Postgraduate Manual of Pathology 4th Ed. 2021

Postgraduate Pathology Series
Postgraduate Manual
of Pathology
4th Edition
Dr. Shiva M.D.

2 Postgraduate Pathology Series
Postgraduate Manual of Pathology

4th Edition; January, 2021
Dr. Shiva M.D. (Pathology)
Designed for the postgraduates from Andhra

Pradesh & Telangana (India)
Dedicated to Dr. Ch. Kiran Kumar DM
E-mail: drshivav@gmail.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrShivaMD
Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/Dr_Shiva_MD
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NOT for sale

3
Postgraduate Manual of Pathology, 4th Edition – Dr. Shiva M.D.
Contents
M.D. Pathology
Dr. NTR UHS, Andhra Pradesh
Paper I : General Pathology, 5
Paper II : Special Pathology, 20
Paper III : Hematology, Clinical Pathology, Cytology and Chemical Pathology
Cytology, 38
Clinical Pathology and Chemical Pathology, 42
Hematology, 46
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine, 53
Paper IV : Recent Advances in Pathology Related to Clinical Medicine
General Pathology, 55
Systemic Pathology, 58
Cytology, 66
Clinical Pathology and Chemical Pathology, 66
Hematology, 67
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine, 69
Laboratory Practice, 69
KNRUHS, Telangana
2018, 2019, 2020, 72
Recent Advances
Histopathology (16 – 24), 80
Hematology (1 – 3), 85
Not just pathology…To arrive at the diagnosis,

pathologists need modesty and peace of mind too !!
Dr. Shiva M.D.

5
PAPER I
General Pathology
1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease
1) Enumerate the abnormalities of cytoskeleton. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Write signalling mechanisms in cell growth. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the cell cycle and its role in tissue homeostasis. (Oct. 2019)
4) Signal transduction proteins, their mode of activation and associated cancer.
(Int.Exam: June, 2019)
5) Stem cell therapy in clinical practice. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
6) What are stem cells and their different properties? Write in detail about stem cells in
regenerative medicine. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
7) Analyse the role of lysosomes in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
8) Role of lysosomes in health and disease. (Dec. 2017)
9) Cell cycle regulation in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
10) Describe the various methods of assessment of cell proliferation. (Nov. 2016)
11) Role of cyclins in cell cycle progression. (May, 2016)
12) Describe the various methods of assessment of cell proliferation. (Oct. 2015)
13) Write signalling mechanisms in cell growth. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
14) Enumerate the abnormalities of cytoskeleton. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
15) Discuss the molecular events in cell growth. (Oct. 2014)
16) Stem cell transplantation. (Oct. 2014)
17) Role of lysosomes in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
18) Role of extracellular matrix in health and disease. (April, 2014)
19) Describe cytoskeletal abnormalities. (April, 2014)
20) Role of lysosomes in health and disease. (Oct. 2013)
21) Discuss the molecular events in cell growth. (Oct. 2013)
22) Write about the role of cyclins in cell cycle transition. (April, 2013)
23) Describe the orchestra of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. (Oct. 2012)
24) Cytoskeleton in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
25) What are the types of RNA. Discuss micro-RNA. (April, 2012)
26) Describe the signal transduction pathways. (April, 2012)
27) Enumerate cytoskeletal abnormalities. (April, 2012)
28) Describe the cytoskeleton in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
29) Tonofilaments. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
30) Describe in detail pathology of cytoskeletal abnormalities. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
31) Describe the cell ultrastructure and its role in health and disease. (April, 2010)
32) Describe the role of growth factors in health and disease. (Nov. 2009)
33) Describe the role of cell adhesion molecules in health and disease. (April/May, 2009)
34) Describe the cytoskeleton in health and disease. (Nov. 2008)
35) Growth factors. (Nov. 2007)
36) Tonofilaments. (Nov. 2007)
37) Define and classify adhesion molecules and describe their role in pathology.
(May/June, 2007)
38) Cytoskeletal abnormalities. (Nov. 2006)
39) Growth factors. (Nov. 2006)
40) Fibronectins. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
41) Describe the cytoskeleton in health and disease. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
42) Cell proliferation markers. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
43) Proliferation markers. (May, 2000)
44) Fibronectins. (Feb. 1998)
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45) Basement membrane. (Sep. 1996)

46) Growth factors. (April, 1996)
47) Describe the composition of the tissue matrix with emphasis on collagen. What are
collagen disorders? (April, 1996)
2. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults:

Adaptation, Injury and Death
1) Oxygen radical injury and hyperoxia. (Nov. 2020)

2) Pathologic calcification. (Nov. 2020)
3) Role of apoptosis in health and disease. (Oct. 2019)
4) Free radicals in tissue injury. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
5) Role of free radicles in disease. (April, 2019)
6) Discuss pigment disorders. (Oct. 2018)
7) Write about mechanisms of ischemic cell injury. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
8) Define apoptosis and describe different pathways and role in health and disease.
9) Mechanisms of cellular aging. (April, 2018)
10) Mechanisms of cellular aging. (Dec. 2017)
11) Mechanisms of apoptosis. (Dec. 2017)
12) Mechanisms of apoptosis with a note on dysregulated apoptosis. (Int.Exam: June,
2017)
13) Role of oxidative stress in cell injury. (May, 2017)
14) Describe the mechanisms of apoptosis and necroptosis. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
15) Discuss the role of free radicles in health and disease. (May, 2016)
16) Neuropathology of hypoxia. (May, 2016)
17) Apoptotic pathways and role of apoptosis in health and disease. (April, 2015)
18) Describe pathophysiology, genetic basis and significance of apoptosis. (Oct. 2014)
19) Describe the defects in protein folding. (Oct. 2014)
20) Ischemic/Hypoxic cell injury. (Oct. 2014)
21) Write biochemical features and mechanisms of apoptosis. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
22) Discuss the neuropathology of hypoxia. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
23) Pathology of cellular aging. (April, 2014)
24) Define apoptosis. Enumerate the differences between necrosis and apoptosis. Discuss
the mechanisms of apoptosis with examples. (Oct. 2013)
25) Discuss free radicals in health and disease. (Oct, 2013)
26) Enumerate the causes and types of pathologic calcification. Describe the
morphological features of each type. (Oct. 2013)
27) Pathologic calcification. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
28) Mention causes of cellular injury. Describe in detail the sequence of events in
ischemic and hypoxic injury to cells. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
29) Describe the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. (April, 2013)
30) Describe the role of free radicles in cell injury. (April, 2013)
31) Describe the role of telomerase in cell senescence. (Oct. 2012)
32) What is the role of reactive oxygen species in injury. (Oct. 2012)
33) Describe telomeres. (April, 2012)
34) Classify cell injury and mention the subcellular alterations. Mention about ischemic
and free radical injury. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
35) Intracellular accumulations in cell injury. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
36) Describe in detail mechanisms of apoptosis. (April, 2011)
37) Describe the process of cellular aging. (April, 2011)
38) Apoptosis. (April, 2010)
39) Pathologic calcification. (April, 2010)
40) Describe the mechanisms of apoptosis and specific examples of apoptosis.
(April/May, 2009)
41) Describe the mechanisms of defects in protein folding and its role in diseases.
(April/May, 2009)
42) Discuss the process of normal bone calcification and explain in detail pathogenesis
and pathology of pathologic calcification. (Nov. 2008)
43) Discuss in detail pathology of cell injury during ischemia/hypoxia. (June, 2008)
44) Fat necrosis. (Nov. 2007)
45) Apoptosis. (Nov. 2006)
46) Free radicals in cell injury. (Nov. 2006)
47) Intracellular accumulations in cell injury. (May/June, 2006)
48) Describe the causes, morphology, and mechanisms that underlie apoptosis.
(April/May, 2005)
49) Cellular adaptations. (April/May, 2005)
50) Describe the physiologic and structural alterations with the mechanisms that underlie
aging process. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
51) What are the free radicles and how they bring about cell injury? Briefly describe the
mechanisms that contribute to inactivation of free radicles. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
52) Theories of cellular aging. (March/April, 2004)
53) Free radicles in cell injury. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
54) Primary gangrene. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
55) Pathologic calcification. (March, 2003)
56) Describe the genetic pathways of programmed cell death. Add a note on the role of
programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of disease. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
57) Atrophy. (May, 2000)
58) Role of free radicles in cell injury. (May, 2000)
59) Discuss irreversible cell injury in detail giving examples and add a note on apoptosis.
(June, 1999)
60) Describe the role of electron microscopy in the study of cell injury. (Sep. 1996)
61) Free radicals in tissue injury. (April, 1996)
62) Abnormal calcification. (April, 1996)
3. Inflammation and Repair

