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Quater 1 Module 4 Cell Cycle
Quater 1 Module 4 Cell Cycle
General Biology1
Quarter 1 – Module 4
Cell Cycle
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and
or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the cell at the basic structural and functional unit of life. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
4.
What I Know (Pre-Test)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Cells that rarely divide will spend most of their time in what particular
phase of the cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
4. This check point of the cycle dictates whether the cell will
continuously divide or stop, and it also checks the cell size, presence
of growth factors and damage of the DNA.
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint
5. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division in the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
6. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above
10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Stem cells
d. All of the above
14. What type of gene can code a positive cell cycle regulator?
a. Apoptosis
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
In learning the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints, it is important that
the students must have a prior knowledge and deep understanding of the
differences between plant and animal cell specifically their parts and functions.
Students should also know the role of nucleus and DNA to cellular reproduction.
As part of the lesson, a short activity will be given to the students to assess
their knowledge about cell cycle and its checkpoint.
FACT OR BLUFF
Tell whether the following statement about the phases of cell cycle and its
checkpoint is a FACT or BLUFF.
1. The correct sequence of the cell cycle phase is G1 → S → G2 → M.
2. Cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the same.
3. The results of DNA replication is duplicated DNA.
4. Interphase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis as its stage.
5. Bacterial cell divides through binary fission.
6. Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer cells formation.
7. Cell spends most its time and life in the first gap phase.
8. Cell cycle is a repeating series of events that describes the life cycle of a
cell.
9. A mass of abnormal cells is called a tumor.
10. The process in which a cell divides is known as mitosis.
What’s New
Materials:
Coloring materials ¼ Manila paper
Pentel pen Ballpen/Pencil
Rubric:
Content All parts of the 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
content are content is content are content are
covered. missing. missing. missing.
Cell cycle is the series of events that occur in a cell to prepare cell division
and to produce two new daughter cells.
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also the
known as the resting phase. Although the cell is at rest but it is metabolically
active. The metabolic activities of the cell can be observed through cell growth,
production of nutrients and enzymes and replication of DNA.
In eukaryotic cells, there are three major checkpoints that control the cell
cycle process. They are:
1. G1 checkpoint at the G1/S transition
2. G2 checkpoint at the G2/M transition
3. Spindle checkpoint, transition from metaphase and anaphase
If the cell does not comply with the following factors, cell cycle will
stop and enters the G0 phase called the resting state. Some cell stays in G 0
phase permanently, while others proceed to divide if the condition of the cell
improves.
G2 checkpoint checks the following:
a. DNA integrity (Is any part of the DNA damaged?)
b. DNA replication (Is the DNA replication completed in the S phase?)
If there is an error, the cell will pause at the G 2 phase and allow for
some repairs. If the damage is within the DNA, the cell cycle will paused and
let the cell complete the DNA replication or repair it. But if the damage cell is
irreparable, the cell will undergo apoptosis or cell death. It is the self-
destruction mechanism of the cell to ensure that the damaged DNA is not
passed on the daughter cells and also important in preventing cancer. There
are some cells that never or rarely divide like matured cardiac muscle and
nerve cell that permanently retains in G0.
Oncogenes are the genes that cause the cell to become cancerous.
Proto-oncogenes are the genes that code for positive regulators during cell
cycle. When these normal genes are altered by mutation it can be an oncogenes
leading to cancer cells formation.
Tumor suppressor genes are healthy normal genes that slow down cell
division, helps to repair DNA mistakes and also cell apoptosis or cell death. It
codes for the negative regulator protein, when activated can prevent the cell from
uncontrolled division. But when tumor suppressor gene does not work properly,
cell division will be out of control and it can also lead to cancer.
What’s More
Activity 1.1
Match Me, Match Me!!!
Matching Type: Match the terms in Column A, with different words related to cell
cycle and checkpoints in Column B. Write your answer on separate answer
sheet/paper.
Column A Column B
_____ 1. Cell cycle A. Cell’s series of events
_____ 2. G0 phase B. Chromosomes alignment and
attachment
_____ 3. Interphase C. DNA replication
_____ 4. Metaphase checkpoint D. Period of cell growth
_____ 5. Synthesis phase E. Resting state
Activity 1.2
Check, check, checkpoints!
Put a check mark on each checkpoints that corresponds to its function.
Functions
Checkpoint Chromosomes Chromosome
Cell alignment to s attachment DNA DNA Molecular
s size the equatorial to the spindle integrity replication signals
Nutrients
plate fibers
Gap1
Gap2
Metaphase
Activity 1.3
Cell Cycle and Checkpoints Story
Make a creative short story about the phases of cell cycle and its checkpoints.
Highlight each function of the checkpoints and the characteristics of the cell during
the different stages of the cycle.
Rubric:
Content All of content are 1 part of the 2 parts of the 3-4 parts of the
covered and content is content are content are
presented. missing. missing. missing.
Story The story is very The story is The story is still The story needs
interesting and good and well developing and improvement
well organized organized needs to be and not
organized organized
Creativity Students were Students were Students Students were
very creative in somewhat attempts to be not creative in
their short story. creative in their creative in their their short
short story. short story. story.
What I Can Do
Think Critically!
Let us have an example, imagine that the cell is a car. For the car to work
properly there are factors that need to be consider like the gas pedal and a brake
pedal. If the gas pedal works normally it helps the cell to divide. But when the gas
pedal gets stuck, it can cause uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer formation.
How about if the brake pedal gets stuck, and the car cannot slow down, accident
happens and causes cell death.
Guide Questions:
1. Gas pedal that works normally and helps the cell to divide can be
compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Gas pedal that gets stuck and causes uncontrolled cell division leads
to cancer is what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Brake pedal that gets stuck causes car accident and even death can
be compare to what kind of gene? Is it oncogene, proto-oncogene or
tumor suppressor gene? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Cells that permanently or rarely divide, spend most of their time in
this phase of cell cycle?
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
2. During this cell cycle phase, cell increase its size and grows.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
4. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
stage.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
5. In the eukaryotic cell, it is the longest stage of the cell cycle and
generally its function is to prepare the cell to division process.
a. Interphase
b. Mitotic phase
c. Synthesis Phase
d. All of the above
10. Inactivation of what kind of gene that can lead to the development of
cancer cells.
a. Cancer cell
b. Oncogene
c. Proto-oncogene
d. Tumor suppressor gene
11. In this phase, the cell is preparing for the cell division of the mitotic
phase.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
12. If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what specific stage of mitosis will
be blocked?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
13. Majority of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle can be
found in what kind of cells?
a. Cancer cells
b. Gametes
c. Sex cells
d. Stem cells
14. What type of check point dictates whether the cell will continuously
divide or stop, and also checks the cell size, presence of growth factors
and DNA damage?
a. G1 checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. S checkpoint
d. M checkpoint
15. Cancer cell formation happens during this phase, wherein the cell
cannot determine the changes in the DNA sequence that code for the
specific regulatory molecules.
a. G0
b. G1
c. G2
d. S
Additional Activities
Search Me!
Research one topic and answer the guide questions below.
1. RB as tumor suppressor gene
2. Cancer chemotherapy
Guide Questions:
A. Make a research about tumor suppressor gene.
1. Why Rb protein can be considered as a tumor suppressor gene?