ELECTRIC TRICYCLE ATTACHMENT ON

WHEELCHAIRS FOR PARAPLEGIA

PATIENTS
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(A.Y. 2020-2021)
By,

Dharmendra Jha (36)

Nakul Kothari (42)
Shubham Mishra (50)
Anuj Agrawal (80)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Sanjay Kumar
Mentor Dean, Mechanical & Civil Department, TCET

University of Mumbai
 Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Dharmendra Jha, Mr. Nakul Kothari, Mr. Shubham
Mishra and Mr. Anuj Agrawal are bonafide students of Mechanical
Engineering Department, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology,
Mumbai. They have satisfactorily completed the requirements of PROJECT-II
as prescribed by the University of Mumbai, while working on “Electrical
Tricycle Attachment on Wheelchairs for Paraplegia Patients”.

Signature:
Signature:
Name: Dr. Sanjay Kumar
Name: Dr. Siddesh Siddappa
Mentor Dean
HOD-MECH

Signature:
Name: Dr. B. K. Mishra
Principal,
Thakur College of Engineering & Technology.

Internal Examiner:

Signature:

Name:

Thakur College of Engineering & Technology, Kandivali (E), Mumbai-101.

Date:

Place:

ii
 Declaration

I/we declare that this written submission represents my/our ideas in my/our
own words and where others ideas or words have been included; I/we have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I/we also declare that I/we
have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my/our
submission. I/we understand that any violation of the above will because for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

1. Dharmendra Jha (36)

2. Nakul Kothari (42)

3. Shubham Mishra (50)

4. Anuj Agrawal (80)

Date:

iii
 Project Report Approval for B.E.
This project entitled, Electrical Tricycle Attachment on Wheelchairs for
Paraplegia Patients by Dharmendra Jha, Nakul Kothari, Shubham Mishra,
and Anuj Agrawal is approved for the degree of Bachelors in Mechanical
Engineering.

Examiners

1.__ _ __ _ _ __ _

2.__ _ __ _ _ __ _

Date:

Place:

iv
 Acknowledgement

We sincerely thank to our principal Mr. Dr. B.K. Mishra, Our HOD Mr. Dr.
Siddesh Siddappa, Our guide Mr. Dr. Sanjay Kumar, all our Teacher's and
our Parents for their constant support and guidance throughout the project.

1. Dharmendra Jha (36)

2. Nakul Kothari (42)
3. Shubham Mishra (50)
4. Anuj Agarwal (80)

v
 Abstract

Today, in 21st century due to the technological advancements over the past few
centuries have proven to be a boon for all the civilian population and helped the
globe in becoming independent but as every coin has two sides; in the same way
these advancements and progress has left the disabled dependent on others for
their mobility and same goes for the paraplegia patients. According to 2011
surveys, 2.21% (2.76 cr.) population of India faces some sort of disability. The
count of Paraplegia is over 20,00,000 and it is increasing every year by approx.
10,000.

Our project aims at providing an independent lifestyle, a clean environment and

an easy mode of transport to the disabled (paraplegia patients) for making their
lives simpler. Paraplegia patients face difficulty pushing wheelchair by
themselves on the uneven surfaces; also pushing the wheelchair exerts stresses
on their upper body and can result in fatigue in long term usage. The wheelchair
which is traditionally available in the market does not make the patient
independent and the electrical version is too expensive, but the issue is it gets
stuck in the small potholes and also does not meet the requirement when it is
made to move on uneven terrain as the front wheel is relatively smaller.

This project is attachments made from cycle electric conversion kit and take the
technology to the wheelchair. The handle and tyre convert the wheelchair into an
electric tricycle since, the trike is 3-wheeled the problem of balancing is
vanished as it is a self-balanced vehicle, and the disabled can ride electrically.
The attachment would lift the smaller front wheels and the front wheel would be
relatively bigger in diameter as compared to the front one and make it easily ride
able on rough terrain and for safety, we have installed the disc brake and 4-point
safety harness.

vi
The concepts of wheelchair and electric conversion kit were studied in detail and
the various components which are to be used were designed accordingly. Further
the vehicle would be tested and modifications according to the rest results will
be done to optimize the vehicle for daily use and meet all the parameters which
allow us to get a comfortable and safe ride. Introducing a hub motor allows us to
automate the vehicle providing utmost comfort to the rider

vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overview............................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background.................................................................................................................2
1.3 Importance of the Project..........................................................................................3
1.4 Perspective of Stakeholders and Customers............................................................3
1.5 Scope of the Project....................................................................................................3
1.6 Objective of the Projects............................................................................................4
1.6.1 Design Objective..................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Background Research.........................................................................................5
1.6.3 Design Specification............................................................................................5
Chapter 2 Literature Survey................................................................................................7
2.1 Literature Review.......................................................................................................7
2.2 Problem Definition...................................................................................................12
2.3 Summary...................................................................................................................12
Chapter 3 Methodology....................................................................................................14
3.1 Planning & Flow of Working..................................................................................14
3.1 Proposed Work.........................................................................................................15
Chapter 4 Design...............................................................................................................16
4.1 Concept Development & Evaluation......................................................................16
4.2 Material Selection.....................................................................................................16
4.3 Tools Required.........................................................................................................17
4.4 CAD Models..............................................................................................................18
4.4.1 Line Diagram.....................................................................................................18
4.4.2 Basic Skeleton....................................................................................................18
4.4.3 Parts...................................................................................................................19
4.5 Calculations..............................................................................................................20
4.5.1 Forces Acting On Body.....................................................................................20
4.5.2 Total Tractive Force (TTF)..............................................................................21
4.5.3 Torque................................................................................................................21
4.5.4 Power Estimation..............................................................................................22
4.5.5 Battery Calculations.........................................................................................22