Inflammation
1) Chronic cellular response in inflammation. (Nov. 2020)

2) Reactions of leukocytes in inflammation. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation. (Aug. 2020)
4) Chronic granulomatous disease. (Oct. 2019)
5) Discuss arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation. (April, 2019)
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6) Discuss the mediators of cellular events of acute inflammation. (Oct. 2018)

7) Chronic granulomatous disease. (April, 2018)
8) Platelet derived inflammatory mediators. (May, 2017)
9) Leukocyte function disorders. (May, 2017)
10) Describe briefly the role of adhesion molecules in inflammation. (May, 2017)
11) Mediators of inflammation with a note on their clinical significance. (Int.Exam: July,
2016)
12) Chemotaxis in inflammation. (May, 2016)
13) Discuss the role of chemokines in inflammation. (Oct. 2015)
14) Reactions of leukocytes in inflammation. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
15) Granulomatous inflammation. (April, 2015)
16) Describe components, functions and the role of complement in health and disease.
(Oct. 2014)
17) Classify and describe the defects of leucocyte function. (Oct. 2014)
18) Chemokines. (April, 2014)
19) Mononuclear phagocytic system. (April, 2014)
20) Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in pathophysiology. (April, 2014)
21) Describe integrins and selectins. (Oct. 2013)
22) Describe chemokines and their role in inflammation. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
23) What are chemokines? What is their role in inflammation? (April, 2013)
24) Describe the role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in inflammatory response. (Oct.
2012)
25) Describe in detail about acute phase reactants. (April, 2012)
26) Write about the macrophages in health and disease. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
27) What are cytokines? Write their role in inflammation. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
28) Discuss the role of neutrophils in health and disease. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
29) Describe the role of chemokines in inflammation. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
30) Describe the role of oxygen radicals in inflammation. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
31) Chemokines. (April, 2010)
32) Mononuclear phagocytic system. (April, 2010)
33) Phagocytosis. (Nov. 2009)
34) Leukotrienes. (Nov. 2009)
35) Cytokines in health and disease. (Nov. 2009)
36) Describe the role of chemokines in inflammation. (Nov. 2008)
37) Describe the source, derivation and functions of leukotrienes. (June, 2008)
38) Role of cells in inflammation. (Nov. 2007)
39) Define and classify granuloma. Describe its pathogenesis and fate. (May/June, 2007)
40) Describe the plasma derived chemical mediators of inflammation. (May/June, 2007)
41) Acute phase reactants. (Nov. 2006)
42) Role of endothelial cells in inflammation. (Nov. 2006)
43) Selectins and integrins. (May, 2006)
44) Describe the endothelial and leukocyte derived adhesion molecules and their role in
inflammation. (April/May, 2005)
45) Describe the source, derivation and functions of various classes of cytokines.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
46) Define and classify granulomatous inflammation. Describe the prerequisites and the
mechanisms involved in the formation of granuloma. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
47) Cytokines. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
48) Adhesion molecules in inflammation. (March/April, 2004)
49) Cytokines. (March/April, 2004)
50) Chemokines and inflammation. (Sep/Oct. 2003)

51) Discuss the role of cytokines and chemokines in health and disease. (March, 2003)
52) Role of adhesion molecules in inflammation. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
53) Cytokines. (Jan. 1999)
54) Discuss the role of arachidonic acid metabolism in inflammation. (Jan. 1999)
55) Cytokines. (Aug. 1998)
56) Discuss the role of phagocytosis in the containment of infection and inflammation.
(Sep. 1996)
Repair
1) Types of collagen in tissues. (Nov. 2020)

2) Process of angiogenesis in healing and disease. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the factors influencing and complications of wound healing. (Aug. 2020)
4) Types of chronic wounds and molecular pathogenesis of chronic wounds. (April,
2018)
5) Discuss the role of ECM (Extra Cellular Matrix) and its interactions in wound
healing. (April, 2018)
6) Role of stem cells in disease and tissue regeneration. (April, 2018)
7) Role of macrophages in wound healing. (Dec. 2017)
8) Process of angiogenesis in healing and disease. (Dec. 2017)
9) Discuss the role of extracellular matrix components in wound healing. (Nov. 2016)
10) Discuss wound healing along with a note on abnormalities in tissue repair. (Int.Exam:
July, 2016)
11) Role of matrix metalloproteinases in diseases. (May, 2016)
12) Discuss the role of extracellular matrix components in wound healing. (Oct. 2015)
13) Process of angiogenesis in healing and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
14) Discuss angiogenesis. (Oct. 2014)
15) Discuss wound healing by second intention. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
16) Describe the role of growth factors in wound healing. (Oct. 2012)
17) Discuss the experimental aspects and recent advances in repair. (Int.Exam: June,
2012)
18) Discuss wound healing by second intention. (April, 2012)
19) Discuss the role of growth factors in wound healing. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
20) Secondary wound healing. (Nov. 2009)
21) Describe the role of myofibroblasts in health and disease. (Nov. 2009)
22) Discuss the process of angiogenesis in healing and disease. (April/May, 2009)
23) Discuss the experimental aspects and recent advances in the phenomenon of repair.
(Nov. 2008)
24) Discuss the role of growth factors in wound healing. (June, 2008)
25) Describe the steps in the healing of fractures and its complications. (May/June, 2007)
26) Complications of repair reaction. (May/June, 2006)
27) Mention most important growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue regeneration
and repair. What is their function? Discuss the signaling mechanisms in cell growth.
(May, 2006)
28) Describe the process of angiogenesis in detail. (April/May, 2005)
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4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic

Disease, and Shock
1) Define an embolus, list the types of emboli, write briefly about pulmonary embolus.
(Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
2) Write major pathogenic pathways in septic shock. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. (Aug. 2020)
4) Discuss the pathology of multiple organ failure syndrome. (Oct. 2019)
5) Discuss the role of endothelial cells in health and disease. (April, 2019)
6) Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. (Oct. 2018)
7) Discuss the antithrombotic properties of endothelium. (Oct. 2018)
8) Pulmonary embolism. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
9) Pathogenesis of septic shock. (Dec. 2017)
10) Role of coagulation factors in hemostasis and thrombosis. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
11) Pathogenesis and morphology of red infarct. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
12) Enumerate the antithrombotic and prothrombotic properties of endothelium. (May,
2017)
13) Describe Virchow triad and its influence on thrombasthenia. (Nov. 2016)
14) Pathology of multiple organ failure syndrome. (Nov. 2016)
15) Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. (Nov. 2016)
16) Discuss Virchow triad and elaborate on hypercoagulable states. (Int.Exam: July,
2016)
17) Procoagulant activities of endothelium. (May, 2016)
18) Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. (Oct. 2015)
19) Describe Virchow triad and its influence on thrombogenesis. (Oct. 2015)
20) Define an embolus, list the types of emboli, write briefly about pulmonary embolism.
21) Write major pathogenic pathways in septic shock. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
22) Factors predisposing to thrombus. (April, 2015)
23) Pathology of multiple organ failure syndrome. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
24) Endotoxic shock. (April, 2014)
25) Discuss in detail pathogenesis and pathology of shock. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
26) Endothelial cells in health and disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
27) Write the pathophysiology and complications of thromboembolism. (April, 2013)
28) Discuss the pathogenesis of septic shock. (April, 2013)
29) Discuss the pathophysiology and complications of thromboembolism. (Int.Exam:
June, 2012)
30) Endotoxic shock. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
31) Describe the pathophysiology of DIC. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
32) Describe the endothelial cells in health and disease. (April, 2012)
33) Discuss shock. Write in brief about septic shock. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
34) Define an embolus. Classify and write in brief about pulmonary embolism. (Oct/Nov.
2011)
35) Describe the pathogenesis of cardiac edema. (April, 2011)
36) Describe pathogenesis of thrombosis. (April, 2011)
37) Describe pathogenesis of thrombosis. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
38) Endotoxic shock. (April, 2010)
39) Hypercoagulable states. (Nov. 2009)
40) Describe etiopathogenesis and mediators of septic shock. (April/May, 2009)

