/3 ω /3
Question 3
(i) rank = 2 f or b = 3 and rank = 3 f or b 6= 3
Question 4
(a) 2, (b) 2, (c) 3.

5
 Tutorial 3
Question 1
Solve the following system of equations using Gaussian elimination:

(a)
x + 2y − 4z = −4
2x + 5y − 9z = −10
3x − 2y + 3z = 11

(b)
x + 2y − 3z = −1
−3x + y − 2z = −7
5x + 3y − 4z = 2

(c)
x + 2y − 3z = 1
2x + 5y − 8z = 4
3x + 8y − 13z = 7

Question 2
Consider the system
2x + 2y + 3z = 0
x + αy + 3z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 0.

Find sufficient conditions on α for the system to have

(i) unique solution,

(ii) infinite number of solutions.

Question 3
Find the inverses of the following matrices using elementary row operations:
     
1 −1 0 1 1 2 1 −1 1
A= 1 0 −1  , B =  2 1 1 , C= 0 1 2 .
1 0 0 2 2 1 3 1 1

6
 Question 4
Let A be each of the following matrices in turn:
     
2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1
 0 0 1 ,  −1 3 0 ,  1 2 1 .
0 1 0 −1 4 −1 1 1 2

(a) Find all the eigenvectors of A; determine whether A is diagonalisable and,

if so, find an invertible real matrix X for which X −1 AX is diagonal.

(b) In the case of the first matrix,

(i) find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A5 ,A + 7I and (A - 3I)−1 .

1 1
(ii) Show that A−1 = A − A2 + I and hence, or otherwise, determine
2 2
A−1

7
 Answers
Question 1
(a) x = 2, y = −1, z = 1, (b)inconsistent (c)x = −3 − t, y = 2 + 2t, z = t.
Question 2
(i)α 6= 4 (ii)α = 4.
Question
 3     
0 −1 0 1/10 −3/5 3/10 −1/3 0 2/3
     
(a)
 0 0 −1 , (b)

 −1/5
 1/5 2/5 , (c) 
  1 −1 0 .

1 1 1 3/10 1/5 −1/10 −1/3 1 −1/3
Question 4  
1 1 −3
 
(a){2, (1, 0, 0)t } , {1, (−3, 1, 1)t } , {−1, (1, 3, −3)t } and X = 
 3 0 1 

−3 0 1
{−1, [0, 0, 1]} , {2, [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]}  
1 1 0
 
{1, [1, −1, 0], [0, −1, 1]} , {4, [1, 1, 1]} and X =   1 −1 −1 .

1 0 1
(b)(i)Each eigenvalue is raised to power 5 and the corresponding eigenvectors
are unchanged; add 7 to each eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvectors are un-
changed; subtract 3 from each eigenvalue and take reciprocal of each resulting
value and corresponding
 eigenvectors
 are unchanged.
1/2 −1 −1/2
 
(ii) A−1 =   0 0 1 

0 1 0

8
 Tutorial 4
Question 1
Test the following series for convergence:
∞
X
en
(i) 3n+2
,
n=1

∞
X
n−7
(ii) n2
,
n=1

∞
X
2
(iii) (2n−1)(2n+1)
,
n=1

∞
X
n
(iv) n3 +1
,
n=1

∞
X
1√
(v) √
n2 +1− n2 −1
n=1

∞
X ¡1¢
(vi) sin n
,
n=1

∞
X
(vii) ne−n ,
n=1

∞
X
n!
(viii) 2n−1!
n=1

∞
X
n!
(ix) 1.5.9...(4n−3)
xn , x > 0.
n=1

Question 2
Given that y = (5 − n2 )n , n > 0, by applying L’Hospital’s Rule, show that
∞
X ¡ 5n−2 ¢n
lim ln y = −2
5
. Hence, or otherwise, determine whether the series n
n→∞
n=1
converges or diverges.

