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Horizontal Alignment-1
Horizontal Alignment-1
Instractor:
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)
Assist. Instractor:
Sophonyas Asrat(BSc)
Course contents
y Highway route selection
y factors considered in highway route selection
f d d h h l
y Steps in highway route selection
y Geometric design of highways:
y Design controls and criteria
y Functional classification systems of highways
y Vehicle and driver characteristics
y Highway cross‐section elements:
y Lane and shoulders, sidewalks, medians, and pedestrian crossings
p g
y Elements of geometric design:
y Horizontal alignment, Transition and super‐elevation, Vertical
alignment, Sight distance, Intersections and Interchanges
y Earthwork quantities and mass‐haul diagram
y Drainage and drainage structures
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Geometric design
Horizontal alignment
y Horizontal curve
y Plan view, profile, staking, stationing
y Type of horizontal curves
y Characteristics of simple circular curve
y SSD on horizontal curves
y Superelevation of curves R
y Transition curve – spiral curve
Horizontal alignment
24
+0
23+00
Plan view and profile
0
22+00
21+00
20+00
19+00
18+00
17+ 0
16
0
+0
plan
0
15
+0
0
700
700
600
500
profile 400
300
200
15+00 16+00 17+00 18+00 19+00 20+00 21+00 22+00 23+00 24+00
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Surveying and Stationing
y Staking: route surveyors define the geometry of a
highway by “staking” out the horizontal and vertical
position of the route and by marking of the cross‐
section at intervals of 20 m.
y Station: Start from an origin by stationing 0, regular
Station Start from an origin b stationing 0 regular
stations are established every 20 m. and numbered
0+000, 12 + 000, 20 + 060 etc…
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Types of horizontal curves
R1 PCC
R2 R1
R2
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Types of horizontal curves
R2
R2
PRC
(4) Reverse Curve
R1
R1
(a) With tangent (b) Without tangent
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Elements of simple circular curve
C
PC = PI – T
PT = PC + L
D 360
=
20 2πR
D = Degree of curve 1145.92
⇒ D=
C = 2 R sin( Δ 2) R
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
Elements of simple circular curve
PC = PI – T
PT = PC + L
D 360
=
20 2πR
1145.92
C = 2 R sin(Δ 2) ⇒ D=
R
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Properties of a compound curve
Equations
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Properties of a reverse curve
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Example:
y A horizontal curve is designed with a 609.6 m radius. The curve has a tangent
A h i t l i d i d ith 6 6 di Th h t t
length of 121.92 m and the PI is at station 3+139.44. Determine the stationing of
the PT.
y Solution
y Determine the central angle, Δ
y Calculate the length of the curve
y Given that the tangent length T is 121.92 m,
Stationing PC = 3+139.44 minus 0+121.92 = 3+017.52
y Since horizontal curve stationing is measured along the alignment of the road,
Stationing PT = stationing PC + L
= 3+017.52 plus 240.67 = 3+258.19
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Example:
y A curve has a deflection angle of Δ
A h d fl ti o 18’02’’ , and a radius of 1432.6 m. The
l f Δ = 23 8’ ’’ d di f 6 Th
point of intersection (PI) is 5+053.87. Calculate the tangent distance T, external
distance E, curve length L, point of curvature PC, and point of tangent PT.
y Solution
y .
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Stopping sight distance (SSD) for horizontal curves
y Minimum sight distance (for safety) should be equal to the safe stopping distance
RV = R − 0.5( w)
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
Stopping sight distance (SSD) for horizontal curves
RV = R − 0.5( w)
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Stopping sight distance (SSD)
y Example:
E l
y A horizontal curve on a two‐lane highway is designed with a 609.6 m radius, 3.6
m lanes, and a 96 km/hr design speed. Determine the distance that must be
cleared from the inside edge of the inside lane to provide a sufficient stopping
sight distance. (The coefficient of friction of the road surface f = 0.32 and PRT =
2.5 sec). [The SSD for the design speed of 96 km/hr is 180 m.]
V2 96 2
y Solution: SSD = 0.278Vt + = 0.278(96)(2.5) + = 180 m
254 f ( 254 × 0.32)
y The radius of the middle of the inside lane (R
( v)
Then,
6.65 m must be cleared as measured from the centre of the inside lane
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Superelevation of curves
Superelevation is the banking of the
roadway along a horizontal curve so
that the drivers can negotiate the curve
at safe and comfortable speed.