41) Describe the pathophysiology of thrombosis. (Nov. 2008)
42) Discuss the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema. (June, 2008)
43) Vegetations. (Nov. 2007)
44) Thrombogenesis. (Nov. 2007)
45) Shock lung. (Nov. 2007)
46) Describe the histology, immunohistochemistry, functions and the role of endothelial
cells in health and disease. (May/June, 2007)
47) Define and classify infarct. Describe its morphology and fate. (May/June, 2007)
48) Describe in detail Virchow triad. (May/June, 2007)
49) Explain the role of endothelium in thrombosis and hemostasis. (April/May, 2005)
50) Pulmonary edema. (April/May, 2005)
51) Describe the current concepts of thrombogenesis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
52) Cardiac thrombosis. (March/April, 2004)
53) Discuss pathogenesis and pathology of shock. (March/April, 2004)
54) Endothelial cells in health and disease. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
55) Stages of shock. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
56) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of ascites. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
57) Pathology of multiple organ failure syndrome. (March, 2003)
58) Endothelial cells in health and disease. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
59) Discuss the recent concepts about shock. (May, 2000)
60) Discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of septic shock. Describe the pathology of the
organs involved. (Aug. 1998)
61) Types of shock. (Sep. 1997)
62) Pulmonary edema. (Sep. 1996)
5. Genetic Disorders
1) Mucopolysaccharidosis. (Nov. 2020)
2) Discuss the principle and applications of Fluorescent-in-situ hybridization. (Aug.
2020)
3) X-linked recessive disorders. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
4) Role of genomic imprinting in human diseases. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
5) Discuss the role of recombinant DNA technology in pathology. (April, 2019)
6) Genomic imprinting. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
7) Pathology of Gaucher disease. (May, 2017)
8) Disorders associated with defects in enzymes. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
9) Use of microarray technique in pathology. (April, 2015)
10) Fragile X syndrome. (Oct. 2014)
11) Describe the various techniques in genetic diagnosis. (Oct. 2014)
12) Discuss pathogenesis and pathology of Gaucher disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
13) Discuss the inborn errors of metabolism. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
14) Genomic imprinting. (April, 2014)
15) Familial hypercholesterolemia. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
16) Implications of genomic imprinting in human diseases. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
17) Discuss Tay-Sachs disease. (April, 2013)
18) Describe triplet repeat mutations. (Oct. 2012)
19) Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases. (Int. Exam: June, 2012)
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20) Discuss the inborn errors of metabolism. (Oct/Nov. 2011)

21) DNA probes. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
22) Describe fragile X syndrome. (April, 2011)
23) Discuss briefly the diagnosis of genetic diseases. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
24) Fragile X syndrome. (April, 2010)
25) Genomic imprinting. (Nov. 2009)
26) Discuss pathology and pathogenesis of Niemann-Pick disease. (April/May, 2009)
27) Describe the medical applications of polymerase chain reaction. (April/May, 2009)
28) Discuss pathology and pathogenesis of Gaucher disease. (June, 2008)
29) DNA probes. (Nov. 2007)
30) Describe the mendelian pattern of genetic inheritance with examples. (May/June,
2007)
31) X linked disorders. (Nov. 2006)
32) Classify lysosomal storage diseases. Describe glycogen storage diseases in detail.
(April/May, 2005)
33) Urea cycle defects. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
34) Modifications of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). (Sep/Oct. 2003)
35) Gaucher disease. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
36) Amino acid disorders. (June, 1999)
37) Chromosomal bonding techniques. (June, 1999)
38) Organic acidemias. (Jan. 1999)
39) Storage diseases. (Jan. 1999)
40) Discuss in detail about Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. (Sep. 1997)
41) Klinefelter syndrome. (April, 1996)
6. Diseases of the Immune System
1) Severe combined immunodeficiency. (Nov. 2020)

2) Rejection pathology in liver transplantation. (Nov. 2020)
3) Autoimmune disease mechanisms. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
4) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. (Aug. 2020)
5) Discuss the pathogenesis of HIV infection. (Oct. 2019)
6) Role of lymphocytes in transplant rejection. (Oct. 2019)
7) Etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. (Oct. 2019)
8) Immunodeficiency disorders. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
9) Graft versus host disease. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
10) Toll-like receptors. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
11) Antigen presenting cells, their characteristics and actions. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
12) Classify amyloidosis and add a note on its laboratory diagnosis. (April, 2019)
13) Toll-like receptors. (April, 2019)
14) Basic mechanisms of autoimmunity. (April, 2019)
15) Discuss major histocompatibility complex. (Oct. 2018)
16) Discuss the pathogenesis of HIV infection. (Oct. 2018)
17) Write about immunologic basis of transplant rejection. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
18) Discuss the immunopathology of HIV infection. (April, 2018)
19) Class 1 major histocompatibility complex molecules. (Dec. 2017)
20) Discuss the mechanisms of self-tolerance and autoimmunity. (Dec. 2017)
21) Morphological changes in SLE. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
22) Discuss the pathogenesis of HIV infection. (May, 2017)

23) Classify amyloidosis and add a note on its laboratory diagnosis. (May, 2017)
24) Discuss the immunological basis of transplant rejection. (Nov. 2016)
25) Graft versus host disease. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
26) Toll-like receptors. (May, 2016)
27) Discuss the immunological basis of transplant rejection. (Oct. 2015)
28) Autoimmune disease mechanisms. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
29) Immunologic tolerance. (April, 2015)
30) Opportunistic infections in AIDS. (April, 2015)
31) Describe immunologic tolerance. (Oct. 2013)
32) Give an account of amyloidosis. (Oct. 2013)
33) Classify rejection reactions and describe pathology of acute rejection. (Int.Exam:
June, 2013)
34) Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
35) Write about the pathogenesis of immune complex mediated tissue injury. (April,
2013)
36) Enumerate the opportunistic infections and neoplasms found in patients with HIV
infection. (April, 2013)
37) What is the pathology of type I hypersensitivity reaction. (Oct. 2012)
38) Host prosthetic interactions. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
39) Name the types of hypersensitivity reactions. Describe in detail anaphylactic reaction.
(April, 2012)
40) Discuss primary immunodeficiency. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
41) Describe the opportunistic infections of AIDS and mention the neoplasms found in
HIV infection. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
42) Discuss etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. (April, 2011)
43) Describe the neoplasms associated with HIV infection. (April, 2011)
44) Describe pathogenesis of HIV infection. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
45) Discuss classification and pathogenesis of amyloidosis. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
46) Natural killer cells in health and disease. (April, 2010)
47) Classification and characterization of amyloidosis. (April, 2010)
48) Primary immunodeficiency. (April, 2010)
49) Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. (Nov. 2009)
50) Describe etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (April/May, 2009)
51) Describe in detail immunopathogenesis of HIV disease. (Nov. 2008)
52) Describe the mechanisms involved in transplant rejection and discuss the methods of
increasing graft survival. (June, 2008)
53) Describe the opportunistic infections of AIDS and mention the neoplasms found in
HIV infection. (June, 2008)
54) Describe the pathomechanisms and significance of type III hypersensitivity reactions
with examples. (May/June, 2007)
55) Discuss immunodeficiency disorders, add a note on laboratory tests to confirm the
diagnosis. (Nov. 2006)
56) Antimicrobial functions of antibodies. (Nov. 2006)
57) Host prosthetic interactions. (May/June, 2006)
58) Morphology of transplant rejection. (May, 2006)
59) Physical and chemical nature of amyloid. (May, 2006)
60) Describe the causes and mechanisms that underlie development of autoimmune
diseases. (April/May, 2005)
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61) Define and classify amyloidosis. Explain the current concepts in the pathogenesis of
systemic amyloidosis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
62) Describe in detail the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
63) Mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. (March/April, 2004)
64) Amyloidogenesis. (March/April, 2004)
65) AIDS related common infections. (March/April, 2004)
66) Staining characteristics of amyloid. (March/April, 2004)
67) Immunological alterations in HIV infection. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
68) Classify autoimmune diseases. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of
systemic lupus erythematosus. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
69) Discuss in detail immunology of diabetes mellitus. (June, 1999)
70) Primary immunodeficiency syndromes. (Aug. 1998)
71) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of amyloidosis. Write briefly about the demonstration of
amyloid in tissues. (Feb. 1998)
72) Local immune-complex disease. (Feb. 1998)
73) Write in detail about the immune complex disease in humans. (Sep. 1997)
7. Neoplasia
1) Precancerous lesions. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss paraneoplastic syndromes. (Aug. 2020)
3) Discuss the role of retinoblastoma gene in neoplasia. (Aug. 2020)
4) Discuss the role of chemicals in carcinogenesis. (Aug. 2020)
5) Radiation oncogenesis. (Oct. 2019)
6) Discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastatic cascade. (Oct.
2019)
7) Viral carcinogenesis. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
8) Describe microbial carcinogenesis. (April, 2019)
9) Discuss the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. (April, 2019)
10) Discuss the Warburg effect. (Oct. 2018)
11) Discuss the role of human papilloma virus in oncogenesis. (Oct. 2018)
12) Mismatch repair (MMR) in microsatellite instability. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
13) Role of IHC (Immunohistochemistry) in undifferentiated malignant tumors.
14) Describe the role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of cancer. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
15) Mechanisms of metastasis. (April, 2018)
16) Discuss the role of tumor suppressor genes in the development of cancer. (Dec. 2017)
17) Precancerous lesions. (Dec. 2017)
18) Growth promoting metabolic alterations in neoplasia. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
19) Metastatic signature. (May, 2017)
20) Radiation oncogenesis. (May, 2017)
21) Discuss microsatellite instability in colon cancer. (Nov. 2016)
22) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in undifferentiated malignant tumors.
(Nov. 2016)
23) Genomic instability and malignancies. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
24) miRNA in carcinogenesis. (May, 2016)
25) Discuss microsatellite instability in colon cancer. (Oct. 2015)
26) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in undifferentiated malignant tumors. (Oct.