Question 3
Use the Taylor series to find a quadratic approximation to each of the following
functions at the specified points:

9
(i) sin(3x + 2y) at ( Π6 , 0),

(ii) cosh x cosh y at the origin.

10
 Answers
1.(i)convergent; (ii)divergent; (iii)convergent;

(iv)convergent; (v)divergent; (vi)divergent;

(vii)convergent; (viii)convergent; (ix)convergent for 0 < x < 4.

2. Series converges.
y2
3. (i)1 − 9/2 (x − 1/6 π)2 − 6 y (x − 1/6 π) − 2 y 2 ; (ii) 1 + x2
2
+ 2

11
 Tutorial 5
Question 1
The triple vector product (A ∧ B) ∧ C) and A ∧ (B ∧ C) are usually not equal,
although the formulae for evaluating them from components are similar :

(A ∧ B) ∧ C = (A · C)B − (B · C)A. (1)

A ∧ (B ∧ C) = (A · C)B − (A · B)C. (2)

Verify each of the formula for the following vectors by evaluating its two sides
and comparing the results.

A B C
a) (1, 1, −2)t (−1, 0, −1)t (2, 4, −2)t
b) (1, −1, 1)t (2, 1, −2)t (−1, 2, −1)t
c) (2, 1, 0)t (2, −1, 1)t (1, 0, 2)t
Question 2
Show that if A, B, C and D are any vectors, then

(a)

A ∧ (B ∧ C) + B ∧ (C ∧ A) + C ∧ (A ∧ B) = 0.

(b)

A ∧ B = (A · B ∧ i)i + (A · B ∧ j)j + (A · B ∧ k)k.

12
 Question 3

(a) Given that A = 2i + 2j − k, B = i + k and C = i + j + k, find the

scalar and vector projection of B ∧ C in the direction of A.

(b) Show that if the lines

x = a1 s + b1 , y = a2 s + b2 , z = a3 s + b3 , −∞ < s < ∞,

and

x = c1 t + d1 , y = c2 t + d2 , z = c3 t + d3 , −∞ < t < ∞,

intersect at one point at least then

a1 c1 b1 − d1
a2 c2 b2 − d2
= 0.
a3 c3 b3 − d3

Question 4

(a) Consider the following vector equations :

x ∧ b = b + α c,
x · c = β,

where b = i + 2j + 3k, c = 2i − j + k, and α and β are scalars. Show

that:
1
(i) x is a vector through (5, 5, −5) and in the direction of b and
3
−14
(ii) α = .
3
(b) Solve the following vector equations for x and µ:

x ∧ u = u + µ v,
x · v = 2,

where u = 2i + −j + k, v = 2i − j + k, and µ is a scalar.

13
 Answers
Question 1
(a) (−10, 0, −10)t (1) (−12, −4, −8)t (2) (b) (−10, −2, 6)t (1) (−9, −2, 6)t (2)
(c)(−4, −6, 2)t (1) (1, −2, −4)t (2)
Question 3
−2 √ 2
(a) 3, (−1, −1, 1)t
3 3
Question 4
−1
(b) (4, −5, −1)t µ = 1
6

14
 Tutorial 6
Question 1
³x y z´
(a) If F = 3
, , , then show that ∇ ∧ F = 0.
r r3 r3
(b) Find ∇ ∧ S and ∇ · (∇ ∧ S) for each of the following
(i) S = (0, 0, xy)t .
(ii) S = (−yz, 0, xy)t .
Question 2
Let ω = ω1 i + ω2 j + ω3 k and s = xi + yj + zk.
(i) Find v = ω ∧ s
(ii) Show that ∇ ∧ v = 2ω.
(iii) Show that div(v) = 0
(iv) State with reason, the angle between v and ω.
Question 3

(a) Find the directional derivative of z = x2 − 6y 2 at P (7, 2) in the direction

(i) θ = 45◦ ,
(ii) θ = 135◦ .
(b) Find the maximum directional derivative for the same function at P .
Question 4
The temperature T of a heated circular plate at any of its point (x, y) is given by
32
T = 2 ,
x + y2 + 1
the origin being the center of the plate. Find the rate of change of T at the point
π
(2, 3), in the direction θ =
3
Question 5
The electrical potential V at any point (x, y) is given by
³p ´
V = ln (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2
.
(i) Find the rate of change of V at (3, 4) in the direction towards the point
(4, 5).
(ii) Show V changes most rapidly along the set of radial lines through the point
(1, 2).