Center line
Elevated
Level ground
Normal Crown Superelevated
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Superelevation of curves
y Superelevation “e” and side friction coefficient “f” on horizontal curves
y Normal crown
Wv 2
FC =
gR
f
e
100 m
α
y Fully superelevated
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
For practical purposes the normal component of the
centripetal force can be ignored.
Dividing both sides by Wcosα gives the basic equation…
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Superelevation of curves
y Relationship between speed v, superelevation
l h b d l e, coefficient of friction f,
ff ff f
and curve radius R
y Equation:
Where
e = rate of superelevation (m/m) V = velocity (km/hr) Æ design speed
f = side friction factor R = radius of curvature (m)
v = velocity (m/sec)
velocity (m/sec) (9 / 2)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/sec
g
y Application: Normally, f is given, e is also known when the location of the
designed highway is known. The rest is to determine v when R is known, or
determine R when v is given.
y Application: Minimum radius
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Example
y A road way is being designed for a speed of 113 km/hr. At one horizontal curve, it is known
A road way is being designed for a speed of 113 km/hr At one horizontal curve it is known
that the superelevation is 8.0% and the coefficient of side friction is 0.10. Determine the
minimum radius of curve (measured to the travelled path) that will provide for safe vehicle
operation.
y Solution:
y This value is the minimum radius, because radii smaller than 558.57 m will generate
centripetal forces higher than those that can be safely supported by the superelevation and
the side friction forces.
y Geometric design
manual, ERA 2002
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Superelevation transition
y Tangent runout / crown runoff
+
y Superelevation runoff
y Tangent runout (crown runoff) section : Length of roadway needed to
accomplish a change in out‐side cross slope from normal cross slope rate to
zero
y Superelevation runoff section : Length of roadway needed to accomplish a
change in out‐side cross slope from zero to full superelevation
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Superelevation transition
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Attainment of superelevation
y Circular curve transition
2/3Ls 1/3Ls
Begin widening
Inside edge Full widening
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Attainment of superelevation
y Spiral curve transition Length of Spiral, LS
¾ The length of spiral is set to be equal to the length of superelevation runoff
¾ For practical purposes the length of superelevation runoff should not exceed a
longitudinal slope (edge compared to centerline of a two‐lane highway) of 1:200
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Attainment of superelevation
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Attainment of superelevation
y Axis of rotation
y Undivided highways are usually superelevated with the axis of
rotation at the roadways centerline
Axis of rotation
Superelevated section
Normal cross section
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Attainment of superelevation
y Axis of rotation
y Muti‐lane highways with depressed medians are usually
superelevated with the axis of rotation at the median edges of
the traveled way.
Axis of rotation
Median width
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Spiral transition curves
y Spiral curves are curves with a continuously changing radii,
y Provides path for vehicle to move from straight to a circular curve
y Improved appearance of curve to driver
y Allows introduction of superelevation and pavement widening
The Euler spiral /
Clothoid
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Transition curve characteristics
y Should have constant rate of change of radius of curvature
y Transition should be equal to zero at start of straight and equal to
radius of curvature at circular curve
y Allows passengers to adjust to change in rate of curvature
(a) Clothoid
y Types of transition curves (b) Lemniscate
(c) Cubic parabola
Clothoid (Euler spiral)–most commonly used b c
Lemniscate – used for large deflection angles a
on high speed roads
Cubic Parabola – unsuitable for large
deflection angles
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Spiral transition curves
y Transition curves contribute to the comfort of the driver
y Transition curves may be inserted between tangents and circular
curves to reduce the abrupt introduction of lateral acceleration.