2015)
27) Precancerous lesions. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
28) Discuss the role of human papilloma virus in oncogenesis. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
29) Mechanisms of DNA repair. (April, 2015)
30) Write various prognostic markers in cancer. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
31) Oncogenes. (April, 2014)
32) Discuss microbial carcinogenesis. (Oct. 2013)
33) Discuss the role of biological markers in neoplasia. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
34) What is the role of WNT signaling pathway in carcinogenesis. (April, 2013)
35) Describe microbial carcinogenesis. (Oct. 2012)
36) Describe the mechanisms of metastatic signature. (Oct. 2012)
37) Describe the mechanisms of metastasis with emphasis on recent concepts. (Int.Exam:
June, 2012)
38) Discuss the paraneoplastic syndromes. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
39) Mechanisms of metastasis. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
40) Define, classify and describe premalignant lesions. (Int.Exam: June, 2011)
41) Discuss pathology of paraneoplastic syndromes. (April, 2011)
42) Describe Knudson two-hit hypothesis. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
43) Modes and mechanisms of spread of neoplasms. (Nov. 2009)
44) Describe tumor suppressor genes in detail. (April/May, 2009)
45) Describe viral and microbial carcinogenesis. (Nov. 2008)
46) Describe the major chemical carcinogens and steps involved in chemical
carcinogenesis. (June, 2008)
47) Viral oncogenes. (Nov. 2007)
48) Define, classify and describe premalignant lesions. (May/June, 2007)
49) Mechanisms of metastasis. (Nov. 2006)
50) Discuss multistep carcinogenesis. (Nov. 2006)
51) Value of antigens for analysis of anaplastic tumors. (May/June, 2006)
52) Tumor immunology. (May/June, 2006)
53) Discuss the carcinogenic agents and their cellular events. (May, 2006)
54) Classify oncogenes. Describe their role in neoplasia. (April/May, 2005)
55) Describe the mechanisms involved in the process of invasion and metastasis.
(April/May, 2005)
56) Discuss the role of chemical atherosclerosis in neoplasia. (April/May, 2005)
57) Describe the viral oncogenesis in detail. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
58) Discuss in detail pathogenic human viruses. Add a note on viruses associated with
cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
59) Discuss the role of various gene classes involved in cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
60) Tumor suppressor genes. (March/April, 2004)
61) Discuss recent concepts in etiology of neoplasia. (March/April, 2004)
62) DNA repair genes. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
63) HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) and neoplasia. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
64) Describe the various aspects of chemical carcinogenesis. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
65) Discuss the various prognostic markers in cancer. (March, 2003)
66) Tumor antigens. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
67) Systemic effects of neoplasia. (May, 2000)
68) Discuss in detail pathogenic human viruses. Add a note on viruses associated with
cancer. (Jan. 1999)
69) Cancer suppressor genes. (Aug. 1998)
17
70) Discuss the role of various gene classes involved in cancer. (Feb. 1998)
71) Paraneoplastic syndromes. (Sep. 1997)
72) Oncogenes. (Sep. 1996)
8. Infectious Diseases
1) Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. (Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss the role of Human Papilloma Virus in oncogenesis. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the classification and histopathology of Hansen’s disease. (Aug. 2020)
4) Discuss the methods to detect fungal infections in tissues. (Aug. 2020)
5) EBV associated diseases. (April, 2019)
6) Prion diseases in humans. (April, 2018)
7) EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) associated diseases. (April, 2018)
8) Emerging infectious diseases. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
9) Discuss various methods to identify mycobacteria in tissues. (Nov. 2016)
10) Emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
11) Pathogenesis of tuberculosis. (May, 2016)
12) Epstein-Barr virus associated diseases. (May, 2016)
13) Discuss various methods for identifying mycobacteria in tissue sections. (Oct. 2015)
14) Enumerate various special stains used for diagnosis of fungi. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
15) Describe the immunopathology and laboratory diagnosis of leprosy. (Oct. 2013)
16) Describe the recently recognized infectious agents. (April, 2011)
17) Discuss in detail pathology of reactions in leprosy. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
18) Describe the mechanisms of bacterial injury. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
19) Discuss the immunopathology and laboratory diagnosis of leprosy. (Nov. 2008)
20) Classify leprosy and discuss the immunopathology of leprosy. (June, 2008)
21) Prions. (Nov. 2006)
22) Non-reactive tuberculosis. (Nov. 2006)
23) Hepatic trematode infections. (May/June, 2006)
24) Role of special stains in the diagnosis of fungi and related pathogens. (May/June,
2006)
25) Pathology and organ involvement in infection by bacillus anthracis. (May/June, 2006)
26) Describe the mechanisms of tissue injury induced by bacteria. (April/May, 2005)
27) Staining of mycobacteria. (April/May, 2005)
28) Infections resembling mycosis. (March/April, 2004)
29) Chlamydial diseases. (June, 1999)
30) Viral inclusions. (Feb. 1998)
31) Stains for fungal elements. (Sep. 1997)
9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases

Environmental diseases
1) Discuss the pathology of radiation induced injury. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Describe the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA. (Oct. 2018)
3) Discuss the effects of consumption of excess alcohol in humans. (Oct. 2018)
4) Pros and cons of menopausal hormone therapy. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)

5) Acute radiation injury. (April, 2015)
6) Discuss pathology of radiation induced injury. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
7) Delayed radiation injury. (April, 2014)
8) What are the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. (Oct. 2012)
9) Write in detail the radiation injury. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
10) Give the pathogenesis and morphological changes in diseases caused by alcohol
abuse. (April, 2012)
11) Describe the role of tobacco in the causation of disease. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
12) Describe in detail the effects of tobacco abuse on various organs of the body.
(April/May, 2009)
13) Explain the effects of exogenous estrogen and oral contraceptives on various organs
of the body. (Nov. 2008)
14) Describe the acute radiation injury and delayed complications caused by ionizing
radiation. (June, 2008)
15) Alcoholic liver disease. (Nov. 2007)
16) Tobacco and neoplasia. (Nov. 2006)
17) Delayed radiation injury. (May, 2006)
18) Describe radiation induced tissue injury in detail. (April/May, 2005)
19) Air pollutants. (April/May, 2005)
20) Describe ethanol metabolism. Explain the effects of chronic ethanol abuse on various
organs of the body. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
21) Biological effects of radiation. (March/April, 2004)
22) Morphology of radiation injury. (March/April, 2004)
23) Discuss the pathology of radiation injury. (Aug. 1998)
24) Nonneoplastic hazards of smoking. (Feb. 1998)
25) Radiation injury. (Sep. 1997)
Nutritional diseases
1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of obesity. (Oct. 2019)

2) Etiopathogenesis of obesity. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
3) Etiopathogenesis of obesity. (Nov. 2016)
4) Obesity – Pathogenesis and consequences. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
5) Etiopathogenesis of obesity. (Oct. 2015)
6) Pathophysiology of obesity and mention the consequences of obesity. (Int.Exam:
June, 2012)
7) Discuss diet and cancer. (April, 2012)
8) Discuss pathology of vitamin D deficiency. (April, 2011)
9) Discuss pathology of vitamin C deficiency. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
10) Obesity and disease. (Nov. 2006)
11) Pathology of obesity. (June, 1999)
12) Rickets. (Aug. 1998)
19
10. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
1) Pediatric renal tumors. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)

2) Fetal hydrops. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
3) Teratogenic agents. (Jan. 1999)
Miscellaneous
1) Somatic mutations in colorectal cancer. (Nov. 2020)

