Saint Claire Academy

Lian, Batangas

Practical Research ll

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Mental and Physical Performance

in Grade 12 ABM and STEM Students in Saint Claire Academy,
Lian, Batangas, Inc. S.Y. 2021-2022

An Action Research Presented to

The Faculty of
Saint Claire Academy
Lian, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject of
Practical Research lI

BY
APUYAN, KRISTINE
CABALI, PRENCES D.
CANIA, ALEA MAE Q.
VILLANUEVA, ANGIE KAYE G.
2021
 Chapter ll
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and related studies that are relevant to
the study. It is to provide a foundation of good knowledge on the topic and to gain an
understanding of the existing research.

Research Literatures

Total sleep deprivation has been widely researched, and its effects have been well
described. Chronic sleep restriction and sleep disruption (also known as sleep
fragmentation) have received less experimental attention. Recently, there has been
increasing interest in sleep restriction and disruption as it has been recognized that they
have a similar impact on cognitive functioning as a period of total sleep deprivation.
Sleep loss causes impairments in cognitive performance and simulated driving and
induces sleepiness, fatigue, and mood changes. (Reynolds, Amy C., and Siobhan Banks.,
2010)

Without sufficient sleep, simple reaction time is slowed, attentional lapses become
longer and more frequent, and in general, behavior becomes increasingly inconsistent and
unstable. There are notable individual differences in the ability to resist sleep loss, for
which biological or psychological markers have yet to be unequivocally identified. Sleep
deprivation can impair some sensory-perceptual processes, particularly visual processing.
In addition, sleep loss worsens mood, lowers frustration tolerance, and biases the
perception and expression of emotion toward negative affective states. Sleep deprivation
also affects memory by reducing encoding when it precedes learning and impairs
consolidation of memory traces when it occurs after learning. (Killgore, W. D., & Weber,
M., 2014

Although the physiological function of sleep is not completely understood, it is well

documented that it contributes significantly to the process of learning and memory.
Ample evidence suggests that adequate sleep is essential for fostering connections among
neuronal networks for memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Sleep deprivation
studies are extremely valuable in understanding why we sleep and what are the
consequences of sleep loss. (Alkadhi, Karim; Zagaar, Munder; Alhaider, Ibrahim; Salim,
Samina; Aleisa, Abdulaziz, 2013)

When sleep-deprived, the ability to perform tasks that require additional energy is
impaired and the ability of the system to overcome the deficiencies caused by sleep loss
is limited. Taking on tasks that require effort including school work, meal preparation,
pulling off the road to nap when driving drowsy appears to be more challenging during
sleep loss. Sleep loss impacts the effort-related choices we make and those choices may
influence our health and safety. (Engle-Friedman, M., 2014)

Chronic sleep deficiency, defined as a state of inadequate or mistimed sleep, is a

growing and underappreciated determinant of health status. Sleep deprivation contributes
to a number of molecular, immune, and neural changes that play a role in disease
development, independent of primary sleep disorders. These changes in biological
processes in response to chronic sleep deficiency may serve as etiological factors for the
development and exacerbation of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and, ultimately, a
shortened lifespan. Sleep deprivation also results in significant impairments in cognitive
and motor performance which increase the risk of motor vehicle crashes and work-related
injuries and fatal accidents. (Luyster, F. S., Strollo, P. J., Zee, P. C., & Walsh, J. K.,
2012)

Conceptual Literature

Based on the fundamental principles of students the researchers portrayed the

framework of the present study.
 Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the conceptual framework of the study on the
assessment of the effects of sleep deprivation in the performance of students using the
Input-Process-Output as the framework of evaluation.

Frame l reflects the input of the study which includes the possible reasons why
sleep deprivation occurs to the students, the difficulties that the students encounter when
having inadequate sleep, and the importance of having a good quality of sleep to the
students.

Figure 1

The paradigm of the Conceptual Framework on the effects of sleep deprivation

on mental and physical performance of Grade 12 ABM and STEM Students of Saint
Claire Academy, Lian Batangas, Inc. S.Y. 2021-2022
 Frame ll shows the process which includes the gathering of the data from a
questionnaire, and analysis of data which will be the basis of the output of the study.

Frame lll indicates the output or the action plan towards the problem raised in the
study so with a plan of making an innovation about sleep deprivation.