viii
 4.6 Assembly...................................................................................................................23
Chapter 5 Analysis.............................................................................................................24
5.1 Fork...........................................................................................................................24
5.1.1 Maximum Principle Deformation...................................................................24
5.1.2 Stress Concentration.........................................................................................25
5.1.3 Factor of Safety.................................................................................................26
5.2 Handle.......................................................................................................................26
5.2.1 Maximum Principle Deformation...................................................................26
5.2.2 Stress Concentration.........................................................................................27
5.2.3 Factor of Safety.................................................................................................27
Chapter 6 Cost Report.......................................................................................................29
Chapter 7 Results and Discussion......................................................................................30
Chapter 8 Future Scope.....................................................................................................31
Chapter 9 Conclusion........................................................................................................32
Chapter 10 References......................................................................................................33
Chapter 11 Appendix

ix
List of Tables
Table 1.6.3.a Design Specification............................................................................................6
Table 2.1.a Paper_1...................................................................................................................7
Table 2.1.b Paper_2...................................................................................................................8
Table 2.1.c Paper_3...................................................................................................................9
Table 2.1.d Paper_4...................................................................................................................9
Table 2.1.e Paper_5.................................................................................................................10
Table 2.1.f Paper_6..................................................................................................................10
Table 2.1.g Paper_7.................................................................................................................11
Table 2.3.a Summary of Literature Review.............................................................................13
Table 4.2.a Material Selection.................................................................................................17
Table 4.3.a Tools Required......................................................................................................17
Table 6.a Cost Report..............................................................................................................29

List of Figures
Figure 1.2.a Stresses in Upper Body..........................................................................................2
Figure 3.2.a Proposed Work (Gantt chart)..............................................................................15
Figure 4.4.1.a 2-D Sketch.........................................................................................................18
Figure 4.4.2.a Basic Skeleton Side View..................................................................................18
Figure 4.4.2.b Basic Skeleton Isometric View..........................................................................18
Figure 4.4.3.a Clamping Mount...............................................................................................19
Figure 4.4.3.b Fork...................................................................................................................19
Figure 4.4.3.c Battery Pack Mounting......................................................................................19
Figure 4.4.3.d Battery Pack......................................................................................................19
Figure 4.6.a Front View............................................................................................................23
Figure 4.6.b Side View..............................................................................................................23
Figure 4.6.c Isometric View......................................................................................................23
Figure 5.1.1.a Fork Maximum Principle Deformation.............................................................24
Figure 5.1.2.a Fork Stress Concentration................................................................................25
Figure 5.1.3.a Fork FoS...........................................................................................................26
Figure 5.2.1.a Handle Maximum Principle Deformation.........................................................26
Figure 5.2.2.a Handle Stress Concentration............................................................................27
Figure 5.2.3.a Handle FoS.......................................................................................................27
Figure 8.a Prosthetic Arm........................................................................................................31

x
 Chapter 1

Overview

1.1 Introduction

It is known that today in 21st century due to all the inventions, discoveries, and progress over
the few centuries have made the civilian life not less than a heaven. The transportation
vehicles have progressed from a single tire to bikes to cars to steam engines to ships to
airplanes, which made the human travel from one place to another place way to easier than it
was before. These transport vehicles have made human life much faster and helps in
improving the pace of development in making a better future life for the generations to come.
But as every coin has two sides this path of development for making a better future for a
majority have left the disabled people as a liability on their families. The people with lower
body disability popularly known as paraplegia patients, these patients face difficulty pushing
wheelchair by themselves on uneven and rough terrain also pushing wheelchair exerts
stresses on their upper body and can result in fatigue in long term use.
To satisfy the above-mentioned requirements the use of electrical wheelchair is the best
feasible option considering the economic condition of the major civilian population in the
country, the electrical wheelchair is too expensive and the cost increases exponentially with
the big brands. The electrical wheelchair is easy to ride and do not generate much stresses on
the body of the patient. But major drawbacks of traditional electrical wheelchair are in the
long run they gets stuck on the uneven and rough terrain because they have their front wheels
shorter.

1
To overcome these difficulties there is a need to find an alternative which best matches the
basic parameters of the electrical wheelchair. After researching, we thought why not make a
wheelchair similar to cycle? Why not make a tricycle? But the issue is many of these patients
would be already having one wheelchair, so we thought of making only the attachment and
converting the traditional wheelchair into electric trike with bigger front wheel as compared
to the front wheel of wheelchair Reason behind adding a third wheel is to make the vehicle
self- balancing so that anyone could learn it very easily. In addition to this why also not add
comfort for the rider? Reason behind this is to make the rider comfortable so that he can even
traverse through long distances without any much physical stress and strain to his/her body.

1.2 Background

There is too much research already done on the electrical wheelchair. Considering that the
traditional electrical wheelchair could be a viable replacement for the non-electrical
wheelchair but due to the high cost and comfort of the rider, it makes it difficult for the rider
to travel long distances as the posture of the rider generates too much stresses on the back,
shoulder and neck. This forces the rider to take breaks while riding and make them dependent
on others which is not a desirable factor as life in cities runs too sharp-on the clock.

