2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

Preliminary results of Safe Zones Charts due to pile eccentricities

of a 2 pile group is being developed to assist engineers in access-
ing the „PASS-FAIL‟ criteria on-site.

Example of 2 Pile Group

2100mm

+100 mm
+107 mm

600mm
P2

+67 mm -74 mm
P1
Column Service
Load 550 kN
+ Y mm

1500mm

+ X mm

PILE DETAILS:
Type of Pile: RC Spun Pile
Pile Dim: 300mm Dia (60mm thk)
Pile Working Load (n): 400 kN
Column Load (N) : 572.5 kN
(Incl. Self Wt of PileCap)
N/n Ratio: 1.43
Fundamental “PASS-FAIL” Criteria

< Pile Working

Load

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA
ex @ P2
ex @ P1
(+ve) (-ve)
150 245 -320
100 360 -299
ey=0 50 477 -277
0 590 -255
-50 700 -233
-100 825 -212
-150 935 -190 CHART 1:Eccentricity Limit ex

2 PILE GROUP Ecc SAFE ZONE : ex (N/n=1.43)

1000

800

600

+420 mm
400

200
+67 mm
Max Allowable ex @ P2

0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

-200

-240 mm
-400

Ecc ex @ P1
+ex Safe Zone -ve ex Safe Zone
From CHART 1:

@ P1: Ecc ex= +67mm, corresponding range of allowable ex @ P2 is between

(+420 mm and —240 mm)

@P2: Ecc ex= -74 mm…..(-240< -74 <+420) ok PASS!!

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

ey @ P2

ey @ P2 ey @ P2
ey @ P1
Zone 1 Zone 2
-100 231 44
-50 115 22
-25 57 11
ex=0 0 0 0
25 -57 -11
50 -115 -22
CHART 2:Eccentricity Limit ey
100 -231 -44
150 -347 -65

2 PILE GROUP Ecc SAFE ZONE: ey (N/n=1.43)

400

300

200
Max Allowable ey @ P2

100
+100mm
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 -42 mm 0 50 100 150 200
-100

-200
-230 mm
-300

-400

Ecc ey @ P1
ey Safe Zone 1 ey Safe Zone 2

From CHART 2:

@ P1: Ecc ey= +100mm, corresponding range of allowable ey @ P2 between -42

mm and —230 mm

@P2: Ecc ey= +107 mm…..(-42 & -230< +107) ko FAIL!!

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

PILE DETAILS

2
Insert 1 for sq RC pile or 2 for RC circular Spun
Type Of Pile = Pile

Sectional Area
Sq RC Pile Dimension mm 300.00 9.00E+04
mm2
Pile Working Load (kN) 400.00

Circular RC Spun Pile Diameter Pile Thickness

300.00
mm mm 60.00
Sectional Area
Pile Working Load (kN) 400.00
mm2 4.5E+04

Pilecap Dimension
PILE CAP DETAILS
Pile Spacing K Factor (3 to 5) 3.00 B mm 1500.00
Calculated Pile Cap Overall Depth
700.00 1000.00 W mm 600.00
mm
Minimum Setback Pile Edge mm 150.00 150.00 H mm 1000.00
Cover mm 100.00

LOAD DETAILS
COLUMN ECC
Column Service Load kN 550.00
Calculated Self Weight of Pile Cap
22.50
kN Ey 0.00
Net Service Load kN 572.50 Ex 0.00

Nos of Piles Required 1.43 2

y = 100.00 mm
Pile P#1
x = 67.00 mm

y = 107.00 mm
Pile P#2
x = -74.00 mm

NET ECC-Y (mm) 207.00

NET ECC-X (mm) -7.00

Column Service Axial Load kN = 550.00

Total Service Load (Incl. self wt pilecap) = 572.50

Total Service Load / n = 1.43

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

PILE LOAD DIS-

TRIBUTION
CHECK P2 @ 3/C

Fpile 1 = 286.25 2.64 - 8464.82 = -8181.21 KN > 400.00 FAIL!

Fpile 2 = 286.25 2.64 + 8464.82 = 8753.71 KN > 400.00 FAIL!

572.50 572.50

Summary:

CHART 1 & CHART 2 can be used On-Site to evaluate „PASS-FAIL‟ criteria accu-
rately such that decisions regarding rectification works on „FAILED‟ pile group could
be made immediately. Current norm of accepting maximum pile eccentricity of
75mm (150mm at pile cut off level) of individual pile irrespective of the eccentric-
ity direction as a „PASS-FAIL‟ criteria is quite misleading especially for a 2 pile
group configuration. This is reflected in CHART 2 such that for a condition of „PASS‟
to be valid in the y direction, the respective y-eccentricities at P1 and P2 has to be
in the opposite direction (+ve y-ecc @ P1 and –ve y-ecc @P2 respectively or visa
versa).

Another equally important finding is that the service load intensity acting on a par-
ticular pile configuration directly influences the pile eccentricity safe zones in both
directions. The higher the N/n Ratio would result in a much narrower and smaller
safe zone for pile deviations.

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

CHART 3:Optimum Additional Pile Location

-42 mm

For “FAILED‟ pile groups, a method usually adopted on-site is to add an “Additional
Pile‟ such that the load redistributed to all 3 piles (2 original piles P1 & P2 with ex-
cessive ecc plus 1 no. Additional Pile) does not exceed the safe pile working load.

The location of this „Additional Pile‟ can be obtained from CHART 3 based on the
Net Pile Group Ecc in both the X & Y direction.

From earlier calculation (values in red circle, pg 4)

NET ECC-Y (mm)= 207.00 NET ECC-X (mm)= -7.00

Reading off these values from CHART 3:

Recommended coordinates of “Additional Pile” = ( -207,+7)

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 2 PILE GROUP ECCENTRICITY LIMIT CHARTS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING UTM SKUDAI MALAYSIA

PILE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

P2 @
CHECK (with Additional
3/C
Pile)
Fpile 1 = 190.83 0.00 - 0.00 = 190.83 KN < 340.00 OK!
Fpile 2 = 190.83 0.00 + 0.00 = 190.83 KN < 340.00 OK!

F replacement
190.83 0.00 0.00 = 190.83 KN 340.00
pile RP1 = < OK!
F replacement
NA NA NA = NA KN NA
pile RP2 < NA
Total 572.50 572.50

2 PILE GROUP: OVERALL PILE LOCATION

(pile eccentricity plan with pile addition)
200.00

100.00

P1 Ecc, -383, 100 P2 Ecc, 376.00, 107.00

Y COORDINATE (mm)

-450.00, 0.00 0.00 450.00, 0.00

-500.00 -400.00 -300.00 -200.00 -100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00

-100.00

-200.00

Additional Pile, 7.00, -

207.00
-300.00
X COORDINATE (mm)
P1 Ecc P2 Ecc Additional Pile ORIGINAL P1 ORIGINAL P2