Body

Organisation
HBM1001 Anatomy and Physiology 1
 Learning Objectives
1. Define anatomy and physiology
2. List the different levels of structural organisation in
the body
3. List the 11 systems of the human body, representative
organs present in each, and their general functions
4. Define the life processes of humans
 Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy
– Describes the structures of the body
• What they are made of
• Where they are located
• Associated structures
 Physiology
– Is the study of
• Functions of anatomical structures
• Individual and cooperative functions

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 Anatomy and Physiology
 Human Anatomy: the study of structure
– Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines
large, visible structures
• Surface anatomy: exterior features
• Regional anatomy: body areas
• Sectional anatomy: cross sections
• Systemic anatomy: organ systems
• Clinical anatomy: medical specialties
– Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules
• Cytology: study of cells
• Histology: study of tissues
– Developmental anatomy: from conception to
adulthood, including embryology
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 Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology: the study of function at many levels
– Cell physiology: functions of cells
– Organ physiology: functions of specific organs
– Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems
– Pathological physiology: effects of diseases on organs or
systems
 Also requires a knowledge of basic physical and chemical principles
(e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable

 Function always reflects structure
 What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
 Chemical level
– Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
– Molecules consist of groups of atoms

 Cellular level
– Cells are the smallest living units in the body

 Tissue level
– A tissue is a group of cells working together: 4 basic tissue types
– epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve

 Organ level
– Organs are made of two or more tissues working together with a specific
function

 Organ system level

– An organ system is a group of interacting organs with a common function
– sometimes an organ is part of more than one system: Humans have 11 organ
systems

 Organism level
– An individual life form is an organism 7
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Figure 1–2 Levels of Organization (Part 3 of 4).

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular

Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs
• Skin • Bones • Skeletal muscles • Brain • Pituitary gland • Heart
• Hair • Cartilages and associated • Spinal cord • Thyroid gland • Blood
• Sweat glands • Associated tendons • Peripheral nerves • Pancreas • Blood vessels
• Nails ligaments • Sense organs • Adrenal glands
• Bone marrow Functions • Gonads Functions
Functions • Provides movement Functions • Endocrine tissues in • Distributes blood
• Protects against Functions • Provides protection • Directs immediate other systems cells, water, and
environmental • Provides support and support for responses to stimuli dissolved materials
hazards and protection for other tissues • Coordinates or Functions including nutrients,
• Helps regulate body other tissues • Generates heat that moderates activities • Directs long-term waste products,
temperature • Stores calcium and maintains body of other organ changes in the oxygen, and
• Provides sensory other minerals temperature systems activities of other carbon dioxide
information • Forms blood cells • Provides and organ systems • Distributes heat
interprets sensory • Adjusts metabolic and assists in
information about activity and energy control of body
external conditions use by the body temperature
• Controls many
structural and
functional changes
during development
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Figure 1–2 Levels of Organization (Part 4 of 4).

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS

Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Male Reproductive Female Reproductive

Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs Major Organs
• Spleen • Nasal cavities • Teeth • Kidneys • Testes • Ovaries
• Thymus • Sinuses • Tongue • Ureters • Epididymides • Uterine tubes
• Lymphatic • Larynx • Pharynx • Urinary bladder • Ductus deferentia • Uterus
vessels • Trachea • Esophagus • Urethra • Seminal vesicles • Vagina
• Lymph nodes • Bronchi • Stomach • Prostate gland • Labia
• Tonsils • Lungs • Small intestine Functions • Penis • Clitoris
• Alveoli • Large intestine • Excretes waste • Scrotum • Mammary glands
Functions • Liver products from the
• Defends against Functions • Gallbladder blood Functions Functions
infection and • Delivers air to • Pancreas • Controls water • Produces male sex • Produces female
disease alveoli (sites in balance by cells (sperm), sex cells (oocytes)
• Returns tissue lungs where gas Functions regulating volume seminal fluids, and and hormones
fluids to the exchange occurs) • Processes and of urine produced hormones • Supports develop-
bloodstream • Provides oxygen to digests food • Stores urine prior • Sexual intercourse ing embryo from
bloodstream • Absorbs and to voluntary conception to
• Removes carbon conserves water elimination delivery
dioxide from • Absorbs nutrients • Regulates blood • Provides milk to
bloodstream • Stores energy ion concentrations nourish newborn
• Produces sounds reserves and pH infant
for communication • Sexual intercourse
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Organ Systems Relationships
Organ systems work cooperatively to
perform necessary life functions
1. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood
through the digestive system
2. oxygen is inhaled through the
respiratory system
3. Nutrients and oxygen are distributed
by the cardiovascular system to
organs and tissues
4. Metabolic wastes are eliminated by
the urinary and respiratory
systems
 Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion: Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
• Responsiveness: body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
in its internal or external environment: some typical responses
include muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular
secretion
• Movement: includes locomotion of the whole body and movement
of substances
• Digestion: Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Reproduction: formation of new cells for growth, repair or
replacement or to the production of a new individual
• Growth: increase in size of a body part or of the organism
 Survival Needs
• Nutrients: chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen: needed for metabolic reactions