2) Indications for ultrastructural diagnosis in nontumor biopsies. (Nov. 2020)
3) Pathogenesis and pathological features of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (April,
2018)
4) Nephelometry. (April, 2015)
5) HbA1c and its diagnostic significance. (April, 2015)
6) Discuss the utility and role of autopsy in pathology practice. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
7) Laboratory information systems. (June, 2011)
8) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in diagnostic pathology. (Nov. 2008)
9) Carcinoid syndrome. (Nov. 2006)
10) Laboratory information systems. (May/June, 2006)
11) Value and role of autopsy in pathology practice. (May/June, 2006)
12) Describe the recent concepts of atherosclerosis. (April/May, 2005)
13) Flow cytometry. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
14) Clinical applications of image analysis. (March/April, 2004)
15) Telepathology. (March/April, 2004)
16) Neural networks. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
17) Bethesda system of classification. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
18) HEV (High Endothelial Venule). (Sep/Oct. 2003)
19) Mucins. (March, 2003)
20) Reactive lymphadenopathy. (March, 2003)
21) Flow cytometry. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
22) Discuss the role of enzyme histochemistry in the understanding of tissue lesions.
(May, 2000)
23) Inflammatory myopathies. (Sep. 1997)
24) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in studying various disorders of human
tissues. (April, 1996)
PAPER II
Special Pathology
21
1. Blood Vessels
1) Discuss the types and features of small vessel vasculitis. (Aug. 2020)
2) Discuss the features of medium sized vasculitis. (April, 2019)
3) Polyarteritis nodosa. (April, 2018)
4) Classify and discuss briefly the pathology of vasculitis. (May, 2017)
5) Discuss about vasculitides and write in detail about polyarteritis nodosa. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2016)
6) Discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (May, 2016)
7) ANCA associated vasculitis. (April, 2015)
8) Pathology of therapeutic interventions in vascular diseases. (Oct. 2014)
9) Kawasaki syndrome. (April, 2014)
10) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of noninfectious vasculitis. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2013)
11) Classify vasculitis. Discuss PAN. (April, 2012)
12) Aneurysms. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
13) Discuss the risk factors and recent concepts in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (June,
2008)
14) Aneurysms. (Nov. 2007)
15) Discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of hypertension. (Nov. 2006)
16) Describe the current concepts in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (April/May,
2005)
17) Discuss vasculitides. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
18) Classify and discuss the etiopathogenesis of vasculitis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
19) Pathogenesis of noninfectious vasculitis. (March/April, 2004)
20) Describe the pathology of target organs damage in hypertension with appropriate
illustrations. (March/April, 2004)
21) Classify and discuss the etiopathogenesis of vasculitis. (Aug. 1998)
2. Heart
1) Major etiologies of valvular heart disease and gross morphologic assessment. (Nov.
2020)
2) Write briefly on endomyocardial fibrosis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Discuss the pathology of cardiomyopathies. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
4) Differential diagnosis of vegetations on heart valves. (Dec. 2017)
5) Discuss the role of endomyocardial biopsies in cardiac disease. (Nov. 2016)
6) Histopathology of cardiomyopathies. (May, 2016)
7) Endomyocardial fibrosis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
8) Discuss the role of endomyocardial biopsies in cardiac disease. (Oct. 2015)
9) Discuss cardiomyopathies and pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2014)
10) Restrictive cardiomyopathy. (Oct. 2014)
11) Discuss noninfective endocarditis. (April, 2014)
12) Pathogenesis and clinical features of cardiomyopathy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
13) Comment on cardiac vegetations. (Oct. 2013)
14) What are the reperfusion associated changes in heart. (April, 2013)
15) Pathology of myocarditis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)

16) Discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and lab diagnosis of myocardial
infarction. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
17) Discuss non infective endocarditis. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
18) Discuss pathology of myocarditis. (April, 2011)
19) Discuss pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
20) Endomyocardial fibrosis. (April, 2010)
21) Describe the etiopathology and complications of infective endocarditis. (Nov. 2009)
22) Discuss the pathology of cardiomyopathies. (April/May, 2009)
23) Describe the current concepts in the etiopathogenesis and pathology of rheumatic
heart disease. (Nov. 2008)
24) Discuss noninfective endocarditis. (May/June, 2007)
25) Infectious endocarditis. (Nov. 2006)
26) Classify myocardial infarcts. Enumerate the enzyme changes in myocardial infarction.
(May/June, 2006)
27) Explain cardiomyopathies in detail. (April/May, 2005)
28) Cardiomyopathy. (April/May, 2005)
29) Describe the current concepts in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. (Sep/Oct.
2004)
30) Endomyocardial biopsy. (Sept/Oct. 2003)
31) Endomyocardial biopsy. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
32) Discuss in detail the clinico-pathologic and functional forms of primary
cardiomyopathy. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
33) Discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of cardiomyopathies. (May, 2000)
34) Discuss the etiopathology of infectious endocarditis. (Jan. 1999)
35) Discuss the infectious disorders of the heart. (Sep. 1996)
36) Laboratory diagnosis of myocardial infarction. (April, 1996)
3. White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen and

Thymus
1) Discuss the features of Castleman disease. (Aug. 2020)

2) Anaplastic large cell lymphoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Histological patterns of HIV related lymphadenopathy. (Oct. 2019)
4) Morphological features of thymoma. (April, 2019)
5) Discuss the pathology of follicular lymphoma and discuss its immunophenotyping.
(Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
6) Discuss lymph node pathology in AIDS. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
7) Merits and demerits of various classifications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2018)
8) Discuss the features of Castleman disease. (Oct. 2018)
9) Follicular lymphoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
10) Castleman disease. (Dec. 2017)
11) Subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. (April, 2015)
12) Follicular lymphoma. (April, 2015)
13) Discuss the nodular patterns in lymph nodes. (Oct. 2013)
14) Discuss lymph node pathology in AIDS. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
23
15) Discuss the pathology of NK cell lymphoma. (Oct. 2012)

16) Write about pathology of Rosai-Dorfman syndrome. (Oct. 2012)
17) Classify aggressive B cell NHLs and discuss any one of them. (April, 2012)
19) Merits and demerits of various classifications of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (April,
2010)
20) Discuss lymph node pathology in AIDS. (April/May, 2009)
(Nov. 2008)
22) Discuss classification and diagnosis of T cell lymphoma. (June, 2008)
23) Eosinophilic granuloma. (Nov. 2006)
24) Hodgkin lymphoma. (Nov. 2006)
25) Mention the WHO classification of Hodgkin lymphoma. Describe the morphology of
various types. (May/June, 2006)
26) Define and classify lymphoma. Discuss briefly the advantages and disadvantages of
each classification. (April/May, 2005)
27) Discuss Hodgkin lymphoma. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
28) REAL classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
29) Hypersplenism. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
30) Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (June, 1999)
31) Hyposplenism. (June, 1999)
4. Lung
1) Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of community acquired viral pneumonia.
Add a note on pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Interstitial lung diseases. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of malignant mesothelioma. (Oct.
2019)
4) Discuss the asbestosis related lung diseases. (April, 2019)
5) Discuss asbestos related neoplasia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
6) Hamman-Rich syndrome. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
7) Classification and pathology of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. (Oct. 2018)
8) Pathology of cystic lung lesions in childhood. (April, 2018)
9) Role of PDL-1 as biomarker testing for non-small cell lung cancers. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2017)
10) HIV associated tuberculosis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
11) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of interstitial lung disease. (May, 2017)
12) Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of malignant mesothelioma. (May,
2017)
13) Classification and pathology of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2016)
14) Classify lung tumors. Describe in detail about etiopathogenesis and
immunohistochemistry of epithelial lung tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
15) Describe in detail about pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
16) Interstitial lung diseases. (April, 2015)
17) HIV associated TB. (April, 2015)
18) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (Oct. 2014)

19) Describe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (April, 2013)
20) Asbestos related neoplasia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
21) Describe asbestos related lung disease. (Oct. 2012)
22) Describe granulomatous lesions in lung. (April, 2012)
23) Describe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
24) Write about respiratory distress syndrome. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
25) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of emphysema. (April, 2011)
26) Discuss pathology of emphysema. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
27) Diseases associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. (April, 2010)
28) Hamman-Rich syndrome. (Nov. 2009)
29) Discuss asbestos related neoplasia. (April/May, 2009)
30) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of pulmonary granulomatous disease. (Nov. 2008)
31) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of adult respiratory distress syndrome. (June,
2008)
32) Describe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (May/June, 2007)
33) Occupational lung disease. (Nov. 2006)
34) Interstitial pneumonias. (May/June, 2006)
35) Asbestos related diseases – Newer concepts. (May/June, 2006)
36) Describe briefly the pathology and current concepts in the pathogenesis of
emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (April/May, 2005)
37) Discuss the current concepts in the etiopathogenesis of lung cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
38) Pathogenesis of immunological lung disease. (March/April, 2004)
39) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
40) Discuss the classification and pathology of neuroendocrine lung tumors. (Sep/Oct.
2003)
41) Discuss in detail the neoplastic and nonneoplastic neuroendocrine proliferations of
lung. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
42) Pathology of asbestosis. (Aug. 1998)
43) Discuss the classification and recent concepts on tumors of the lung. (Sep. 1996)
44) Discuss the common pulmonary infections seen in cases of AIDS. (April, 1996)
5. Head and Neck
1) Write the histologic classification of odontogenic cysts and odontogenic tumors.

Describe the morphology of ameloblastoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Pathology of sinonasal tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Pathology of myoepithelial sialadenitis. (Oct. 2019)
4) Classify odontogenic cysts and tumors and write in detail about types of
ameloblastomas. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
5) Etiopathology of rhinoscleroma. (Oct. 2014)
6) Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and significance of oral submucosal fibrosis.
7) Discuss pathology of paraganglioma. (April, 2011)
8) Discuss pathology of sinonasal tumors. (April, 2011)
9) Premalignant lesions of oral cavity. (Nov. 2009)
10) Classify salivary gland tumors and discuss briefly pathology of malignant tumors of
salivary gland. (Nov. 2008)
25
11) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (Nov. 2007)

12) Describe the etiopathogenesis, pathology and significance of oral submucosal fibrosis.
(May/June, 2007)
13) Describe and classify salivary gland neoplasms. (May/June, 2007)
14) Hairy leukoplakia. (Aug. 1998)
6. Gastrointestinal Tract
1) Describe the molecular events in colorectal carcinogenesis. What are the two most
important histological features that determine the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma.
2) Pathology of celiac disease. (Nov. 2020)
3) Describe the premalignant lesions of the colon. (Aug. 2020)
4) Malabsorption syndromes. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
5) Discuss the gastric lymphomas. (April, 2019)
6) Describe the types and morphology of early gastric carcinoma. (Oct. 2018)
7) Describe the morphology and immunohistochemistry of gastrointestinal stromal
tumors. (Oct. 2018)
8) Microscopic colitis. (April, 2018)
9) Molecular testing of colorectal carcinoma. (Dec. 2017)
10) Describe briefly the gross and microscopic features of ulcerative colitis (UC). How
would you advise screening for dysplasia and carcinoma in a patient with UC. (May,
2017)
11) Enumerate ulcerative lesions of the bowel and discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis
of inflammatory bowel disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
12) Discuss the recent concepts in etiopathogenesis and pathology of inflammatory bowel
disease. (Nov. 2016)
13) Pathology of Barrett esophagus. (May, 2016)
14) Discuss the pathogenesis of HNPCC. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
15) Discuss the recent concepts in etiopathogenesis and pathology of inflammatory bowel
disease. (Oct. 2015)
16) Genetic basis of colorectal carcinoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
17) Describe the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis. Mention various types. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2013)
18) Discuss polypoid lesions of GIT. (Oct. 2013)
19) What is Barrett esophagus. Discuss its molecular pathology. (Oct. 2013)
20) Describe the pathology of Hirschsprung disease. (April, 2013)
21) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
22) Describe the genetic basis of colorectal carcinoma. (Oct. 2012)
23) Discuss the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in HNPCC. (April, 2012)
24) Enumerate ulcerative lesions of the bowel and discuss etiopathogenesis of
inflammatory bowel disease. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
25) Discuss about gastrointestinal stromal tumors. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
26) Classify and discuss pathology of nonepithelial tumors of stomach. (April, 2011)
27) Describe gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). (Oct/Nov. 2010)
28) Crohn disease. (Nov. 2009)
29) Discuss the pathology and pathogenesis of lesions caused by Helicobacter pylori
infection. (April/May, 2009)
30) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of gastrointestinal lymphoma. (Nov. 2008)

31) Enumerate ulcerative lesions of the bowel and discuss etiopathogenesis of
inflammatory bowel disease. (June, 2008)
32) Intestinal polyps. (Nov. 2007)
33) Define, classify and describe the pathology of carcinoid tumors. (May/June, 2007)
34) Inflammatory bowel disease. (Nov. 2006)
35) Discuss the pathology of obstructive lesions in small intestine. (May/June, 2006)
36) Role of endoscopic biopsies in malabsorption syndromes. (May/June, 2006)
37) Ischemic bowel disease. (May/June, 2006)
38) Discuss inflammatory bowel diseases in detail. (April/May, 2005)
39) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer and its consequences. (April/May, 2005)
40) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of gastric carcinoma. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
41) Interpretation of small intestinal biopsies in malabsorption syndromes. (March/April,
2004)
42) Molecular genetics of colonic cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
43) Discuss the molecular biology of premalignant disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
(March, 2003)
44) Gross and histologic classification of gastric carcinoma. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
45) Angiodysplasia of colon. (May, 2000)
46) Define and classify gastritis. Describe the pathology of Helicobacter pylori gastritis.
(June, 1999)
47) Barrett esophagus. (Jan. 1999)
48) Discuss the pathology of gastrointestinal lymphomas. (Aug. 1998)
49) Barrett esophagus. (Feb. 1998)
50) Etiology of peptic ulcer. (Sep. 1996)
7. Liver and Biliary Tract

The Liver
1) Etiopathogenesis of neonatal cholestasis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

2) Pathology of cystic diseases of the liver. (Oct. 2019)
3) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis in hepatotropic virus associated hepatitis. (April,
2018)
4) Discuss vascular tumors of liver. (April, 2018)
5) Discuss the predisposing factors for HCC. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
6) Precursor lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma. (Dec. 2017)
7) Discuss the diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis. (Nov. 2016)
8) Discuss the predisposing factors for HCC. (Nov. 2016)
9) Discuss nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
10) Discuss the diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis. (Oct. 2015)
11) Discuss the predisposing factors for HCC. (Oct. 2015)
12) Discuss the pathology of non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
13) Budd-Chiari syndrome. (April, 2014)
14) Discuss alcoholic liver disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
15) Describe the role of imaging in cholangiocarcinoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
16) Describe the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis in reference to hepatocellular
carcinoma. (Oct. 2013)
27
17) Discuss NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis). (Oct. 2013)

18) Discuss laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B viral infection. (April, 2013)
19) Describe the pathology of neonatal cholestasis. (Oct. 2012)
20) Describe the pathology of Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (Oct. 2012)
21) Histologic features of chronic hepatitis. (April, 2012)
22) Discuss alcoholic liver disease. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
23) Discuss pathology of cholestasis. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
24) Hepatocellular carcinoma – Fibrolamellar variant. (April, 2010)
25) Discuss the pathology of non cirrhotic portal fibrosis. (Nov. 2008)
26) Discuss the pathology and pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. (June, 2008)
27) Describe the etiopathology of Indian childhood cirrhosis. (May/June, 2007)
28) Classify hepatitis. Discuss the role of serodiagnosis and follow up of viral hepatitis.
(May/June, 2006)
29) Drug induced and toxic liver cell injury. (March/April, 2004)
30) Hepatitis C. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
31) Neonatal cholestasis syndrome. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
32) Neonatal cholestasis. (March, 2003)
33) Hepatitis C infection. (May, 2000)
34) Hepatitis C. (Feb. 1998)
35) Liver function tests. (Sep. 1997)
36) Discuss in detail about alcoholic liver diseases. (Sep. 1997)
The Biliary Tract
1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of cholelithiasis. (April, 2018)

2) Discuss etiopathogenesis of different types of gall stones. (April, 2011)
3) Biliary calculi. (Nov. 2009)
8. Pancreas
1) Describe the molecular alterations in pancreatic carcinogenesis. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2020)
2) Cystic neoplasms of pancreas. (May, 2016)
3) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, pathology and lab diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (Int.
Exam: Nov. 2011)
4) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, pathology and lab diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (June,
2008)
5) Discuss the recent concepts and pathology of pancreatitis (Feb. 1998)
9. Kidney
1) What are various types of tissue reactions in glomerulopathies? Write about the
pathogenesis of glomerular injury. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Pathogenesis and morphology of cystic diseases of kidney. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Describe the histopathology, ultrastructural features and immunofluorescence patterns

in glomerular diseases presenting as nephritic syndrome. (Oct. 2019)
4) Discuss the pathological features of lupus nephritis. (April, 2019)
5) Mechanisms of glomerular injury. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
6) Acute tubular necrosis. (April, 2018)
7) Discuss the podocytopathies and illustrate the morphological features. (April, 2018)
8) Familial glomerulopathies. (Int.Exam, Dec. 2017)
9) Rhabdoid tumor of kidney. (Dec. 2017)
10) Role of immunofluorescence in understanding glomerular diseases. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2016)
11) Classification of lupus nephritis. (May, 2016)
12) Discuss the cystic diseases of kidney. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
13) Discuss the pathology of mesenchymal tumors of kidney. (Oct. 2015)
14) Immune mechanisms of glomerular injury. (April, 2015)
15) Pathology of diffuse renal cortical necrosis. (Oct. 2014)
16) Hereditary nephritis. (April, 2014)
17) Discuss the pathology of mesenchymal tumors of kidney. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
18) Discuss the differential diagnosis of cystic diseases of kidney. (April, 2013)
19) Pathology of MPGN. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
20) Discuss the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
21) Discuss pathology of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). (April,
2011)
22) Describe the mechanisms in progression of glomerular diseases. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
23) Urolithiasis. (April, 2010)
24) Mechanisms of glomerular injury. (April, 2010)
25) Discuss the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. (Nov. 2008)
26) Discuss the etiopathogenesis, pathology of IgA nephropathy. (June, 2008)
27) Renal cysts. (Nov. 2007)
28) Polycystic kidney disease. (May/June, 2006)
29) Describe the current concepts in the pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis.
(April/May, 2005)
30) Discuss the classification, characteristics and pathology of renal cell carcinoma.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
31) Discuss cystic diseases of kidney. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
32) Renal dysplasia. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
33) Childhood renal neoplasms. (March/April, 2004)
34) Pathogenesis and immunological profiles of primary glomerular disease. (Sep/Oct.
2003)
35) Drug toxicity in kidney. (May, 2000)
36) Renal dysplasia. (Aug. 1998)
37) Renal hypertension. (Sep. 1996)
38) Discuss the role of immunofluorescence in the understanding of glomerular diseases.
(April, 1996)
29
10. Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System

Urinary Bladder
1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of urinary bladder calculi. (Aug. 2020)

2) Classification and pathology of urothelial neoplasms. (May, 2016)
3) Malakoplakia. (Nov. 2009)
4) Malakoplakia. (Nov. 2006)
5) Describe the etiology, pathology and recent developments in the diagnosis of urinary
bladder carcinoma. (June, 1999)
Testis and Epididymis
1) Classify and discuss germ cell tumors of the testis. (Aug. 2020)
2) Testicular changes in infertility. (Dec. 2017)
3) Classify testicular tumors and discuss germ cell tumors. (April, 2012)
4) Testicular biopsy. (April/May, 2005)
5) Male infertility. (March/April, 2004)
Prostate
1) Precancerous lesions of prostate. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

2) Discuss Gleason scoring system of prostatic carcinoma. (Oct. 2018)
3) Mimickers of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. (May, 2017)
4) Describe the premalignant lesions of prostate. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
5) Comment on premalignant lesions of prostate. (Oct. 2013)
6) What are the premalignant lesions of prostate. (April, 2013)
7) Write about etiology of prostatic carcinoma. Mention the mimics of prostatic
carcinoma. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
7) Discuss the premalignant lesions of prostate. (Nov. 2008)
8) Describe prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. (May/June, 2007)
9) Application of Gleason score in grading carcinoma prostate. (May/June, 2006)
10) Diagnostic and prognostic markers of prostate cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
11. Female Genital Tract

1) Mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like lesions of vagina. (Nov. 2020)
2) Discuss the pathology of gestational trophoblastic tumors. (Aug. 2020)
3) Discuss the morphological features of borderline ovarian epithelial tumors. (Aug.
2020)
4) Classify ovarian tumors. Write about histogenesis and etiopathology of hormone
producing tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
5) Morphology and prognosis of borderline serous tumors of ovary. (Oct. 2019)
6) Discuss the functional tumors of ovary. (April, 2019)
7) Discuss endometrial neoplasms. (April, 2019)

8) Discuss gestational trophoblastic tumors. (April, 2019)
9) Discuss the causes and salient morphological features of functional ovarian tumors.
(Oct. 2018)
10) Histopathological changes in placenta in various infections and in pregnancy induced
hypertension (PIH). (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
11) Placental site trophoblastic tumor. (Dec. 2017)
12) Endometrial epithelial metaplasia. (May, 2017)
13) Hormone producing tumors of the ovary. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
14) Pathogenesis of endometriosis. (May, 2016)
15) High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. (April, 2015)
16) HPV vaccine uses and limitations. (April, 2015)
17) Value of placental examination in perinatal death. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
18) Classify ovarian tumors and discuss germ cell tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
19) Pathology of gestational trophoblastic disease. (Oct. 2014)
20) Describe the pathogenesis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. (April, 2013)
21) Placental site trophoblastic tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
22) Elaborate current concepts in pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2012)
23) Discuss placental site trophoblastic lesions. (April, 2012)
24) Write the causes of perinatal death, add a note on role of placental examination.
(Oct/Nov. 2011)
25) Discuss pathology of endometrial stromal tumor. (April, 2011)
26) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia.
(Oct/Nov. 2010)
27) Germ cell tumors of ovary. (Nov. 2009)
28) Discuss recent concepts in pathology and pathogenesis of metaplasias in female
genital tract. (April/May, 2009)
29) Discuss the current concepts in pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. (Nov. 2008)
30) Enumerate the microscopic variants of endocervical adenocarcinoma and discuss it’s
etiopathogenesis and pathology. (June, 2008)
31) Discuss the value of placental examination in perinatal death. (June, 2008)
32) Immature teratoma. (Nov. 2007)
33) Describe stromal tumors of ovary. (May/June, 2007)
34) Yolk sac tumor. (Nov. 2006)
35) Etiology of carcinoma cervix. (Nov. 2006)
36) Discuss the pathology of sex cord stromal tumors of ovary. (May/June, 2006)
37) Placenta pathology in HDP (Hypertensive disease of pregnancy). (May/June, 2006)
38) Classify ovarian tumors. Describe in detail hormone producing ovarian tumors.
(April/May, 2005)
39) Discuss the value of endometrial biopsy in the diagnosis of dysfunctional bleeding.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
40) Discuss the current concepts in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
41) Placental morphometry and pathology in high risk pregnancies. (March/April, 2004)
42) Classify ovarian tumors. Add a note on their histogenesis and immunohistochemical
diagnosis. (March/April, 2004)
43) Enumerate and discuss the infectious diseases of the female genital tract. (Sep/Oct.
2003)
44) Discuss the pathology of female infertility. (May, 2000)
45) Sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary. (Sep. 1996)
31
12. Breast
1) Morphology of invasive lobular carcinoma. (Nov. 2020)

2) Classification and histopathology of metaplastic carcinoma of breast. (Oct. 2019)
3) Discuss triple negative breast cancer. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
4) Write a brief overview on the use of tumor markers in the prevention, screening,
treatment and surveillance of breast cancer. (May, 2017)
5) Columnar cell lesions of breast. (May, 2017)
6) Discuss triple negative breast cancer. (Nov. 2016)
7) Describe the prognostic predictive factors in carcinoma breast. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
8) Discuss triple negative breast cancer. (Oct. 2015)
9) Premalignant conditions of breast. (April, 2015)
10) Prognostic indicators in carcinoma breast. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
11) Lobular carcinoma of breast. (April, 2014)
12) Status of ER/PR (estrogen and progesterone receptors) in malignancies. (Oct. 2013)
13) Write about the complex sclerosing lesions of breast. (April, 2013)
14) What are the prognostic factors of in-situ ductal carcinoma breast. (Oct. 2012)
15) Discuss prognostic predictive factors in carcinoma breast. (April, 2011)
16) Discuss the differential diagnosis of lump in the breast in a female aged 30 years.
(May/June, 2006)
17) Discuss the prognostic factors in breast carcinoma. (April/May, 2005)
18) Histological grading of breast carcinoma. (March/April, 2004)
19) Ductal carcinoma in situ (Breast). (March, 2003)
13. Endocrine System
1) Discuss the morphology of the kidney in diabetes mellitus. (Aug. 2020)

2) Discuss the pathology of autoimmune thyroid disease. (Aug. 2020)
3) Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of parathyroid adenoma. (Oct.
2019)
4) Discuss the tumors of thyroid gland. (April, 2019)
5) Discuss pathology of anterior lobe of pituitary. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
6) Pathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus. (Dec. 2017)
7) Describe recently described thyroid neoplasms. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
8) Pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis. (May, 2016)
9) Genetic syndromes associated with familial primary hyperparathyroidism. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2014)
10) Discuss autoimmune thyroid disorders. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
11) Discuss diabetic nephropathy in detail. (Oct. 2013)
12) Discuss papillary carcinoma of thyroid. (Oct. 2013)
13) Describe the pathogenesis of renal lesions in diabetes mellitus. (April, 2013)
14) Describe the pathology of complications of diabetes mellitus. (Oct. 2012)
15) Discuss the genetic syndromes associated with familial primary hyperparathyroidism
and describe the cardinal features of primary hyperparathyroidism. (April, 2012)
16) Discuss multiple endocrine neoplasia. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
17) Discuss hylalinizing trabecular tumor of thyroid gland. (April, 2011)
18) Classify and discuss thyroid lesions with follicular architecture. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
19) Diabetic kidney. (Nov. 2009)

20) Discuss pathology of anterior lobe of pituitary. (April/May, 2009)
21) Autoimmune thyroiditis. (Nov. 2007)
22) Describe recently defined thyroid neoplasms. (May/June, 2007)
23) Hypothyroidism and its laboratory diagnosis. (Nov. 2006)
24) De Qeuervain thyroiditis. (May/June, 2006)
25) Discuss autoimmune thyroid disorders. (Apr/May, 2005)
26) MEN syndromes. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
27) Tumors of adrenal medulla. (March/April, 2004)
28) Pancreatic endocrine tumors. (March/April, 2004)
29) MEN syndromes. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
30) Pituitary adenomas. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
31) Role of nonenzymatic glycosylation in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications.
(Sep/Oct. 2002)
32) Diabetic glomerulosclerosis. (Sep. 1997)
33) Islet cell tumors. (Sep. 1997)
34) Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. (Sep. 1996)
14. Skin
1) Discuss the pathogenesis and morphology of various bullous diseases of skin.