Figure 1.2.a Stresses in Upper Body

After researching on electrical cycle conversion kit, we found that we can convert the
traditional one into an electric trike and need of balancing by the user is eliminated. Now, in
order to provide utmost comfort to the rider and posture generates no stresses on human body
while riding the vehicle.

2
1.3 Importance of the Project

Wheelchair is one of the integral components or you can say it as a body part for people with
lower body disability (paraplegia) but at the same time they are dependent on third person to
move for mobility or they just need to put their joints and muscles through excessive stress.
To provide them with a supportive aid we are presenting an electric trike attachment which
would make their lifestyle easy.

1.4 Perspective of Stakeholders and Customers

For this very part we had done little bit of survey wherein we asked the people some of the
standard questions which are stated as below

1. What are the major areas of stress generation while riding the traditional non electrical
wheelchair?
2. Were they ready to pay and if yes how much they would pay for the electrical one
3. Would they be happy if they get something like the electrical one embedded in their
previously existing wheelchair?

And we got majority of the answers as the stresses were generated in the neck, shoulder,
wrist and back region they were ready to pay for the electrical one but not more then 25000
INR and they would be more than happy that 8f they can just upgrade their current wheel
chair to electric one

We found that customers and even some Doctors want such kind of economic solution to this
problem.

Because there will be no humans to protect in the vehicle, it can be assumed that without the
burden of safety hardware, they will go a lot faster than other formula vehicles.

1.5 Scope of the Project

As we are planning for the product so our approach is in that manner also there are lot of
wheelchairs available in the market traditional as well as electrical version but they are too
costly and in addition to that we are only making the attachment so if anyone already has a

3
wheelchair and if they have a desire to use they can also use as an attachment thus making
our market broader.

1.6 Objective of the Projects

1.6.1 Design Objective
A sustainable way of transport should be provided to the disabled people without
compromising their safety so that they can travel to various places in an independently,
environmentally responsible, socially acceptable and in an economically viable manner. The
transportation system should be designed and operated in such a way that it protects the
health of the people and maintain safety of all people and enhances the quality of life in
communities. There is a conflict of meaning regarding the word sustainability between the
rich and the poor. For the rich, sustainability can be achieved through a technological fix-
cleaner engine, fuels, etc. but for the poor it is a lifestyle and can only use public transport.
The aim should be to provide cost efficient yet eco-friendly transportation for disabled
people. The perfect solution for this is the electrical tricycle attachment.

The objectives due to which electrical tricycle attachment are preferred over traditional
wheelchair are as follows:

 To virtually design a wheelchair according to the anthropometric data, ensuring

maximum comfort, safety and efficiency keeping Design for Manufacturing and
Assembly [DFMA] guidelines in consideration and making it a success model when it
comes to actual implementation of concept on the shop floor.
 The clamps would be in such a way that it can be fitted in any of the traditional pre-
existing wheelchairs.
 Develop an aesthetically appealing wheel chair which is economically affordable at the
same time to render it marketable.
 It can also manage on rough terrain as it has the larger front wheel which won't get stuck
in rough and uneven terrain.
 On one charge of 5 hours it can last up to 25kms and gives the speed of 20kmph.
 As the rider (patient) do not have to push it manually so there is no stress generation in
the body.
 The disc brakes and 3-point safety harness with a proper head support add on features
which make it more safe and Ergonomic.
 To create a revolutionary and sustainable model to pilot a change in wheelchair industry.

4
  To adhere to COVID - 19 precautions and guidelines issued by Governments for the
safety of every Team member in every phase.

1.6.2 Background Research

Our primary aim, was to start on a solid footing and to complete all the prerequisites of
designing a wheelchair to avoid being backed into a corner at any point during the actual
fabrication process, although knowing the fact that the everything is online and Teams are
not needed to manufacture the projects, we have designed pertaining to the manufacturing
possibilities in regards to local scenario. Team initiated research by reviewing the previous
designs which was followed by a meeting with the paraplegia patients and some of the
wheelchair manufacturer and retailer to gain an insight into the critical factors to adhere to
while designing and fabricating the product.

To accomplish the objective of designing a sustainable and comfortable wheelchair the team
went through the basics of wheelchair and battery design. A localized research was carried
out by the team members by contacting various patients and doctors to understand the basic
consumer demands and requirements from an electrical wheelchair since it is not a
mainstream phenomenon here.

We carried out the material study and review of general materials used in the wheelchair
fabrication process. Dedicated forums for material science like azom.com and some more for
batteries and mounts were found helpful to review and evaluate the relative pros and cons of
shortlisted configurations.

1.6.3 Design Specification

During the design development phase, the design constraints which we took a note from
background research phase and inputs given by our mentor during regular update session
were taken into consideration and are tabulated for better reference as follows

TEAMS DESIGN CONSTRAINT TEAMS PERSPECTIVE

Greater the factor of safety lesser would be the
Factor of safety (Minimum 1.5 ) chances of failure of the wheelchair ensuring
the safety.
Lesser the weight lesser would be the effort
Weight
taken by the patient.

5
 Disc brake has been used to ensure the greater
Braking Safety Requirement
efficiency and low maintenance
Safety Harness Use of 4- or 5-point safety harness to ensure
(Seat belt) the safety.
Material M.S. has high machinability, high strength,
(M.S. Pipe, GRADE:-ANSI 1020) high ductility and good weldability.
Braking distance The braking distance is laid down by the
(Less than 6m at the speed of 25km/h ) ASME and we decided to stick with it.
Battery We decided to opt for the battery which is
(Lithium sulphur battery) cheap and eco friendly
Maintaining minimum weight of the entire
Minimum product Weight assembly in order to achieve maximum speed
and proper vehicle stability.
Manufacture the attachment To make the vehicle an affordable alternative
within a budget of ₹20,000 for the consumer
Type of handlebar This type of handlebar possesses greater
Table 1.6.3.a Design Specification

Some specifications were finalized and they were properly justified in the decision matrix
table.

6
 Chapter 2

Literature Survey

2.1 Literature Review

Design and Fabrication of Drivable Wheelchair Attachment International

Title Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-8, June, 2019
Authors S.D. Kumar, Avinash Jangir, Nishant Saraswat, Anadi Nema, Bhargav Patel
We know that wheelchair is used for moving patients or handicapped people.
Handicapped people can move their wheelchairs with the help of their upper
limb or in other with the help of others. So here we making a detachable
handle which is connected to wheelchair and Person can easily move their

Abstract wheelchair without any help of others and they do not facing any kind of
stress while driving wheelchair. So in that handle we are using battery which
can be easily rechargeable or we can remove too. In this project we are
planning to use 300W, 12V brushless motor and 48V & 24Ah batteries
which can easily charge in 4-5 hrs. and their range is 30km at a speed of 25
Km/hr. So it's look
like tricycle. Frame is made up of aluminum 6061.
We know that electrical wheelchairs are popular in outside India due to high

Conclusion price of wheelchairs. In future there are many options for multiple battery
recharging options like Solar panels. It is designed taking all the aspects of
Security as well as aesthetic too.
Table 2.1.a Paper_1

7
 Prototype of Wheel chair attachable E hand bike International Journal of
Title Advance In Science And Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2319-8354, ,
Volume-7 Issue-1, March, 2018

Anupam S. Bhojkar, Hrishikes D.Gaikwad, Shubham A. Jankar, Akash P.

Authors
Salokhe, Vishwajeet R. Salokhe

In this paper it involves simply designing wheelchair attached hand bike

that can be use manually for better mobility on road. Hand bike consists of
battery as well as mechanical brakes to control it. They are made in such a
way that It si affordable for middle class peoples. Hand bike is designed to
safe, light weight and aesthetic look . Hand bikes made from recycled
aluminum and steel bicycles parts. Simple initial goal to design composite
Abstract
wheelchair convert to wheelchair attachment electrical bike Ability to
convert a performance oriented tricycle for disable users without the need to
get out the chair. It is easy to turn into tricycle. Engagement &
disengagement is easy. The subject that we have chosen wheel chair
attachment E hand bike because it is the need for disable peoples who
cannot move from one place to another
place at long distance and require and extra person to push the wheel chair.
Main reason behind making the project-When we watched the
video we thought that we should bring this type of concept in our
Conclusion city for disable people. This project can be made at as possible as
low cost so that the disables can afford it and the need of pushing
the wheel
chair may eliminate.
Table 2.1.b Paper_2

8
 Title Design and Implementation of electric wheelchair
Humaria Salmin, Hafiz Rakibul, Pratik Kumar Kundu, B.M.
Authors Fahmid Jahur Shuvo, K.B.M. Nasiruzzaman and Rahman MD.
Moshiour
A smart wheelchair consists of either a standard power wheelchair to which
a computer & a collection of sensors have been added or a mobile robot
Abstract base to which a seat has been attached. Most 250 watt motors are geared
hub motors. So to increase the efficiency and speed, planetary gears are
used.
This allows us to reduce the weight of motor and overall wheelchair too.
Motive of making this project to help the patients as well as reduce their
Conclusion
stress too. And give them best product at low cost.
Table 2.1.c Paper_3

Title Study on smart wheelchair systems 2016

Authors Electrical Departmant, SGI-Antigre, Shivaji University
People suffer from lower disabilities because of accidents. Electrical
wheelchair helps them in order to satisfy their needs such as independence
and freedom in movement. Sip and Puff technology is also used, where air
pressure is used during sipping i.e. inhaling and puffing i.e. exhaling on a
Abstract
straw, tube that sends signal to wheelchair. Another technique is gazing
technique which is using the direction in which the disabled person is
gazing or head is turned. Camera is used in such technology and the user
needs to
look in the direction where he wants to move.
Purpose of making this too economically as well as good product too. In
Conclusion
future this project can help many people for their mobility needs.
Table 2.1.d Paper_4

9
 Solar Powered Wheelchair Mobility for Physically Challenged'.
Title
International Journal of Current Volume - 3, Issue – 5 May – 2016
P. Swapna , Dr. B. Sharmila, Y. Dharshan Arun Manohar Gurram, P.S,V
Authors
Ramana Rao , Raghuveer Dontikurti
Physically challenged people's motion is crippled. Project aims a physically
challenged people's mobility. Power is used with rechargeable lead batteries
with GPS and GMS system for location with the help of mobile application.
Abstract
Motor is coupled to drive wheel shaft for indirect drive transfer. This
reduces the torque and also helps as a shock absorber when drive wheels
are struck
or under heavy load.
So with the help of GPS and GMS in project we are made the patients life
Conclusion easier as compared to normal wheelchair. And with the help of mobile
application we can reach the destiny.
Table 2.1.e Paper_5