• Water: 60–80% of body weight; provides the necessary

environment for chemical reactions

• Maintaining normal body temperature: necessary for chemical

reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

• Atmospheric pressure: required for proper breathing and gas

exchange in the lungs
 Learning Objectives
4. Describe the anatomical position.
5. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body
directions, body regions, and body planes or sections.
 Anatomical Position
Standard anatomical body position:
• Body erect.
• Feet slightly apart.
• Palms facing forward.
Figure 1–5 Directional References.
Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) The head is superior to the chest. Superior

Cranial or Cephalic
Right Left
Toward the head
The cranial nerves are in the head.

Proximal
Toward the point
of attachment of a
limb to the trunk
The shoulder is
proximal to the
wrist.
Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral
Posterior: The back Anterior: The front
surface surface
Dorsal: The back. Ventral: The belly side.
(equivalent to posterior (equivalent to anterior
when referring to the when referring to the
human body) human body)
The scapula (shoulder The umbilicus (navel)
blade) is located posterior is on the
to the rib cage. anterior (or ventral)
Lateral Medial surface of the trunk.
Away Toward the
from the midline
midline

Proximal

Caudal
Distal
Toward the tail;
Away from the (coccyx in
point of humans)
attachment of a
limb to the trunk Fused caudal
vertebrae form the
The fingers are skeleton of the tail
distal to the wrist. (coccyx).

OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Superficial

Distal At, near, or relatively close

to the body surface
The skin is superficial to
underlying structures.

Deep

Toward the interior of the body;

farther from the surface
The bone of the thigh is deep to
a Anterior view
the surrounding skeletal
muscles.
b Lateral view

Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The knee is inferior to the hip. Inferior 16
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 Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.22
 Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.23
Body Planes
 Sectional plane
– A single view along a two-
dimensional flat surface
Transverse (horizontal) plane:
divides body horizontally into superior
and inferior parts (cross section)
Frontal (coronal) plane: divides body vertically into
anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal plane:
divides body vertically into right & left parts Mid-sagittal
(median) plane: lies on midline Para-sagittal plane: NOT on
midline
Body Planes
Figure 1–6 Sectional Planes.

Frontal or coronal Sagittal plane

plane
Plane is oriented parallel to
long axis
Plane is oriented
parallel to long axis
A sagittal section separates
right and left portions. You
A frontal, or examine a sagittal section,
coronal, section but you section sagittally.
separates anterior
In a midsagittal section, the
and posterior
plane passes through the
portions of the
midline. It separates the
body. Coronal
body into equal right and
usually refers to left sides.
sections passing
through the skull. A parasagittal section
misses the midline. It
separates the body into
Directional term:
unequal right and left sides.
frontally or coronally

Midsagittal plane Directional term: sagittally

Transverse, or
horizontal, plane

Plane is oriented
perpendicular to long axis

Frontal plane A transverse, or cross,

Transverse plane section separates
(inferior view) superior and inferior
portions of the body.

Directional term:
transversely or horizontally

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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity: protects the nervous system
Two subdivisions:
• Cranial cavity (brain)
• Vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral cavity: houses the internal organs (viscera)

Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
• Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)
• Two pleural cavities that each house a lung
• Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity, surrounds thoracic
organs
• Pericardial cavity encloses heart

• Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary and reproductive organs)

• Abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
• Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Figure 1–7a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

 Essential functions of
body cavities Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity
1. Protect organs Pericardial cavity

from shocks and

impacts
2. Permit significant
changes in size Diaphragm

and shape of Abdominopelvic

cavity
internal organs Peritoneal cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

a A lateral view showing the body

cavities of the trunk. The muscular
diaphragm subdivides them into a
superior thoracic cavity and an
inferior abdominopelvic cavity. Three
of the four adult true body cavities
are shown and outlined in red; only
one of the two pleural cavities can
be shown in a sagittal section.
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Ventral Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions