Name: __________________

Date: ______________
SCH4U 4.1 Chemical Bonding

Review of Compound Classification.

1) Ionic Compounds – generally atoms bonded together in which

electrons are transferred from one atom to another; usually a metal
and non-metal.

Example Lewis Structure and Electron Energy Diagram

a) CaCl2

b) Na2O

2) Covalent compounds – atoms bonded together by sharing electrons;

usually a non-metal and non-metal.

Example Lewis Structure

a) H2S
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SCH4U 4.1 Chemical Bonding

b) CO2

● Shapes are important for covalent compounds (recall: tetrahedral, bent,

trigonal pyramidal, trigonal planar and linear).
● Electron configuration interactions for covalent compounds are more
complex (hybridization)

Predicting Ionic or Covalent Bonds

Ionic Covalent
Metal + Non-metal Non-metal + Non-metal
ΔEN > 1.7 ΔEN < 1.7
Solid at room temperature Solid, liquid or gas at room
(crystalline) temperature
High melting and boiling points Low melting and boiling points
Good conductors of electricity in Poor conductors of electricity
water
Generally soluble in water May or may not be soluble in water

Electronegativity – the ability for an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

The higher the electronegativity, the more it attracts electrons. The higher the
difference in electronegativity (ΔEN), the more ionic (or polar) the bond.

ΔEN
polar covalent bond (0.5-1.7)

3.3 1.7 0.5 0

pure covalent bond (0-0.5)

mostly ionic bond (>1.7) mostly covalent bond (<1.7)

(usually metal and non-metal) (usually non-metal and non-metal)
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SCH4U 4.1 Chemical Bonding

Other Definitions

a) Lattice Energy
Lattice energy is the energy required to break apart an ionic solid and convert its
component atoms into gaseous ions. This definition causes the value for the lattice
energy to always be positive, since this will always be an endothermic reaction.

b) Bond Energy
Energy is always required to break a bond, which is known as bond energy.

c) Metallic Bonds
Metallic bonds are the force of attraction between valence electrons and the metal
atoms. It is the sharing of many detached electrons between many positive
ions, where the electrons act as a “glue” giving the substance a definite structure.
It is unlike covalent or ionic bonding.

HW Questions: Practice 1-4 pg. 165-166, 5-8 pg169-170,

Section Review 1-4 and 6-7 pg 171-172
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Date: ______________
SCH4U 4.1 Chemical Bonding