Electrical Attachment of Wheelchair for Handicapped Person National

Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and
Title
Technologies - 2019 IJSRSET | Volume 5 | Issue 7 | Print ISSN : 2395-
1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099
Girish Khope, Rajesh Pundlik Mali, Onkar Pramod Mahamuni,Rahul
Authors
Rangnath Korde, Raja Narsappa Nandiwale
In this project we are using already made wheelchair and with the help of
electric conversion cycle kit we making wheelchair into a tricycle with
Abstract electric bike hand .We are placing battery in the hand so it can charge easily
and people can use it long term .This hand bike can easily detachable
.patients
can easily use it for their mobility needs
When we making them we are facing some issues so to overcome
this we taken help of foreign companies and main advantage is that
Conclusion we added solar energy so in that we are not compromising with cost
.we added camber angle so that wheelchair can easily pass over an
un even surfaces.
Table 2.1.f Paper_6

10
 Lithium-Sulfur Battery Technology Readiness and Applications Published:
Title
23 November 2017

Authors Daniel J. Auger , Laura O’Neill , Tom Cleaver and Sylwia Walus

We are using LiS battery instead of Li-ion because all we know that it is
better as compared to it. Although LiS battery has tremendous advantages
over Li-ion batteries , Performance and capacity of the batteries are best.
The major disadvantage of the Li-ion batteries are not as robust as other
rechargeable technologies. It requires protection to over charged and
discharged too. Also it suffers from aging which is not good for the
electronic consumers. For air travelers , lithium ion batteries need to be
carry in luggage so that we require security position, this may change from
Abstract time to time .We have to take it with the cover and with protection.

Li-S batteries offer a number of advantages in comparison to current battery

technology including (1) an improved gravimetric energy density, (2) a
significantly reduced raw materials cost, (3) improved safety characteristics
and (4) a reduced environmental burden associated with the cell materials.
Lithium-sulfur technology has the potential to offer cheaper, lighter-weight
batteries that also offer safety advantages. After initially finding use in
niche markets such as satellites, drones and military vehicles, the
technology has the potential to transform aviation in the long-term.

The most significant advantage that Li-S batteries offer over competitor
battery technologies is their substantially higher energy density per unit
weight. Li-S cells have a theoretical energy density of 2,700 Wh kg-1.
While this is reduced when deployed in a cell, the technology has been
demonstrated at 470 Wh kg-1 in a technologically relevant cell format.
Further improvements in the design of materials and cells are expected to
increase this to in excess of 500 Wh kg-1 by early 2021. compares the
energy density of Li-S batteries to alternative battery technologies. By
moving beyond the limits of Li-ion batteries, Li-S cells will expand the
Conclusion range of applications in which electrification is currently possible, including
into aviation and large vehicles. Reducing the cost of batteries is amongst
the biggest challenges facing manufacturers. Much of the cost of current
batteries is due to the expense of metals including nickel and cobalt. In
contrast, the materials used in the electrodes of Li-S cells are comparatively
low cost, with sulfur being amongst the most abundant element on earth.
The benefits of economies of scale for Li-S cells will be realized upon
wider commercialization in particular, the production of the electrolyte.
Forecasts suggest this may lead to Li-S cells with comparable performance
to Li-ion cells, but at less than half the price.

Table 2.1.g Paper_7

11
2.2 Problem Definition

According to 2011 surveys, 2.21% (2.76 cr.) population of India faces some sort of disability
and the count of Paraplegia (person with some sort of lower body disability) is over
20,00,000 and it is increasing every year by approx. 10,000.

Paraplegia patients face difficulty pushing wheelchair by themselves on the uneven surfaces;
also pushing the wheelchair exerts stresses on their upper body and can result in fatigue in
long term usage. The wheelchair which is traditionally available in the market does not make
the patient independent and the electrical version is too expensive but the issue is it gets stuck
in the small potholes and also does not meet the requirement when it is made to move on
uneven terrain as the front wheel is relatively smaller

A majority of electrical wheelchair which is available in the market uses the Lithium-ion
chargeable batteries which are very much hazardous to the environment and it is costly too.

To satisfy the solution of above mentioned problems we thought of why not make an
alternative which best matches the basic parameters of an electrical wheelchair, but at the
same time must be economical, non-hazardous, to the environment (specifically in terms of
batteries as lithium ion batteries have issues for disposing it) and keep the factor of
Ergonomics as a prime consideration in addition to that we kept people in consideration who
already have wheel chair and how can they be benefitted from our product ,and also how can
we develop a specific mechanism by which they(patients) can attach and detach it and
making them “Atmanirbhar” in true sense.

2.3 Summary

By conducting literature survey of different papers by different authors, we came across the
different ideas and researches:-

An advanced wheelchair contains to either fundamental power wheel chairs in which a

computer and sensors integrated. Most 250 watt motors are geared hub motors so to increase
the efficiency and speed, planetary gears are used. This allows us to reduce the weight of
motor and overall wheelchair too. People suffer from Lower disability because of accidents.
Electric wheelchair helps them in order to satisfy their needs each as independence and
freedom in movement. Sip and Puff Technology is also used where air pressure is used
during

12
sipping i.e. inhaling and puffing is exhaling on a straw, tune sends signal to wheelchair.
Another technique is gazing technique which using the direction person is gazing or head is
turned. Camera is used in such technology and the user needs to look in the direction where
he wants to move. Physical challenged people's motion is crippled. Project aims a physically
challenged people's mobility.

