U3: Religions Originating in India

Unit 3 — Religions Originating in India

In this unit, you will encounter some of the religions that originated in India. Both historically and characteristically, Hinduism
may be seen as a link or bridge between the ancient, traditional and animistic belief systems and the current organised and
formal religions of the world.

If India is the cradle of the Hindu civilisation, it is also the nursery of several other major religions, which are Jainism,
Buddhism, and Sikhism. It is hoped that you will obtain a broad spectrum of knowledge about the depth and variety of some
of the religions and religious sects of India, in terms of historical development, social change and transformation.
Unit Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1. Describe the origins of Hinduism, its basic teachings and principles.
2. Describe the life of the founder of Buddhism, key sects and basic teachings.
3. Describe the life of the founder of Sikhism, as well as the major teachings and characteristics of Sikhism.
3.1 Hinduism
Hinduism is the oldest organised religion in the world. Archaeological evidence shows that it was the religion of a
civilisation that existed around 2500 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) along the Indus River, which was traditionally a natural
border in the northwest of India. This ancient civilisation was also known variously as the Indus Valley Civilisation, the
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Cultures, named after the sites of ancient cities in the location.

Figure 3.1: Hinduism is the oldest organised religion in the

world
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple#/me
dia/File:Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg
The words Hindu and India are primarily Western terms. It is said that they are derived from Sindhu, as the Indus River was
referred to in Sanskrit. In fact, Hindu and India are derivatives of the Arabic term al-Hind, used by traders during the
Moghul rule in India, to refer to India and was adopted by the Westerners. This term gained popularity especially during
the British colonial rule.

Two characteristics differentiate Hinduism from other organised religions. Firstly, it does not have a specific founder.
However, there have been a great many spiritual teachers and rishi (ancient seers of India), who have written and
transmitted numerous scriptures, such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita. The second defining
characteristic of Hinduism that makes it different from other organised religions is that it does not have an identifiable
origin in time, although historical evidences date it to around 2500 B.C.E. Indian philological scholars claim the linguistic
origins of the scriptures to be more than 10,000 years old. Besides, the Sanskrit expression to refer to the religion
is sanatana dharma. Commonly translated in English as “the eternal/perennial religion”, the term is a reflection of the
timelessness of its origins.
How God is Understood in Hinduism
A simplified way of putting the relation of man to God is, the Hindu consciously or unconsciously holds fast to the principle
of Brahman, who is the One ultimate Being that is represented by the many, just as the many originate from the One. This
means Brahman is represented by the many gods and goddesses who are also considered an embodiment of Him.

Hence, the truth or validity of Hindu religious beliefs and practices may be centred on and directed to the numerous “gods
and goddesses”, as well as on the Supreme Brahman. An individual’s way of worship or understanding of the Divine is
dependent on his or her knowledge, and the ability to be identified with the Divine.
Basic Hindu Concepts
1.Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. Hence, it is considered as a “way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed
to a one, organised religion.
2. In most forms of Hinduism, a single deity, known as “Brahman,” is worshipped but other gods and goddesses are still
recognised. Followers of Hinduism believe that there are many ways of reaching their God.
3. Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation) and karma (the
universal law of cause and effect which is dependent on how the previous life was lived and based on people’s thought
and actions).
4. Hindus believe in “atman,” or the belief in the soul. This philosophy maintains that living creatures have a soul, and
they’re all part of the supreme soul. The ultimate goal for a Hindu is to achieve “moksha,” or salvation, which ends the
cycle of rebirths so that their soul becomes part of the supreme soul.
5. It is very important to work towards achieving dharma, which is a code of living that emphasises good conduct and
morality.
6. Hindus respect and esteem all living creatures and consider the cow a sacred animal.
7. Food is an important part of life for Hindus and many are vegetarians.
The Holy Books of Hinduism
Hindus value many sacred writings as opposed to one holy book. The primary sacred texts, known as the Vedas, were
composed around 1500 B.C. and are considered to transcend time and not to have an end. This collection of verses and
hymns was written in Sanskrit and contains revelations received by ancient saints and sages.

The Vedas are Rig Veda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Other important texts in Hinduism are the Upanishads,
the Bhagavad Gita, 18 Puranas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.
Hindu God/s and Goddesses
Hindus worship many gods and goddesses in addition to Brahman, who is believed to be the supreme God force present in
all things.