y They may be used between two circular curves of different radius
y The transition curve length provides a convenient desirable
arrangement for superelevation runoff
y Transition curves make it easier for a driver to confine the vehicle to
his or her own lane
y T
Transition curves are not normally required for
iti t ll i d f
y Curves with large radius
y Roads with lower classification
y The spiral facilitates the transition in width where the
traveled way section is to be widened around a circular curve
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Spiral transition curves
Where,
h
y Minimum length of spiral
Ls,min = minimum length of spiral, m
y Should be larger of 1, 2 Ls,max = maximum length of spiral, m
Pmin = minimum lateral shift that occurs
V3 V3
(1) Ls ,min = 0.0702 = 0.035 as a result of the natural steering
behavor of most drivers (0.2 m)
RC R
Pmax = maximum lateral shift that occurs
(2) Ls ,min = 24( pmin ) R as a result of the natural steering
behavior of most drivers (1.0 m)
R = radius of circular curve m
R = radius of circular curve, m
y Maximum length of spiral V = design speed, km/hr
C = maximum rate of change in lateral
acceleration, (1 – 3 m/s3)
Ls ,max = 24( Pmax ) R
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Spiral transition curves
y The length of superelevation runoff is determined based on a
maximum acceptable difference between longitudinal grades of the
axis of rotation
Ls = minimum length of superelevation runoff, m
= maximum relative gradient, %
( wn1 )ed α = maximum relative gradient (1:200)
Ls = (bw )
α n1 = number of lanes rotated
bw = adjustment factor for number of lane rotated
j
bw = [1 + 0.5(n1 − 1)] / n1 w= width of one traffic lane (e.g. 3.65 m)
ed = design superelevation rate, %.
¾ A more practical control for the length of spiral is that in which it equals
the length required for superelevation runoff.
¾ The length of superelevation runoff should not exceed a longitudinal slope
(α) (edge compared to centerline of a two‐lane highway) of 1:200 (0.5%)
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Spiral transition curves
y The length of superelevation runoff is determined based on a
maximum acceptable difference between longitudinal grades of the
axis of rotation
( wn1 )ed
Ls = (bw )
α
bw = [1 + 0.5(n1 − 1)] / n1
¾ A more practical control for the length of spiral is that in which it equals
the length required for superelevation runoff.
¾ The length of superelevation runoff should not exceed a longitudinal slope
(α) (edge compared to centerline of a two‐lane highway) of 1:200 (0.5%)
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
Transition curves
Δ
Δ/2
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y An ideal transition curve is that which introduces centrifugal force at a
gradual rate (by time t).
lr = Ls Rc = Constaant
dθ 1 l
Δ dl = rdθ ⇒ Curvature = =
dl r Ls Rc
d 2θ 1
Rate of change of curvature = =
dl 2 LR
l l2
dθ = dl , Integratin
g g, θ =
Ls Rc 2 Ls Rc
⎛θ = spiral deflection angle(from initial tangent) ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ at a length l (along spiral) ⎠
Δs =
L
(spiral angle subtended by full length )
2R
Δ = Δ s1 + Δ c + Δ s 2 = Δ c + 2Δ s
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
⎡ ⎤ ⎛ y⎞ θ
l4 l8 Deflection angle α = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ≅ ( polar )
x = l ⎢1 − 2 2
+ 4 4
− ...⎥ ⎝x⎠ 3
⎣ 40 R L 3456 R L ⎦
l3 ⎡ l4 l8 ⎤
y= ⎢1 − + − ...⎥ Shift P = Y − R(1 − cos Δ s )
6 RL ⎣ 56 R 2 L2 7040 R 4 L4 ⎦ Spiral extension K = X − R sin Δ s
Tangent length (extended )
At full length of transition, l = L
TT = ( R + P) tan(Δ / 2) + K
⎡ L2 L4 ⎤
⇒ Total
T t l X = L ⎢1 − 2
+ 4 4
− ...⎥
⎣ 40 R 3456 R L ⎦ Long taangent TD1 = X − Y cot Δ s
L2 ⎡ L2 L4 ⎤ Short taangent DD1 = Y ⋅ cosecΔ s
Total Y = ⎢1 − + − ...⎥
6 R ⎣ 56 R 2 7040 R 4 ⎦
Flatness of spiral A = LR
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Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Widening of curves
y Extra width of pavement necessary on curves
E t idth f t
y The turning effect of a vehicle (rear wheel relative to the from wheel) requires widening of
the lane width
y Lateral shift of the vehicle to the inner side of the lane creates a need for widening or
additional lane width
y The traveled way on horizontal curves is widened to accommodate curve negotiation
y Widening is necessary for smaller radius curves or greater curvatures and/or narrower road
lane widths
y ERA design manual (2002)
y .
Horizontal alignment (Cont…)
y Widening of curves
y Turning roadway elements
Offtracking: is the characteristic of all vehicles that the rear
wheels do not follow precisely the same path as the front W Wn
wheels when they negotiate a horizontal curve or make a turn
R
20