Power is used with rechargeable load batteries with GPS & GSM system for location with
help of mobile application. Motor is coupled to drive wheel shaft for indirect drive transfer.
This reduces the motor speed and increases the torque and also helps as a shock absorber
when drive wheels are stuck or under heavy load. The Hand manual wheelchairs are mostly
using because they are easily available in the market as well as economical point of view also
and those wheelchairs are not Spectacular because of that People's had problems like Stress
on their limbs.
Sr.
Author Year Topic
No.
Humaria Salmin, Hafiz Rakibul, Pratik
Kumar Kundu, B.M. Fahmid Jahur Design and Implementation of
1 -
Shuvo, K.B.M. Nasiruzzaman and electric wheelchair
Rahman MD. Moshiour
Electrical Departmant, SGI-Antigre, Study on smart wheelchair
2 2016
Shivaji University systems
P. Swapna , Dr. B. Sharmila, Y.
Electric wheelchair for
3 Dharshan Arun Manohar Gurram, P.S,V 2016
physically challenged
Ramana Rao , Raghuveer Dontikurti
D.Y.Patil College of Engg & Tech First
Author, Anupam S. Bhojkar Second
Author, Hrishikes D.Gaikwad Third Prototype of Wheel chair
4 2018
Author, Shubham A. Jankar Fourth attachable E hand bike
Author, Akash P.Salokhe Fifth Author,
Vishwajeet R. Salokhe
Girish Khope, Rajesh Pundlik Mali,
Electrical Attachment of
Onkar Pramod Mahamuni, Rahul
5 2019 Wheelchair for Handicapped
Rangnath Korde, Raja Narsappa
Person
Nandiwale
Daniel J. Auger, Laura O’Neill, Tom
6 2017 Battery Paper
Cleaver and Sylwia Walus

Table 2.3.h Summary of Literature Review

13
 Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Planning & Flow of Working

The production of these vehicles is divided into following phases:

1. Designing phase: - The design of the attachment was done by accumulating

anthropometric data and using that data to calculate dimensions for the attachment
was calculated and the designing of the same was done in Solidworks software where
in all the parts of the same where made and assembled. It is a single frame chassis.
After accumulating all data, we have done iterations of our vehicle frame.
2. Market research phase: - All the parts and tools required for the manufacturing of the
attachment were studied to obtain the best quality products for the best price. The
materials, the pipe shape, pipe dimensions, parts which best suited for the purpose
were found during the process. More emphasis was given on making use of more
standard products so that availability and maintainability of the product is optimum for
common people. Although the manufacturing is not possible because of lockdown due
to COVID- 19 pandemic and later on again with the second spike in year 2021 but after
all we need to manufacture it where in all our engineering skill set would be tested.

14
 3. Testing and modification phase: - In testing phase, we will test all the components on
the software since due to lockdown actual fabrication of prototype is not possible and
due to which we would do analysis only on ANSYS Software and as per the results of
the analysis we will surely modify our design and make it more competitive when it
would get in to the world market.

3.1 Proposed Work

As the entire nation went through the series of lockdown, but yet we are very much
determined to complete our work and looking forward for the successful completion of our
project for which we tried to stick to the below mentioned timeline.

Figure 3.2.a Proposed Work (Gantt chart)

15
 Chapter 4

Design

4.1 Concept Development & Evaluation

The team had many alternate concepts at hand to select from during the initial design phase,
so, in order to make effective decisions keeping in mind the established design goals, the team
therefore made use of Decision matrices for the same. Each matrix consisted of the relevant
criteria weighted on the basis of their importance pertaining to our objectives. The possible
scores for each criterion ranged from 1 being the least desirable to 5 being the most desirable.
The option which scored the highest is highlighted and implemented in the design.

4.2 Material Selection

Material selection is a key part for the success of any product. While the material might have
the best properties, it will not perform properly if the machining is poor. The material for our
project was selected on the basis of machinability as the primary objective along with cost
and availability.

16
 M.S.
Criteria Weight Aluminium 6061 T6 Carbon Fiber
ANSI 1020
Machinability (3) 4 2 5

Weight Density (2) 4 5 2

Cost (3) 3 2 4
Strength to
(2) 3 5 4
Weight ratio
Availability (2) 4 2 5
TOTAL 43 36 49
Table 4.2.a Material Selection

Three materials were shortlisted. The machinability and availability of ANSI 1020 was better
than the other two materials. According to the overall scoring criteria of the decision matrix,
ANSI 1020 was selected for manufacturing.

4.3 Tools Required

A detailed list of all the tools required is mentioned as follows:

For designing/Analysis/Simulations
For manufacturing
Parts required
Table 4.3.b Tools Required
Solidworks.
Ansys Workbench 18.1 R2.
Cutting machine.
Welding machine.
Drill machine.
Pipe Bending machine.
16 inch tyre
Disc Brake.
Clamp Attachment.
Electric Cycle Conversion Kit.
Battery Pack and charger.
Seat Belt (3 Point attachment or more).
M.S. pipe (Grade ANSI 1020) 10ft

17
4.4 CAD Models

4.4.1 Line Diagram

Figure 4.4.1.a 2-D Sketch

4.4.2 Basic Skeleton

Figure 4.4.2.b Basic Skeleton Side View Figure 4.4.2.c Basic Skeleton Isometric View

18
4.4.3 Parts

Figure 4.4.3.a Clamping Mount

Figure 4.4.3.c Battery Pack Mounting

Figure 4.4.3.b Fork

Figure 4.4.3.d Battery Pack

19
4.5 Calculations

Here are some basic requirements of wheelchair for calculation:

i. Mass of wheelchair (wheelchair + driver) = 110 kg

ii. Speed and Acceleration=

a) 23 Km/hr for constant cruising

b) Acceleration from 0.638888

iii. Tyre radius= 0.1m

4.5.1 Forces Acting On Body

4.5.1.aRolling Resistance Force (Frolling)