Figure 3.2: Hindu deities

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities#/media/File:Hindu_deities_mon
tage.png
Some of the most prominent deities include:
1. Brahma: the god responsible for the creation of the world and all living things.
2. Vishnu: the god that preserves and protects the universe.
3. Shiva: the god that destroys the universe in order to recreate it.
4. Devi: the goddess that fights to restore dharma.
5. Krishna: the god of compassion, tenderness, and love.
6. Lakshmi: the goddess of wealth and purity.
7. Saraswati: the goddess of learning.
Places of Worship
Hindu worship, known as “puja,” typically takes place in the temples. Hindus can also worship at home, and many have a
special shrine dedicated to certain gods and goddesses. The giving of offerings, such as jewellery or flowers, is an
important part of Hindu worship. It’s a common practice to present gifts, such as flowers, fruits, sweets or oils, to a god or
goddess. Believers also make pilgrimages to temples and other sacred sites in India such as Varanasi, Rameshwaram,
Kedarnath, Amarnath, and Thirupathi.
Sects of Hinduism
Hinduism has many sects, and can be generally divided into the following:
1. Shaivism (followers of Shiva).
2. Vaishnava (followers of Vishnu).
3. Shaktism (followers of Devi).
4. Smarta (followers of Brahman and all major deities).

Figure 3.3: Brahma is referred to as "The Creator" within the Trimurti,

the triple deity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu and Shiva
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma
The Caste System

Figure 3.4: The Indian caste system

Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste

The most widely regarded authoritative book on Hindu law called Manusmriti states and justifies the caste system as the
basis of order and regularity of society. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.
The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories:
1. Brahmins — They are intellectual, philosophical, and spiritual leaders of civilisation. They have proximity with religion,
rituals, learning, and wisdom. On the spiritual level, a Brahmin is the seer or realised soul who has supernatural insight.
2. Kshatriyas — They are kings, leaders, administrators, and warriors who are respected as guardians and protectors of the
weak and helpless. They are considered as protectors or deliverers from pain.
3. Vaishyas — The Vaishya caste is specifically skilled in creating the things that are needed - farming and business. They are
involved in the production of grains and vegetables, also responsible for the economic well-being of a nation.
4. Shudras — Their primary function is the rendering of service to the other three castes incapable of hard labour. They do
not generally have an interest in the intellectual, military, or mercantile life. They provide labour and service to the whole
society.
5. Many subcategories also exist within each caste. The “untouchables” are a class of citizens that are outside the caste
system and considered to be at the lowest level of the social hierarchy.

For centuries, the caste system determined every aspect of a person’s social, professional, and religious status in India.
When India became an independent nation, its constitution banned discrimination based on caste. There are still people in
India who follow this system religiously.
Sacred Days, Holidays and Festivals
There are some common festivals that are celebrated by Hindus all over India and the world. Other smaller festivals are
regionally based. Some of the most well-known festivals include:
1 Deepavali: the festival of lights.
2. Navaratri: a celebration of fertility and harvest.
3. Maha Shivaratri: the great festival of Shiva.
To read more about these festivals, you can refer to the following websites and watch the YouTube links provided.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/diwali-history-customs-indian-festival-of-lights
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diwali-Hindu-festival
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/when-is-navratri-2021-history-significance-facts-celebration-and-all-
you-need-to-know/articleshow/86755225.cms
The Four Ashrams and Stages of Life
An important aspect of Hindu spiritual life based on the principle of transition and hierarchy from one stage to another
is expressed in the system of the four ashrams (meaning shelter) or stages of the life of an individual.
Each of the stages corresponds to approximate ages and particular functions, as follows:
1. Brahmacharya or student (ages 12 – 24): This is the first stage of one’s youth or the stage of preparation, which forms
one’s character. It is a stage of celibacy and of laying a religious foundation for life, through “education”, which refers to
the study of scriptural works and devotion to the guru or spiritual master.
2. Grahastha or householder (ages 24 – 48): The Householder stage begins when the student returns from his studies,
marries and takes on the sacred duty of continuing the family. No man or woman’s life is seen as complete without
marriage. Most Hindus never get past this stage. Householders should give to charity, care for aged parents, offer
hospitality, and run a well-ordered household.
3. Vanaprastha or renunciate (ages 48 – 72): This is similar to our culture’s idea of “retirement”. Vanaprastha means
"forest dweller” and this stage indicates the beginning of old age. It occurs when children are grown up, married, and
there is a grandson to ensure the family will continue. People become detached from home, family and monetary affairs.
Not everyone takes on the dharma of this stage but those that do are considered as gaining great respect and good
karma.
4. Sannyasin or ascetic (beyond age 72): Requires completely giving up all worldly ties and possession such as celibacy,
total freedom from detachment, and devotion to the spiritual goal of liberation or Moksha.
To learn more about Indian culture, traditions, and food, do watch the following videos.
Differences between North and South India | Only in India Episode 14:
Direct Link: Differences Between North and South India | Only in India Episode 14(this link opens in a new window/tab)

2. North versus South Indian weddings:

Direct Link: NORTH VS SOUTH INDIAN WEDDINGS | NAKSHATRA WEDDING|

3. A Kathak fusion dance:

Direct Link: Ghar More Pardesiya by Angela Choudhary | Kalank: Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan, Madhuri | Dance Cover
Learning Activity 3.1
Explain the gesture and the symbolic significance of Namaskar (Sanskrit) and Vanakkam (Tamil), the traditional Hindu forms
of greeting illustrated below.
Source: Wikipedia

The traditional Hindu form of greeting is with hands folded and raised to the forehead, accompanied by the
utterance, Namaskar (Sanskrit) or Vanakkam (Tamil). Both terms literally mean “I bow to you”, conveying reverence,
worship, homage and salutation.
Thus cumulatively, the words and the gesture of the greeting mean “the divinity within me salutes the divinity within
you”. This attests to the Hindu view that all life is sacred.
3.2 Buddhism
Buddhism originated as an oral tradition in the north of India during the 6th century B.C.E. Today it has spread throughout
Asia, as well as gained a large number of followers in the West, in many forms and sects. The founder of Buddhism was
called Gautama Buddha or simply, the Buddha (Sanskrit. budh, meaning to know), which is a form of reference to, the
Awakened One, the Accomplished One or the Enlightened One.
The Life of Buddha

Figure 3.5: Statue of Gautama Buddha

Source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism#/media/File:Large_
Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla,_Sikkim.jpg
Siddhartha was born a prince, in the kingdom of Kapilavastu in the Lower Himalayas region which is present-day
Nepal. When he was born, a sage who had come down from the Himalayas to see the newborn prince, found special
marks on his body that indicated he was destined to be an eminent person: either a “world ruler” or a “world
teacher”. Legend has it that he walked and talked immediately after birth and lotuses bloomed forth from each of his
footsteps.

Siddhartha’s father, the king, wanted his son to be an eminent ruler. In taking every precaution to prevent his son from
exposure to any suffering, Siddhartha was virtually a prisoner in the palace grounds. Thus, behind the palace walls, he
enjoyed a lavish childhood, with the material pleasures of life and trained as a warrior in preparation for succession to
the throne. At the age of 16, he was married to Princess Yasodhara. They had a son who was named Rahula.
One day, when he was almost 30 years old, Siddhartha left the palace grounds, to visit a nearby town. His father, realising
that this was inevitable, ordered that everything that could have a negative effect on his son should be swept away from
sight. However, it was in his destiny that the young prince would chance to witness and learn of, different forms of
suffering. It occurred to him that this was the fate of every human being. He also met a sannyasin who appeared to be
the only one at peace, having passed beyond all pleasure and pain.

That fateful event, referred to as the Four Passing Sights transformed Siddhartha’s life dramatically. He began to question
the meaning of the human experience. Legends narrate how he left the palace in the prime of his life, his final look of
farewell at his beautiful wife and his little son, sleeping in innocence in the light of dawn, he left behind all wealth and
worldliness.
He was accepted as a disciple of the brahmanas at a nearby hermitage. With that, Prince Siddhartha disappeared
forever and the monk, known as Gautama, came into being. He was also known as Sakhyamuni (Sakhya was his
ancestral name, mun meant “sage”). For the next seven years, Gautama engaged in various forms of rigorous spiritual
disciplines. None of these practices brought him any nearer to enlightenment. And thus, he abandoned that life and
returned to a regular life. This greatly angered his followers and consequently, they deserted him. Feeling very lonely,
beaten by failure, and facing temptation, he wandered along the banks of a river. Feeling a need to meditate, he
seated himself beneath a bodhi tree (the Tree of Wisdom).
A village girl, Sujata, who was passing by, saw him there in an extremely weakened condition, took pity on him
and gave him part of the little food she had. Yet he persevered, remaining in his seated position, unmoving, all
through the day and night. Battling the storms and tempests raging within and without, little by little, his mind
began to grow calmer and clearer. As it finally abated, a sense of great peace descended on him, and “by the
dawn came perfect knowledge; Gautama became the Buddha, the enlightened. Soon his doctrines attracted a
growing number of people, first among whom were his parents, wife and son, and the five disciples who had
earlier abandoned him. He spent the next 45 years of his life teaching his doctrines to the people,
including brahmanas, all over northeast India.
According to legend, the immediate cause of the Buddha’s death was the deliberate eating of contaminated food
offered by a well-intentioned, but ignorant blacksmith called Chunda. While it was the source of a great tragedy to
some, others who were discerning, understood that it was merely the Buddha’s way of demonstrating the inevitable
turning of the wheel of life. Aware that he was gravely ill, the Buddha gathered his disciples around him and
reminded them of his teachings. Then, reclining serene and composed, gave up the mortal body. An extraordinary
detail about the life of the Buddha is that his birth, his enlightenment, and his death, were said to have all been on
the anniversary of the same date. The final departure of the Buddha from this world is called Parinirvana or Final
Release.
Now watch the story of Buddha. It is in Hindi but English subtitles are provided for you.

Direct Link: Gautam Buddha Inspirational Story | गौतम बुद्ध की जीवनी | Motivational Biography | Gautam Budhha

For more information on the teachings of Buddha, please click on the following weblink:
Direct Link: Buddha’s Teachings (w/ subtitles)
The Main Teachings of Buddha
The Four Noble Truths

1. The Truth of Suffering (dukka)

2. The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya)
3. The truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha)
4. The truth of the path that frees us from suffering (magga)
1. The truth of suffering ( dukka)
The First Noble Truth often is translated as “life is suffering”. But the Pali word “dukkha” also refers to anything that is
temporary, conditional, or compounded of other things. Even something precious and enjoyable is dukkha, because it will
end.

2. The truth of the cause of suffering.(samudaya)

The Second Noble Truth teaches that the cause of suffering is craving or thirst (tanha). We continually search for something
outside ourselves to make us happy. But no matter how successful, the Buddha taught that this thirst grows from ignorance
of the self. We go through life grabbing one thing after another to get a sense of security about ourselves. We attach not
only to physical things but also to ideas and opinions about ourselves and the world around us. Then we grow frustrated
when the world doesn't behave the way we think it should and our lives don't conform to our expectations. We never
remain satisfied.
3. The truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha)
The Buddha’s teachings on the Four Noble Truths are sometimes compared to a physician diagnosing an illness and
prescribing a treatment. The first truth tells us what the illness is, and the second truth tells us what causes the illness.
The Third Noble Truth holds out hope for a cure. The Buddha taught that through diligent practice, we can put an end
to craving. Ending the hamster-wheel chase after satisfaction is enlightenment (bodhi, “awakened”). The enlightened
being exists in a state called Nirvana.

4. The truth of the path that frees us from suffering (magga)

Although Buddhism took root in India, it is almost non-existent there today. Similarly, China was the heartland of
Buddhism for more than a century, producing numerous great spiritual masters. It flourished in China, reaching its
peak during the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907), yet today, its practice has been greatly reduced in China due to suppression
by the Communist government.
Buddhism in Malaysia
Buddhism is of special interest to Malaysia in the sense that it is the second-largest religion in Malaysia (19.8% of
Malaysia’s population), after Islam, practised mainly by the Malaysian Chinese community. In the 7th and
8th centuries, the Mahayana strain of Buddhism was brought to Southeast Asia (including the Malay Peninsula) by
Buddhist missionaries. In the early period of Buddhism in this region, it was synthesised with Brahmanic Hinduism,
tantric practices, Theravada traditions, and indigenous beliefs and practised especially at the royal courts. In later
periods, Buddhism was replaced by Hinduism and Islam in this region. In Malaysia today, the predominant religion of
the Chinese communities that migrated from China is a syncretic (a combination of different forms and beliefs) blend
of traditional Chinese religions (veneration of ancestors and deities) and Mahayana Buddhism.
Buddhist temples and monasteries are run on an autonomous basis. Most of the ethnic Chinese belong to schools of
Mahayana Buddhism, whereas the Thais and Sinhalese communities practise the Theravada form. Indeed, Theravada
Buddhism is largely the Buddhism of Southeast Asia as a whole. Thus, Buddhism in Malaysia is practised in various forms
with some attempts to coordinate the activities of the different types of Buddhists. Various programmes such as sutra
studies, dharma talks, Sunday schools for children, fellowship networking units, youth clubs and other socially-engaged
activities such as non-profit businesses, web-based initiatives, social welfare homes and humanitarian charities are
carried out. The Malaysian Buddhist Council, representing the various sects of Buddhism in the country, plays a role in
providing relevance to the practice of the religion, as well as to promote unity among the Buddhist communities in the
country.
Malaysian Chinese Buddhists also retain their ties with Daoism. Daoist deities are often found in Buddhist temples and the
two traditions coexist quite well. Since most of the Chinese are from the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, many of the
Daoist deities are local deities from these areas. In addition, these temples enshrine images of the city god, ancestral gods,
earth god, and the god of war, as well as the traditional trinity of Daoist gods.
To understand the different schools of Buddhism, please click on the following weblink:
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/492/a-short-history-of-the-buddhist-schools/
Learning Activity 3.2

