MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Summation Notation:

Where Xi = value of the variable for the ith observation:

• i = index of the summation

• 1 = lower limit of the summation
• n = upper limit of the summation

(ito yun pag-add ng mga value sa unang hanggang huling data.)

THREE MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES

MEAN:

Population Mean: , where there are N elements

Sample Mean: , where there are n elements

(ito yun pag average)

MEDIAN:

Case 1: Number of Observations is Odd

Case 2: Number of Observations is Even

(Observations = Data = Elements)

(ito yun gitna ng data mo, dapat naka sort na yun data bago hanapin ang median)

MODE: (ito yun may pinakamaraming beses na nakikita mo yun isang value sa isang data
set/observations)
Given this RAW DATA: 98, 5, 41, 27, 88, 45, 53, 69, 93, 91, 31, 53, 22, 13, 10, 72, 85, 7, 14, 1

(Translated to EXCEL) (Ordered/Sorted DATA – para mas madali)

RAW DATA ORDERED/SORTED DATA

98 1
5 5 To sort RAW DATA in
EXCEL use function:
41 7
=sort(the data/rows in
27 10
excel)
88 13 *default is ascending
45 14
53 22 Other Function/s
69 27 =sortn(the data/rows
in excel, the number of
93 31
elements/data/observa
91 41 tions you want to see)
31 45
53 53
22 53
13 69
10 72
72 85
85 88
7 91
14 93
1 98

Number of Elements/Observations/Data: 20

To know the number of elements/data in EXCEL use function:

=count(the data/rows in excel)

*counts only the rows with numeric values

Other Function/s
=countn(the data/rows in excel)
*counts all the rows with value(mapa text o number man)
Sum of Data/Elements/Observations: 918

To find the sum of all elements/data in EXCEL use function:

=sum(the data/rows in excel)

There are other sum functions in excel, feel free to explore it

Mean: 45.9 (this is derived from 918/20) *there is no mean function in EXCEL manually create the
formula “=SumCell/NumCell”

Median: 43 (we have 20elements – even so we use case 2)

the 10th and 11th data/element/observation are 41 and 45 we add then divide by 2 to get 43

To find the Median in EXCEL use function:

=median(the data/rows in excel)

Mode: 53 (for small data, pwede to gawin manually, kung alin yun may pinakaraming beses na umulit
yun ang mode)
To find the Mode in EXCEL use function:

=mode(the data/rows in excel)

MEASURES OF LOCATION

Compute for nk/100

• n is the number of elements

• k is the kth percentile
• Example: for the 20th percentile in a collection of 25 elements, nk/100 = (25x20)/100 = 5

Given the same Data Set(ordered/sorted) above, lets find the following percentiles, 20th, 50th and 99th.

• 20th
o nk/100 -> (20*20)/100 -> 400/100 -> 4
o Then we get the X(4) + X(5) in the Data Set (the 4th and 5th value)
o (10 + 13)/2 -> 23/2 =
o 11.5
• 50th
o nk/100 -> (50*20)/100 -> 1000/100 -> 10
o Then we get the X(10) + X(11) in the Data Set (the 10th and 11th value)
o (41 + 45)/2 -> 86/2 =
o 43
o Note: that the 50th percentile is also the median of the data set
• 99th
o nk/100 -> (99*20)/100 -> 1980/100 -> 19.8
o we round 19.8 to 20(since this is the closest integer higher than 19.8)
o then we just get X(20) – the 20th value in the Data Set
o 98

Notes for Percentiles:

Online Calculators at Excel ay may ibang Formula para sa pagkuha ng Percentile (baka dahil kaya na
nito yun computation)

The function in EXCEL is “=percentile()” there are other functions including percentile – feel free to
explore.

PS. Sa Activity na gagawin niyo ay kailangan yun “Manual” na pagkuha ng Percentile

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

RANGE: simple lang to, difference ng highest at lowest value sa loob ng dataset (kung kunti ang dataset
madali lang to makita at imanual compute)
Notes for Range
Gamit ang same dataset mula sa taas
Walang specific na Range function sa Excel
• Makikita natin na yun Max Value ay 98 kaya gagamitin ng Max at Min function
• Makikita din natin na yun Min Value ay 1
EXCEL FUNCTION:
• Range = Max Value – Min Value
• Range = 98 – 1 =Max(Dataset) – Min(Dataset)
• Range = 97

VARIANCE

POPULATION VARIANCE

• Where 𝑋𝑖 = ith observation and 𝜇 = population mean

SAMPLE VARIANCE

• Where 𝑋𝑖 = ith observation and 𝑋 = sample mean

Notes for VARIANCE:

The Difference between the two is that the number of elements/data/observations used.
In Population Variance we used all the data, while in Sample Variance is the number of data
used in the sample minus – 1.

Given the same data as before,

We first get the values for this or this (both have the
same functions)

Sinasabi na lang nito ay: (yun ginagawa pa lang natin ay yun taas na part ng formula)
• Get the Difference of the Value in the Dataset with the Mean – isubtract ang isang value sa
dataset sa Mean nito
• Then Squared the result of the Difference – imultiply sa sarili yun resulta ng pagsubract kanina
• Do this for all the Values in the dataset – gawin to lahat sa data na meron tayo.
• Then, finally Add all the Values.

difference of ith squared nun

observation/data and mean difference
-44.9 2016.01
-40.9 1672.81
-38.9 1513.21
-35.9 1288.81
-32.9 1082.41
-31.9 1017.61
-23.9 571.21
-18.9 357.21
-14.9 222.01
-4.9 24.01
-0.9 0.81
7.1 50.41
7.1 50.41
23.1 533.61
26.1 681.21
39.1 1528.81
42.1 1772.41
45.1 2034.01
47.1 2218.41
52.1 2714.41

Note: ito yun mano-manong wait para icompute ang Variance

Sum of Squared pero syempre pero naman function sa EXCEL nito, pinakita para
21349.8 alam niyo kung icompute manually

EXCEL Function:
=var.p(dataset) – may “p” dahil population variance

=var and var.s – ito na kapag sample variance

Balik tayo sa mga formula at

• After getting the Sum of Squared of the Dataset we divide it with the number of
elements/data/observations – idivide lang natin kung ilan yun ginamit/meron tayong data
o Kapag population yun buong data
o Kapag sample, yun number ng sample data na ginamit minus 1

• Population Variance
Population Variance
o 21349.9/20
o 1067.49 1067.49

• Sample Variance Sample Variance

o Assumption is 20 yun ginamit sa Sample
1123.673684
o 21349.9/19
o 1123.673684

STANDARD DEVIATION

POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION

Ang unang dapat na mapansin niyo dito ay halos magkaparehas yun function nito sa Variance.
Kasi ang SquareRoot ng Variance ay Standard Deviation or ang Squared ng Standard Deviation ay
Variance.
 • Population Standard Deviation
o 1067.49 – Variance
o Sqrt (1067.49)
o 32.67246547
• Sample Standard Deviation
o 1123.673684
o Sqrt (1123.673684)
o 33.52124228

Notes for Standard Deviation:

Kapag galing ka sa manual na pagcompute:

=sqrt(value) – ito na lang kapag meron ka na nun Variance

EXCEL FUNCTIONS FOR STANDARD DEVIATION

=STDEV.P(dataset) – ito yun formula para makuha ang Population Standard Deviation

=STDEV o STDEV.S – ito naman yun formula para makuha ang Sample Standard Deviation

ACTIVITY

Given this data: 23, 44, 56, 58, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 80, 81, 85, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94 (nakaorder na to)

Find the Following:

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
4. 10th Percentile
5. 35th Percentile
6. 80th Percentile
7. Range
8. Population Variance
9. Population Standard Deviation
10. Construct the Stem and Leaf Display (nasa slides naman to)

**HANDWRITTEN
**yun manual/mano-manong way