Rolling resistance is the resistance offered to the wheelchair due to the contact of tires with
road. The formula for calculating force due to rolling resistance is given by:
Frolling = CRR × M × g
Where, CRR = coefficient of rolling resistance
M = mass in kg
G = acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 m/s2
In our case, CRR= 0.017 & M= 110kg
Therefore,
Frolling= 0.017 × 110 × 9.81= 18.3447N

4.5.1.b Acceleration Force (Fa)

If an object has mass, and is accelerating through space, then the object can exert a force.
The formula for calculating Force due to acceleration given by:
F= M × a
Where, M = mass in kg
a = acceleration of vehicle
In our case, t= 10 sec
Accelerating at 23 km/hr
a = 0.63888 m/s2
F= 70.272 N

20
4.5.1.cAerodynamic Drag Force (Fdrag)
Aerodynamic drag is the resistive force offered due to viscous force acting on the wheelchair.
It is largely determined by the shape of the wheelchair. The formula for calculating the
aerodynamic drag is given by:
Fdrag = 0.5 × Cd × Af × ρ × V2
Where, Cd = Coefficient of drag
Af= Frontal Area of vehicle
ρ= Air density
V= speed of vehicle
In our case, Cd = 0.3…...........(based on our calculation)
A = 1.2 m2.....(based on our calculation)
f

ρ= 1.225…..(at stp)
Speed 23 km/hr:
Fdrag= 9 N

4.5.2 Total Tractive Force (TTF)

This is the addition/total of all the above forces which acting on wheelchair. Formula of TTF
is given by:
TTF= Frolling + F + Fdrag
From above data,
Speed 23 km/hr:

TTF=79.272 N

4.5.3 Torque
Torque is a rotating force produced by an engine's crankshaft. The more torque an engine
produces, the greater its ability to perform work.
Torque is given by = TTF × r
Where, TTF = Total tractive force
r = tyre radius of vehicle
In our case,
Speed =
23km/hr:

Torque = 8 Nm

21
4.5.4 Power Estimation
Power estimation is very much important for wheelchair to move with desired speed by
overcoming tractive forces.

Vehicle cruising at constant speed :

Power={( Mass acceleration due to gravity × velocity × rolling resistance) + (air

density × coeff of drag × area of vehicle × velocity3)}/1000

P(C) ={( 110 × 9.8 × 23 × 0.017) + (1.225 × 0.3 × 1.2 × 233)} /1000 P(C) =

5.8 KW

4.5.5 Battery Calculations

Given voltage = 24 V
3.572 ×1000 = 49.62
In our condition, we have considered Amp Hour = 72
efficiency as 0.8. ampere hour ≈50Ah

Current and watt hour Power = voltage × Cell Calculation

current
Cell Calculation in Series = Voltage /3.6
2.85833×1000
I (Ampere) = = 119amp Series =24/3.6 =7 cells
24

Watt hour of battery = Cell Calculation in parallel = Ah /2.5

𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ×1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Parallel = 49.623/2.5 =19.8492 ≈ 20 cells
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦

Total no. of cell = Series×Parallel

2.85833 ×10.8
Wh = 3.572watt hr =20×7= 140 CELLS
= 0.8
AMP HOUR ACTUAL = No Of Cell in
Converting watt of battery into ampere
Parallel ×2.6=7×2.6=18.6 AH
hour of battery

Watt hour = volt × ampere hour

22
4.6 Assembly

Figure 4.6.a Front View Figure 4.6.b Side View

Figure 4.6.c Isometric View

23
 Chapter 5

Analysis

5.1 Fork

5.1.1 Maximum Principle Deformation

Figure 5.1.1.a Fork Maximum Principle Deformation

 To simulate the forces on the Fork and find out the deformation caused.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the fork and see the deformation in the
front Member.
 ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness.

24
  The deformation was well within 1mm and can be sustained by the fork without
any critical failure.
 The structure is rigid enough to sustain the bump without any
permanent deformation.
5.1.2 Stress Concentration

Figure 5.1.2.b Fork Stress Concentration

 To simulate the forces on the Fork and find out the stress concentration.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the fork and see the stresses in the front Member.
 ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness.
 The deformation was well within 1mm and can be sustained by the fork with minimal
stress concentration right behind the mounting nut.
 The structure can be used as its elastic enough and no stress concentration is high
enough to cause fatigue.

25
5.1.3 Factor of Safety

Figure 5.1.3.c Fork FoS

 To simulate the forces on the Fork and find out the Factor of safety.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the fork and factor of safety will be determined.
 ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness
 The factor of safety comes out to be 4.008 which is considered safe.
 The structure can be used the factor of safety is well over the physical requirements.

5.2 Handle

5.2.1 Maximum Principle Deformation

Figure 5.2.1.a Handle Maximum Principle Deformation

 To simulate the forces on the handle and find out the deformation caused.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the handle and see the deformation in the front
Member.

26
  ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness
 The deformation was well within 1mm and can be sustained by the handle without
any critical failure.

 The structure is rigid enough to sustain the bump without any permanent deformation.
5.2.2 Stress Concentration

Figure 5.2.2.b Handle Stress Concentration

 To simulate the forces on the handle and find out the stress concentration.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the f handle and see the stresses in the
front Member.
 ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness
 The deformation was well within 1mm and can be sustained by the handle with
minimal stress concentration right in the middle of the hand grip.
 The structure can be used as its elastic enough and no stress concentration is high
enough to cause fatigue.
5.2.3 Factor of Safety

Figure 5.2.3.c Handle FoS

27
 To Simulate the forces on the Handle and find out the Factor of safety.
 We exerted the Bump forces on the handle and factor of safety will be determined.
 ANSI 1020 with 2mm thickness
 The factor of safety comes out to be 1.5497 which is considered safe.
 The structure can be used the factor of safety is good enough for any physical
conditions.