15
 Answers
Question 1
b(i) (x, −y, 0)t , 0, (ii)(x, −2y, z)t , 0.
Question 2
π
(i) (ω2 z − ω3 y, ω3 x − ω1 z, ω1 y − ω2 x)t , (iv)
2
Question
√ 3 √ √
(i)−5 2 , (ii)−19 2 , (b)2 193 in the direction θ = 300◦ 150
Question 4√
− 16
49
− 24
49
3
Question
√ 5
2
(i)
4

16
 Tutorial 7
Question 1

Z 1Z 2x
(a) Sketch the region of integration of dydx.
0 x

(b) Exchange the order of integration to express the integral in part (a) in terms
of integration in the order dxdy and evaluate it in that case.

Z Z
y
(c) Find dxdy, where Ω is the shaded region shown in Fig.(1).
Ω x2 + y2

2.5

1.5

0.5

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3

Figure 1: Region Ω

Z Z
(d) Find ydydx, where Ω is the region bounded by the triangle with ver-
Ω
tices at (−2, 0), (0, 1) and (2, 0)

Question 2
Sketch the corresponding region of integration and evaluate by changing order of
the integration :
Z 3Z 9
(a) dydx,
0 x2
Z 1Z
√
x
2xy
(b) dydx.
0 0 1 − y4

17
 Question
Z Z ³ 3
x y´
Find 1− − dydx, where Ω is in the first quadrant bounded by the
Ω a b
x y
axes and the line + = 1.
a b
Question 4
Consider the following integral
Z √2 Z y µ ¶ Z 2 Z √4−y2 µ ¶
π (x2 + y 2 ) π (x2 + y 2 )
I = cos dx dy + √ cos dx dy
0 0 8 2 0 8

(i) Sketch the region of integration defined by the sum of these two integrals.

(ii) By reversing the order of integration, rewrite I as one double integral.

(iii) By using polar coordinates, show that I = 1.

Answers
Question
Z Z 1 Z 2Z
1 y 1
1 2
(b) dydx + dydx , , (c) 4, (d) .
0 y/2 1 y/2 2 3
Question 2
1
(a) 18 , (b) .
2
Question 3
ab
.
6
Question 4 µ ¶
R √2 R √4 −x 2 π (x 2 + y 2 )
I = 0 x cos dy dx .
8

18
 Tutorial 8
Question 1
Consider the integral
Z 1Z 1
1
I = dxdy.
0 0 (1 + y 2 x)(1 + x)
The transformation
v
x = u2 andy = ,
u
is applied to I.
Show that the limits in the u − v plane are : u = 0, u = 1 and v = 0, v = 1.
sketch the region in the u − v plane and hence evaluate the above integral by
integrating over an appropriate region in the u − v plane.

Question 2 Z Z
(x + y)(x2 + y 2 )
Consider the integral I = dA, where R is the region
R x4
bounded by the lines y = 0, y = x and x + y = α with α > 0 . By ap-
y
plying the transformation u = x + y and v = , sketch the corresponding region
x
of integration in the u − v. Hence, evaluate I.

Question 3
Show by means of a diagram the area over which the double integral is taken,
R 2 R 2−y x + y 2(x+y)
I = 0 y−2 e dxdy. Apply the transformation of variable u = x+y
(x + 1)2
y−1
and v = to this integral and sketch the region of integration in the u − v
x+1
plane. Hence, evaluate I.