Source: Wikimedia Commons

All statues of the Buddha in death show him in a

reclining posture. What is the symbolism of this
depiction?
According to the narratives, at the time of his death, the Buddha asked his disciples to spread a couch for
him in a grove. He lay there, reclining on his right side, facing west, with his head supported by his hand.
Passing progressively through various stages of deep meditation, he attained parinirvana or the ultimate
nirvana. The reclining position or posture (asana) represents the Buddha’s dying moments. The image of the
dying Buddha is intended to evoke the awareness that all beings have the potential to become enlightened
and attain release from suffering. His serene, composed and restful demeanour is meant to communicate
his attainment of the highest state of meditation and the pathway to parinirvana.
3.3 Sikhism
The state of Punjab in the northwest of India is the heartland of Sikhism. The Sikh religion (the verb sikh means to learn;
the noun means disciple or pupil), was founded in the 16th century.

It is the youngest of the world religions and fifth largest, with 30 million Sikhs worldwide in 2020. It is practised by
Punjabis, that is, the people of Punjab, who are descended primarily from the kshatriya, that is the warrior or martial
caste of Hindus before Sikhism was established.
Guru Nanak, the Founder of Sikhism

Figure 3.6: Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Ji.png
The founder of the Sikhism, Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in the Punjab region of South Asia, which is currently split
between Pakistan and the northwestern area of India. A majority of the global Sikh population still resides in Punjab on
the Indian side of the border. Nanak was born in 1469 into a Hindu family from the Bedi clan in the town of Talwandi (now
known as Nankana Sahib, in Lahore, Pakistan). The village where he grew up was a predominantly Muslim village (called
Musalman in India).

From a very young age, Nanak began to show specific spiritual tendencies. Nanak was given the task of tending to the
cattle belonging to his father, who was a prominent man in the village. According to narratives, Nanak would often slip
into a meditative trance as he watched over the herd. As a result, the cows would stray into neighbours’ fields and eat or
damage their crops. Although often severely rebuked by his father for what was taken to be laziness, the villagers noticed
remarkable occurrences whenever Nanak went into a meditative state. Many concluded that Nanak would be a mystic or
a saint. Nanak was put in a school where he received an extensive education, especially in religious studies. A Brahmin
was employed to teach Nanak to read and write Devanagiri (the Sanskrit script) and a Sufi master to teach Persian and
Arabic. He excelled at school.
His parents arranged Nanak’s marriage to a woman named Sulakhani, by whom he had two sons. He was involved in
business and with various jobs, including that of clerical assistant and storekeeper to the Nawab (royal head of state).
However, he distributed all his money among the hungry and the holy men, and among the poor and homeless.
Rejecting his family’s Hindu traditions, Nanak, with his friend Mardana, a Muslim minstrel, set up a devotional group
together. As part of their activities, they met with other like-minded friends for devotional singing and religious
discussion. United by their discovery of common philosophies and love of the divine, Nanak and Mardana were a
remarkable sight to the Hindus and Muslims alike in the neighbourhood.

When he was about 30 years of age, Nanak had a unique and powerful spiritual experience that became the turning
point in his life. Going to the riverside to bathe and meditate as was his usual custom, he disappeared into the river.
Everyone assumed that he had drowned. When he emerged alive three days later, he told the people that he had
directly experienced the divine presence. The villagers were convinced that he had attained enlightenment and had
received a revelation from a divine source. At that point, he became known as Nanak Dev or Guru Nanak.
From that time, Nanak spent his time increasingly in silence and meditation. Soon after, along with Mardana,
Nanak left his home and family and became a wandering minstrel. He sang praises of God, accompanied by
Mardana on a stringed instrument (rabab). Travelling together to share the truths that had been revealed to Nanak,
he professed a belief in the oneness of God and the equality and brotherhood of humanity. He denounced idolatry
and the caste system. Nanak and Mardana made many journeys together throughout India, known as udasis. It is
said that he even reached the Middle East and parts of China. Wherever Nanak and Mardana went, Nanak spread
his teachings and sought to gather disciples to follow his new revelation or religion of simplicity, humility and
morality. Nanak and Mardana remained close companions, travelling together until they passed away, within a short
time of each other.
Basic Beliefs of Sikhism
1. Sikhs believe in one God. He is the same for all people of all religions.
2. Sikhism teaches equality of all people. Sikhism preaches that people of different races, religions, or sex are all equal in
the eyes of God. Sikhism teaches the full equality of men and women.
3. Sikhism emphasises daily devotion to the remembrance of God. One should remember God at all times.
4. Sikhism teaches religious freedom. All people have the right to follow their own path to God without condemnation or
coercion from others.
5. Sikhism emphasises a moral and ethical life. A Sikh should represent moral responsibility and righteousness. Sikhism
rejects all forms of rituals such as idol worship, pilgrimages, fasting, and superstitions.
6. Sikhism teaches service to others. The primary task in life should be to help the poor, needy and oppressed. The Sikhs
have a long heritage of speaking out against injustice and for standing up for the defenseless.
7. Sikhs are supposed to be saints, scholars, and soldiers.
8. The word Sikh means disciple or student. Sikhs are the disciples of God who follow the writings and teachings of the ten
Sikh Gurus.

To read more of the beliefs of Sikhs in detail, go to:

https://www.learnreligions.com/primary-sikh-beliefs-2993513
The Sikh way of life is aimed at spiritual progress that hardly has any rituals. It is lived in accordance with three basic
principles (sanskar).

Firstly, disciplined living, which involves contemplation and meditation on God’s name (naam simran).

Secondly, personal regulation, that is, to live a householder’s life honestly (kirat karni).

Thirdly, sharing one’s wealth with the community (wand kay shako) or selfless community service (seva). Guru Nanak
accepted the Hindu view of reincarnation and karma, and rejected the Hindu inclination towards rituals and polytheism.
The Sikh Gurus accepted the doctrine of karma as a system of nature, which is subject to Hukam (God’s Will) and Nadar
(Divine grace). These two concepts are considered as one of the main contributions of Guru Nanak to Indian religious
thought.
An essential principle of Sikhism is the possibility of modification of karma by Divine grace. Like the Hindus, the Sikhs
believe that the soul has to transmigrate, that is, the soul takes rebirth in another body after the death of a physical body.
Upon the performance of paths of purification, possibly over many lifetimes, the soul will eventually find liberation and
union with God.

The Guru is of fundamental importance in Sikhism. According to Nanak, God is the only or real Guru. Thus, in Sikhism, the
word Guru is synonymous with God (as Great Teacher). Unlike the Hindu understanding, the form of reference of Guru is
restricted to the ten Sikh Gurus, who are perceived as the embodiment of divinity, that is, they are regarded as more than
spiritual masters. Therefore, Sikhs refer to Guru Nanak with the honorific Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, as they do in referring to
all the Sikh Gurus.
The Sikh Khalsa
Guru Gobind Singh was responsible for instituting a distinct identity of the Sikhs, to make them easily recognisable.
He established a brotherhood of “saint soldiers”, a special martial order called the Khalsa, on the day of Vaisakhi (the
Sikh New Year) in 1699. The Punjabi word khalsa originates from the Persian khalis, meaning “pure” or “devoted”,
referring to all Sikhs who have been initiated or baptised into the Sikh faith/khalsa. Initiation involves a ritual stirring of
sweetened water (amrit) with a double-edged sword (khanda). The water is sprinkled on the initiate with instructions of
the practices and prohibitions of the faith. The males take on the name Singh (lion) and the females, Kaur (princess).
This ceremony is referred to as khande ke pahul (literally, acceleration by the sword). Today, the khalsa is the basis for
identification of every Sikh who observes the five obligatory articles of faith (kakkar). These are popularly referred to as
the “5 Ks”, that is, kesh, kanga, kaccha, kirpan, and kara.
The Five K’s
Every man and woman who belongs to the Khalsa must wear five symbols that show that they are Sikhs. They are usually
called the Five K’s because, in Punjabi, their names all begin with the letter ‘K’.

1. Kesh.
Kesh is hair. Sikhs promise not to cut their hair but let it grow as a symbol of their faith. Since it will get very long during
their lifetime, they wear turbans to keep it tidy. They believe that this demonstrates their obedience to God.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)#/media
/File:Sikh_man,_Agra_10.jpg
2. Kangha
The Kangha is a small wooden comb. It keeps the hair fixed in place, and is a symbol of cleanliness. Combing their hair
reminds Sikhs that their lives should be tidy and organised.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangha#/media/File:Wooden_kanga_
comb_(Sikhism_article_of_faith).JPG
3. The Kara
The kara is a steel bangle worn on the arm. It is a closed circle with no beginning and no end, as with God there is no
beginning and no end. It is a reminder to behave well, keep the faith and restrain from wrongdoing. Wearing it will
remind a Sikh of these duties.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)#
/media/File:Kara_(Sikhism).jpg
4. The Kachera
These are short trousers worn as underwear. They were more practical than the long, loose clothes most people in
India wore at the time of Guru Gobind Singh. The Guru said they were a symbol that Sikhs were leaving old ideas
behind, following new better ones.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacchera#/media
/File:Kaccha.JPG
5. The Kirpan
The warrior’s sword. These days a very tiny one is worn as a symbol of dignity and self-respect. It demonstrates
power and reminds Sikhs that they must fight a spiritual battle, defend the weak and oppressed, and uphold the
truth.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kirpan.jpg
Figure 3.7: A Sikh wearing a kirpan and kara
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirpan#/media/File:Kirpan_and_ka
ra.jpg
The Adi Granth and Guru Granth Sahib