28
 Chapter 6

Cost Report

Cost analysis is done to predict an approximate budget for designing and fabrication of a
product. In cost analysis the cost of components, outsourced work, safety equipment, etc. are
used to estimate the budget excluding student labour cost.

he cost analysis for our design with detailed bill of materials is presented as

follows. Total budget = 19000 (with an error margin of 3000).

Component Name Quantity estimated cost (INR)

M.S. Pipe (25 mm O.D. 2.5 mm
10 ft. 500
thickness) GRADE:-ANSI 1020
Hand Grinder 01 pc --
Disc Brakes 02 pcs 2,000
Clamp attachment 02 pcs 600
Battery Pack 01 pc 2,500
Electric cycle conversion kit 01 pc 12,000
Labour -- 500
miscellaneous -- 900
TOTAL 19,000
Table 6.a Cost Report

29
 Chapter 7

Results and Discussion

 A wheelchair attachment is manufactured that solves an issue of reliability as well as

safety for the mobility of a disabled (paraplegia patient)
 The electric Tricycle attachment is designed such that the stresses that were
generated in the upper body of the paraplegia patient can be eliminated.
 Additionally, having a way of mobility gives them a sense of independence.
 The existing solution gives a much expensive product as well as having some
drawbacks which our project has resolved.
 The affordability as well as the modular nature of the project makes it a solution to
the needs of a disabled person that cannot afford the existing solutions.
 Low centre of gravity and front wheel Drive/braking make it easier to go on rough
terrain as well as retain the stability.

30
 Chapter 8

Future Scope

This project is aimed at paraplegia patients who can ride the wheelchair using their upper
body to steer and accelerate, decelerate or stop the wheelchair, but what about the people with
disability in upper body as well .for this in future we might develop a bionic attachment hey
using bionic sensors and hey actuators. Prosthetic limbs use the same technology to work.
The receive impulses from the nerves system of the disabled person using bionic sensors and
give the signal to the actuators to work accordingly.

Figure 8.a Prosthetic Arm

The same technology can be used in the wheelchair as well. The sensors will be attached to
the upper body of the disabled person and the wheelchair will have a steering motor instead of
the handle.

This way the people with disabled upper bodies can use the wheelchair as well.

31
 Chapter 9

Conclusion

Here, we used the existing technologies to create an efficient and effective solution to a
problem that has been an issue to the disabled people who cannot afford the expensive
mobility solutions.

The mass production estimated cost comes out to be around ₹12,000/- which is about at one
fourth of the least expensive electric wheelchairs that are well rated for safety and quality.

Complete design of an electric trike attachment for Wheelchair has been reported in this
paper. The use of solid modelling helped to perform high quality design. Finally, the chassis
of trike was analysed to evaluate its capability and endurance, and the results were monitored
for further improvement. Extraordinary measures were taken to make the driving of electric
trike as safe as possible. Experience and responsible engineering have yielded a near perfect
safety record and driver confidence. This design of electric trike can be considered by the
industries for mass production in order to replace the Conventional Electric Wheelchairs
contributing towards environment sustainability.

32
 Chapter 10

References

[1] S.D. Kumar, Avinash Jangir, Nishant Saraswat, Anadi Nema, Bhargav Patel “Design and Fabrication of Drivable
Wheelchair Attachment” International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-8, June, 2019.
[2] Anupam S. Bhojkar, Hrishikes D.Gaikwad, Shubham A. Jankar, Akash P. Salokhe, Vishwajeet R. Salokhe
“Prototype of Wheel chair attachable E hand bike” International Journal of Advance In Science And
Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2319-8354, , Volume-7 Issue-1, March, 2018.
[3] Prof. S. S. Kumbar, , Mr Sandeep Mudakannavar, Mr Vinayak patil, “Design and Implementation of electric
wheelchair with Controlling the speed & movement of wheelchair”.
[4] Electrical Departmant, SGI-Antigre, Shivaji University “Study on smart wheelchair systems 2016”.
[5] P. Swapna , Dr. B. Sharmila, Y. Dharshan Arun Manohar Gurram, P.S,V Ramana Rao , Raghuveer Dontikurti
“Solar Powered Wheelchair Mobility for Physically Challenged” International Journal of Current Volume - 3,
Issue – 5 May – 2016.
[6] Girish Khope, Rajesh Pundlik Mali, Onkar Pramod Mahamuni,Rahul Rangnath Korde, Raja Narsappa Nandiwale
“Electrical Attachment of Wheelchair for Handicapped Person” National Conference on Information,
Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies - 2019 IJSRSET | Volume 5 | Issue 7 | Print ISSN : 2395-
1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099.
[7] Daniel J. Auger , Laura O’Neill , Tom Cleaver and Sylwia Walus “Lithium-Sulfur Battery Technology Readiness
and Applications” Published: 23 November 2017.

33
 Chapter 11

Appendix

[A] Plagiarism check report:

34
Average Plagiarism:- 5.333%

35
 [B] Graduate Attributes and its mapping with the
project:-

PO- project objectives, CO- course outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1     
CO2      
CO3     
CO4    
CO5     

36