Question 4
If f (x, y) can be written as f (x, y) = F (x)G(y), then the integral of f over a
rectangle R: a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d can be evaluated as a product by the formula
Z Z Z b Z d
f (x, y) dxdy = F (x)dx G(y)dy. (3)
R a c
Use Eq.(3) to evaluate the following:
Z 1Z π
(i) 2 6x(cos(y))2 dydx.
0 0
Z 2 Z 1
(ii) x3 y −3/2 dxdy.
1 0

19
Question 5
Z ∞ Z Z
∞ ∞
−(x2 ) 2 2 +y 2 )
Let I = e dx and I = e−(x dxdy.
0 0 0
Evaluate the last integral using
√ polar coordinates and solve the resulting equation
R ∞ −x2 π
to show that 0 e dx = .
2

20
 Answers
Question 1
π2
16
Question 2
4α
3
Question 3
1¡ 4 ¢
e −1
4
Question 4 √
3π 2− 2
(b)(i) ,(ii)
4 4

21
 Tutorial 9
Question 1
Evaluate theR following triple integrals
R 1 R 1−x 2−x
(a) 0 0 0
xyzdzdydx.

Z πZ 1 Z 2
(b) 2 r2 z sin θdzdrdθ.
0 0 0
Z πZ π Z sec φ
(c) 4 sin 2φdρdφdθ.
0 0 0

Question 2
Using triple integrals, find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coor-
dinate planes and the plane x + y + z = 1.

Question 3
Calculate the volume of the region bounded by the following surfaces:

(i) z = 0, x2 + y 2 = 2 and x + y + z = 3.

(ii) The cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16 and the planes z = 0 and z + y = 4.

(iii) The sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9.

Question 4
Find the area of that portion of the surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 which lies
in the first octant between the planes z = 0 and z = 2x.

Question 5
Find the surface area of the part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 inside the upper
part of the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 .

22
 Answers
Question 1
13
(a)
240
2
(b)
3 √
(c) (2 − 2)π
Question 2
1
6
Question 3
3 −4 √ ¡ √ ¢
(i) π 2, (ii)64π, (iii) 256
3
− 32 3 π
2 3
Question 4
18
Question
¡ √ 5¢
4 2− 2 π

23
 Tutorial 10
Question 1 Z
3 2
For F = x yi + y j, find F · dr along the curve y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
C
QuestionZ2
Evaluate (x − y)dx + (y − z)dy over the line segment C from P (1, 1, 1) to
C
Q(2, 4, 8).
Hint:
C is defined as follows :
PQ = (1, 3, 7)t and any point (x, y, z)along Cis thus definedas
(x = 1 + t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 1 + 7t, where0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Question 3

(a) Show that F = (3x2 − 6y 2 )i + (−12xy + 4y)j is conservative.

(b) Find Φ such F = ∇Φ (Φ is said to be a potential function for F).
R
(c) Let C be the curve x = 1 + y 3 (1 − y)3 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Calculate C F · dr.
Question 4
Let F = (ax2 y + y 3 + 1)i + (2x3 + by 2 x + 2)j be a vector field, where a and b are
constants.
(a) Find the values of a and b for which F is conservative.
(b) Use the values of a and b from (a) to find f (x, y) such that F = ∇f .
R
(c) Using the values of a and b from part (a), compute C F · dr along the curve
C such that x = et cos t, y = et sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Question 5

(a) Write down the contour integral of F = (5x + 3y)i + (1 + cos y)j, counter-
Z b
clockwise around the unit circle centered at the origin, in the form f (t)dt.
a
(Do not simplify the integral.)
(b) Evaluate the line integral using Green’s theorem.
Question 6
Consider the region R enclosed by the x−axis, x = 1 and y = x3 .
Travelling in a counterclockwise direction along the boundary C or R, call C1 the
portion of C that goes from (0, 0) to (1, 0), C2 the portion of C that goes from
(1, 0) to (1, 1) and C3 the portion of C that goes from (1, 1) to (0, 0).

24
(a) Using Green’s theorem, find the total work of F = (1 + y 2 )i around the
boundary C of R, in a counterclockwise direction.