Figure 3.8: Guru Granth Sahib

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib#
/media/File:Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib_Nishan.jpg
The Adi Granth (or Aad Granth, meaning “the first book”; “original collection”) is the primary Sikh scripture. Sikhs
believe that the words in the Granth are divinely inspired. The Guru Granth Sahib comprises shabads or hymns set
in ragas, traditional Indian rhythmic, musical patterns. The Granth is regarded as the eternal Master (Guru) of the Sikhs.
Guru Nanak, the first Guru of the Sikhs, founded the religion, but the Holy Scripture of Sikhism was compiled after his
lifetime by Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru, in 1604. In 1708, before his death, Guru Gobind Singh affirmed the Adi
Granth as the perpetual Guru of the Sikhs and it became known as the Sri Guru Granth Sahib. Perceived as the eternal
Guru and the embodiment of the Guru’s Spirit, it is enshrined in every Sikh gurudwara (house of Guru), as a Sikh temple
is known and approached with the greatest reverence and respect.
The foremost gurudwara of the Sikhs is the Golden Temple at Amritsar, known as the Harmandir Sahib (meaning
“House of God”). In the Golden Temple, there is a daily ritual of placing the Guru Granth Sahib on the Takht (throne of
Sikhism at Amritsar), with much celebration.

Figure 3.9: The Golden Temple at Amritsar

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_Amritsar.jpeg
The langar (or free kitchen) was introduced by Guru Nanak, who was the founder of Sikhism and the first Guru, because
of his belief in the oneness of humanity. He offered free meals to everyone, regardless of caste, religion, gender, economic
status, or ethnicity. It was a place where everyone gathered and ate together. Only vegetarian food is served in the
gurdwara so the cuisine includes lentils, roti Indian bread, vegetables, yoghurt, and Indian sweets. Worldwide, Sikh
temples, also known as Gurdwaras, offer free meals to anyone who shows up. Known as Langar, it's a tenet of faith and a
key part of the Sikh religion and emphasises a concept of selfless service to the community at large.

Now watch the practice of Langar in a Delhi Gurdwara.

Direct Link: The practice of Langar

The largest free community kitchen in the world:

Direct Link: How The World's Largest Community Kitchen Feeds 100,000 Daily At Golden Temple, India | Big Batches

To know more about Punjabi culture, traditions and cultural diversity, please click on the following link:
https://www.holidify.com/pages/punjabi-culture-116.html

The Bhangra, which is a Punjabi dance has become so world-famous. The following video shows a Russian dance group
performing it.
Direct Link: Mundiyan | Baaghi 2 | Indian Dance Group Mayuri | Russia | Petrozavodsk
A Sikh wedding, also known as the Anand Karaj in Malaysia:
Direct Link: Punjabi Wedding Malaysia | Dr.Jagjit & Dr.Harween.

Learning Activity 3.3

1. Name the Gurus of Sikhism and identify the roles they played.
2. Explain the symbolism of the central picture and its relation to
the ten Gurus.
1. Name the Gurus of Sikhism and identify the roles they played
a. Guru Nanak Dev
Guru Nanak Dev, first of the 10 gurus, founded the Sikh faith, introducing the concept of one God. He started the
institution of Guru Ka Langar. Langar is the term in the Sikh religion that refers to the common kitchen where food is
served to everyone without any discrimination. He emphasised the equality of women and rejected the path of
renunciation, and he rejected the authority of the Vedas.

b. Guru Angad Dev

Guru Angad Dev, the second of the 10 gurus, invented and introduced the Gurmukhi (written form of Punjabi) script. He
compiled the writings of Nanak Dev in Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi Script. He popularised and expanded the institution
of Guru Ka Langar which was started by Guru Nanak Dev.

c. Guru Amardas Sahib

Guru Amardas introduced the Anand Karaj marriage ceremony for the Sikhs, replacing the Hindu form. He strengthened
the tradition of Guru Ka Langar. He also completely abolished amongst the Sikhs, the custom of Sati and purdah system.