Synthesis

Everyone has experienced the sensation of tiredness and grogginess after a poor
night of sleep, but the problems associated with sleep deprivation go much deeper than
these immediate, temporary effects. In fact, chronic sleep deprivation can lead to
diminishing health, both mental and physical. In extreme cases, it can cause lifelong
psychological damage. Unfortunately, the amount of sleep necessary for functioning at
one's optimal level is very difficult to attain when one must deal with school, work,sports,
or a combination of these. Difficult as it may be, it is possible, and essential, for everyone
to get a healthy amount of sleep.
Although everyone knows what it feels like to operate on deplorable levels of
sleep, with the feeling of heavy eyelids, difficulty paying attention, and diminished
cognitive functioning, the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation go much further. In the
short term, it can hinder your ability to focus and retain information, thus making any
attempt to learn or perform academically significantly less effective. As unfavorable as
this is, the effects of prolonged periods of deprivation can be much more devastating.
As demonstrated in a sleep study involving Peter Tripp, who was forced to stay awake
for200 hours, prolonged periods without sleep can result in serious, lifelong
psychological repercussions(Myers' Psychology for AP*, 2011). Tripp, a radio host and
lively character,experienced a massive shift in his personality, becoming increasingly
bitter and irritable for the duration of his life, according to his friends and family.
Another frightening effect of sleep deprivation is the occurrence of microsleeps, which
are periods of roughly 30seconds during which a person drifts into an alternate mental
state, sometimes becoming effectively blind and incapable of processing
information(Livescience.com, 2015).
As terrifying as the effects of sleep deprivation are, over half of students ages 15-17 have
reported getting less than 7 hours of sleep each night, which is not enough to support
optimal functioning and memory retention.(National Sleep Foundation, 2005).With over
half of this High School-aged demographic getting insufficient levels of sleep,it can be
inferred that there is a serious problem, either within the education system, orwith the
sleep habits of the students. The most frustrating thing, for many students, is that they
simply can't get as much sleep as they want, no matter how hard they try. Some Students
have to work and attend sports practices after school nearly every day, making it
impossible for them to get enough sleep in the conventional way.

In order to combat lethargy and chronic sleep deprivation, students must employ a
plethora of sleep maximization methods. For example, someone who has various
responsibilities throughout the day and late into the night may benefit from taking
catnaps(20-30 minute bursts of sleep) between activities, reducing the amount of sleep
they need that night in order to feel fresh the following day. For individuals working the
night shift, it is recommended to break sleep into 2 separate, 4-hour blocks of sleep, in
in order to prevent a total shift towards becoming nocturnal. Some tricks which work for
people of all ages and work/school schedules include turning off electronics before
getting into bed, sleeping in a dark environment, and avoiding caffeine any time before
bed.

Sleep deprivation is a very serious problem Today, and will continue to be a challenge
facing students and members of the workforce for years to come, but it can be shaved off
by smart sleep habits. Although not everyone can get 8 hours straight before they start
their day, everyone can maximize their level of restfulness if they're educated in how to
do so. So before you teachers, employers, and coaches
lash out at your students, athletes and employees for nodding off or struggling to retain
information, keep in mind that they're living in a world that expects an incredible amount
from its people, and gives them very little time to recover. It's a struggle that everyone
deals with, and a struggle that everyone needs to be educated on enough to combat.

Theoretical Framework

Descartes and His Peculiar Sleep Pattern suggest that even limited sleep deprivation
can affect the immune response, resulting in lower levels of virus-fighting proteins.

Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but
theories range from predicting an overall decline in cognitive functioning (because of
reduced stability in attentional networks) to claiming specific deficits in executive
functions. In the present study, we measured the effects of sleep deprivation on a two-
choice numerosity discrimination task. A diffusion model was used to decompose
accuracy and response time distributions in order to produce estimates of distinct
components of cognitive processing. The model assumes that, over time, noisy evidence
from the task stimulus is accumulated to one of two decision criteria and that parameters
governing this process can be extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct cognitive
processes.

The results showed that sleep deprivation affects multiple components of cognitive
processing, ranging from stimulus processing to peripheral non-decision processes. Thus,
sleep deprivation appears to have wide-ranging effects: Reduced attentional arousal and
impaired central processing combine to produce an overall decline in cognitive
functioning.

Sleep deprivation is a manipulation that allows arousal levels to be manipulated to a

higher degree than one sees in the experimental interventions typically used in cognitive
research.

Conversely, carefully selected tests of cognitive processing can provide new

information about the effects of sleep deprivation on the brain.

For clarification, the terms that were used in this study were defined conceptually
as follows:

Cognition. Refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and

understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It encompasses many aspects
of intellectual functions and processes such as perception, attention, the formation of
knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and
"computation", problem-solving and decision making, (comprehension and production of
language. (Killgore, W. D., & Weber, M. (2014). Sleep deprivation and cognitive
performance. In Sleep deprivation and disease (pp. 209-229). Springer, New York, NY.)

Mental. Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being.

It is all about how people think, feel, and behave. People sometimes use the term “mental
health” to mean the absence of a mental disorder.
(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543)

Performance. It is the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an

action, task, or function. ( https://www.lexico.com/definition/performance )

Sleep deficit. It is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep. It is the
difference between the amount of sleep someone needs and the amount they actually get.
(

Sleep Deprivation. It is a general term to describe a state caused by inadequate

quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary or involuntary sleeplessness and
circadian rhythm sleep di

Sleep-Deprived People. People who do not get enough quantity or quality of

sleep are called sleep-deprived people.