(b) Calculate the work of F along C1 and C2 .

(c) Use parts (a) and (b) to find the work along the third side C3 .

25
 Answers
Question 1
1/2
Question 2
−13
Question 3
(b)f = x3 − 6y 2 x + 2y 2 (+constant), (c) -4
Question 4
(a) a = 6, b = 3, (b) f = 2x3 y + y 3 x + x + 2y(+constant), (c) −eπ − 1.
Question
Z 5
2π
(5 cos t + 3 sin t)(− sin t)dt + (1 + cos(sin t)) cos tdt, (b) −3π.
0
Question 6
(a)−1/7, (b)along C1 ,it is 1, and along C2 ,it is 0(c)−8/7.

26
 Tutorial 11 - Divergence theorem
Question 1

P
(a) if is any closed surface enclosing a volume RVRand φ = (xi + yj + zk), use
the Gauss-divergence theorem to prove that P φ · n̂dS = 3V .

(b) Given that r = xi + yj + (1 − z)k, evaluate

Z Z
r · n̂dS

over the whole boundary of the region bounded by the paraboloid z =

13 − x2 − y 2 and the plane z = 9.

Question 2
Calculate the flux of F = x i + yj + (1 + 3z )k out of the portion of the sphere
z 2 = 4 − x2 − y 2 in the first octant in the direction away from the origin

27
 Question 3

Figure 2: Plot showing the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and z = 0.

Let S be the curved part of the surface formed by the paraboloid z =

1 − x2 − y 2 lying above the xy plane as shown in fig.(2). The basis of the solid
formed is the unit disc in the xy plane. Further, let F = x i + yj + (1 − 2z )k.

(i) Using the divergence theorem, find the flux of F out of the solid.

(ii) Using direct calculation and taking the upward direction as the one for
which the flux is positive, compute the flux of F through the unit disc in
the xy plane (n̂ = −k̂).

(iii) Hence, calculate the flux of F through S.

Question 4
Use the divergence theorem to compute the flux of F = (1 + y 2 )j out of the
curved part of the half-cylinder bounded by x2 + y 2 = a2 , (y ≥ 0), z = 0,
z = b and y = 0.

28
 Answers
Question 1
8π
Question 2
8π
3
Question 3
(i) 0, (ii) −2π, (iii) 2π.
Question 4
4a3 b
2ab + .
3

29
 Tutorial 12 - Stokes’ theorem
Question 1
Let F = (−6y 2 + 6y)i + (x2 − 3z 2 )j − x2 k.
Calculate ∇ ∧ F and use Stokes’theorem to show that the work done by F along
a simple closed curve contained in the plane x + 2y + z = 1 is equal to zero.

Question 2
Let F = −2xzi + y 2 k.

(a) Calculate curl F.

RR
(b) Show that the R
curlF · n̂dS = 0 for any finite portion R of the unit
2 2 2
sphere x + y + z = 1.(Take the normal vector n̂ pointing outward).
H
(c) Show that C F · dr = 0 for any simple closed curve C on the unit sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Question 3
Let F = (xz, yz + x, xy)t .

(a) Find ∇ ∧ F.

(b) Let C be the simple closed curve, oriented counterclockwise when viewed
from above, x − y + 2z = 10. The projection of C on the xy−plane
H is the
2 2
circle (x − 1) + y = 1. Use Stokes’ theorem to compute C F · dr.

Question 4 H S
Use Stokes’ theorem to find C F·dr, where C = C1 C2 , C1 is the circumference
of the semi circle of radius a, above the x−axis and C2 is the line segment [−a, a]
on the x−axis and F = y 2 (a2 − z 2 )i + ax2 (a − 3z)j + x2 y 2 k.

30
 Answers
Question 2
∇ ∧ F = (2y, −2x, 0)t . Question 3
(a) ∇ ∧ F = (x − y, x − y, 1)t .
(b) π.
Question 4
−4a5
.
3

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