d. Guru Ram Das

Guru Ram Das, fourth of the 10 gurus, founded the city of Amritsar. He started the construction of the famous Golden
Temple at Amritsar, the holy city of the Sikhs.
e. Guru Arjan Dev
He compiled the Adi Granth, the scriptures of the Sikhs. He completed construction of Sri Darbar Sahib, also known as
Golden Temple in Amritsar. He became the first great martyr in Sikh history when Emperor Jahangir ordered his execution.
Thus, he was hailed as Shaheedan-de-Sartaj (the crown of martyrs).
f. Guru Har Gobind Sahib
He was the son of Guru Arjan Dev and was known as a "soldier saint”. He organised a small army and became the first Guru
to take up arms to defend the faith. He waged wars against the Mughal rulers, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
g. Guru Har Rai Sahib
Though he was a man of peace, he never disbanded the armed Sikh warriors who were earlier maintained by Guru Har
Gobind. He cautiously avoided conflict with Emperor Aurangzeb and devoted his efforts to missionary work.

h. Guru Har Krishan Sahib

Guru Har Krishan was the youngest of the Gurus. He was installed as Guru at the age of five. He was contemporary of
Aurangazeb and summoned to Delhi by him under framed charges of anti-Islamic blasphemy.
i. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib
He established the town of Anandpur. He opposed the forced conversion of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal ruler,
Aurangazeb and he was consequently persecuted for this.
j. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib
He became Guru after the martyrdom of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur. He created the Khalsa in 1699, changing the Sikhs
into a saint-soldier order for protecting themselves. He was the last Sikh Guru in human form and he passed the Guruship
of the Sikhs to the Guru Granth Sahib.
2. Explain the symbolism of the central picture and its relation to the ten Gurus.
The central picture is Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Granth Sahib (also known as the Adi Granth) is the scripture of the Sikhs. The
Granth was written in Gurmukhi script and it contains the actual words and verses as uttered by the Sikh Gurus. It is
considered the Supreme Spiritual Authority and Head of the Sikh religion, rather than any living person.
Self-check 3.3

Now go to the following website and attempt the quiz on Sikhism.

https://www.funtrivia.com/trivia-quiz/Religion/Sikhism-65389.html
Self-checks for Unit 3
Here’s the compilation of self-checks for this unit.
Self-check 3.1-Explain the caste system found in Hinduism.
The caste system in Hinduism means to assign social groups based on the birth of a person’s background. For example, the
son or daughter follows the caste of their parents. The caste system’s existence dated back all the way to around 2000BC
during the Aryan invasion in India. Society is broken up into four main groups, Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Shudras.
Brahmins, the priestly class, are the intellectual and spiritual leaders who study the Vedas and perform spiritual rituals. They
are also the middlemen between gods and humans. Kshatriyas, the warrior class, are the protectors such as politicians,
policemen, and military personnel to protect the people.
Vaisyas, the merchant and peasant class, are like skilful producers of materials. They are expected to tend the cattle, offer
sacrifices, study the Vedas, cultivate the land, and trading. They are not allowed to marry women of higher castes.
Shudras, are the labour class, they have the duty to serve the other three castes. They were not allowed to study the Vedas
and also not allowed to eat food in the company of higher castes or marry their women.
Chandalas are also known as the impure ones. They are treated as the untouchables because of their gory religious practices,
penchant for sacrifices, magical rites, and unclean habits. They are not allowed to walk in the same street where other castes
walk on. They are considered a bad omen and live mostly at the fringes of society.
The caste system was enforced by law books such as Manusmriti and support from the king. Some of the laws include that
intercaste marriage is rare but if it happens, children inherit from their fathers’ caste.
Self-check 3.2

Now attempt a quiz on Buddhism at the link given below to check your basic knowledge of Buddhism.
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=buddhism-quiz
Self-check 3.3

Now go to the following website and attempt the quiz on Sikhism.

https://www.funtrivia.com/trivia-quiz/Religion/Sikhism-65389.html
Summary
In this unit, we have dealt with major religions that originated from India by presenting Hinduism as the original religion
of India and two of its offshoots, Buddhism and Sikhism. The origins, scriptures, the concept of God, and socioreligious
and spiritual elements in each of these religions have been discussed. It is our home that this unit has helped to bring
some clarity about each of these religions, their basic beliefs, and the culture and traditions associated to them.
References
Buitenen, J. van , Basham, . A. L., Smith, B.K. , Dimock, E. C. , Gold, A. G., Narayanan, V., & Doniger, W. (2020, November 30).
Hinduism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism
History.com. (2019, Sept 30). Hinduism. https://www.history.com/topics/religion/hinduism
History.com. (2020, July 22). Buddhism. https://www.history.com/topics/religion/buddhism
McLeod, W. H. (2020, June 1). Sikhism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism
National Geographic. (2021). Buddhism. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/buddhism/
SikhNet.com. (2021). Connecting Sikhs worldwide. https://www.sikhnet.com/