2) Cutaneous bullous disorders. (Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the etiology, pathology and prognostic indicators of malignant melanoma.
(Oct. 2018)
4) Discuss the role of immunofluorescence in vesiculobullous lesions of the skin. (Oct.
2018)
5) Discuss the diagnosis of cutaneous blistering diseases by light microscopy. (April,
2018)
6) Immunofluorescence pattern of vesiculobullous lesions of skin. (Dec. 2017)
7) Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
8) Premalignant lesions of skin. (May, 2016)
9) Keratoacanthoma. (April, 2014)
10) Value of immunofluorescence techniques in diagnosis of skin disorders. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2013)
11) What is minimal deviation melanoma. (April, 2013)
12) Discuss the vesiculobullous lesions of the skin. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
13) Discuss vesiculobullous lesions of the skin. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
14) Discuss histological features of prognostic significance in malignant melanoma.
(Oct/Nov. 2010)
15) Role of macrophages and immunity in leprosy. (April, 2010)
16) Psoriasis. (Nov. 2009)
17) Discuss the progress in diagnosis and prognosis of malignant melanoma. (April/May,
2009)
18) Histioid Leprosy. (Nov. 2007)
19) Cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. (Nov. 2006)
20) Immunofluorescence of vesiculobullous lesions of skin. (March/April, 2004)
21) Pigmented lesions of the skin. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
33
15. Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue Tumors
1) Classify gout and describe the pathogenesis and morphology of acute gouty arthritis.
2) Variants of osteosarcoma. (Nov. 2020)
3) Enumerate bone diseases associated with abnormal bone matrix. Write a note on
pathogenesis and morphology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
4) Differential diagnosis of giant cell lesions of bone. (Oct. 2019)
5) Classify bone tumors. Describe the morphology of cartilage forming tumors of the
bone. (Oct. 2019)
6) Metabolic arthropathies. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
7) Discuss the differential diagnosis of giant cell lesions of the bone. (Oct. 2018)
8) Myxoid soft tissue tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
9) Tumor like lesions of bone. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
10) Giant cell lesions of bone. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
11) Etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of metabolic disorders of bone. (Nov. 2016)
12) Differential diagnosis of giant cell lesions of bone. (May, 2016)
13) Giant cell lesions of bone. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
14) Etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of metabolic disorders of bone. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2014)
15) Pathology of bone diseases associated with abnormal bone matrix. (Oct. 2014)
16) Etiopathology of rheumatoid arthritis. (April, 2014)
17) Discuss the bone diseases caused by osteoclast dysfunction and abnormal mineral
homeostasis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
18) Discuss pathology of cartilaginous tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
19) Paget disease of bone. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
20) Discuss the differential diagnosis of myofibroblastic proliferations mimicking soft
tissue sarcoma. (Oct. 2012)
21) Rheumatoid arthritis – Its pathogenesis and morphology. (April, 2012)
22) Discuss giant cell lesions of bone. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
23) Discuss pathology of cartilaginous tumors. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
24) Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). (April, 2010)
25) Paget disease of bone. (April, 2010)
26) Epiphyseal bone lesions in young. (Nov. 2009)
27) Discuss lesions of bone with giant cells. (April/May, 2009)
28) Discuss the recent concepts in the pathology of chondrosarcoma. (Nov. 2008)
29) Variants of osteosarcoma. (Nov. 2007)
30) Metabolic arthropathies. (Nov. 2006)
31) Classify and discuss medullary tumors of the bone. (Nov. 2006)
32) Discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of metabolic bone disease. (April/May, 2005)
33) Discuss the importance of immunohistochemistry and other markers in the diagnosis
of soft tissue sarcomas. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
34) Solitary bone cyst. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
35) Differential diagnosis of pathological fractures in elderly females. (March/April,
2004)
36) Metabolic bone diseases. (March/April, 2004)
37) Chondrosarcoma variants. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
38) Immunohistochemical markers in soft tissue tumors. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
39) Solitary bone cyst. (Aug. 1998)
40) Osteoporosis. (Feb. 1998)

41) Cystic lesions of bone. (Sep. 1997)
42) Metabolic bone diseases. (April, 1996)
16. Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles
1) What are the various types of inherited myopathies? Describe the pathogenesis and
morphology of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Pathologic features of myasthenia gravis. (Nov. 2020)
3) Write in brief about dystrophin in muscular dystrophy. (Nov. 2016)
4) Write in brief about dystrophin in muscular dystrophy. (Oct. 2015)
5) Describe the pathology of inflammatory neuropathies. (Oct. 2012)
6) Discuss the pathology of inflammatory neuropathies. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
7) Discuss the recent concepts in pathology of skeletal muscle tumors. (April/May,
2009)
8) Discuss the pathology of inflammatory neuropathies. (June, 2008)
9) Neuromuscular junction disorders. (March/April, 2004)
10) Myasthenia gravis. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
11) Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (June, 1999)
17. Central Nervous System

1) Describe the pathogenesis and morphology of Alzheimer disease. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2020)
2) Atypical teratoid tumor. (Nov. 2020)
3) Classify degenerative diseases of brain and discuss about Alzheimer disease.
4) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of central nervous system
tumors. (Oct. 2018)
5) Aggressive meningioma. (April, 2018)
6) Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. (May, 2017)
7) Prion disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
8) Discuss the approach to the diagnosis of suprasellar tumors. (Nov. 2016)
9) Discuss the pathology of Alzheimer disease. (Int.Exam, Dec. 2015)
10) Discuss the approach to the diagnosis of suprasellar tumors. (Oct. 2015)
11) Discuss in detail about lab diagnosis of meningitis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
12) Describe the pathology phakomatoses. (Oct. 2014)
13) Tuberous sclerosis. (April, 2014)
15) Discuss the pathology of Alzheimer disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
16) Describe pathology of Alzheimer disease. (April, 2012)
17) Describe infectious diseases of brain. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
18) Discuss pathology of meningioma. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
19) Demyelinating diseases. (April, 2010)
35
(April/May, 2009)
21) Glioblastoma. (Nov. 2007)
22) Describe the pathology of meningioma. (May/June, 2007)
23) Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. (Nov. 2006)
24) Alzheimer disease. (Nov. 2006)
25) Describe the morphology and discuss the pathogenesis and molecular genetics of
Alzheimer disease. (May/June, 2006)
26) Classify tumors of the central nervous system. Discuss the current advances in their
diagnosis. (March, 2003)
27) Subacute sclerosing panencephalopathy. (May, 2000)
28) Discuss in detail prion diseases. (Jan. 1999)
29) Ependymoma. (Feb. 1998)
30) Write in detail about subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (Sep. 1997)
31) Brain tumors in pediatric age group. (April, 1996)
18. Eye
1) Discuss the diagnosis of tumors of the orbit. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
2) Discuss the diagnosis of tumors of the orbit. (Nov. 2016)
3) Discuss the diagnosis of tumors of the orbit. (Oct. 2015)
Miscellaneous
1) Describe the process of healing of fractures. Elaborate the various growth factors, in
this process. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) IgG4-related sclerosing disease. (Nov. 2020)
3) Intraabdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor. (Nov. 2020)
4) Discuss the differentiation of pediatric round cell tumors. (Aug. 2020)
5) Pathology of desmoplastic small round cell tumors. (April, 2019)
6) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell
tumors. (Dec. 2017)
7) Etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. (May, 2017)
8) Write on approach to the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. (Nov. 2016)
9) Write on approach to the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. (Oct. 2015)
10) Principles and applications of chemiluminescence assay. (April, 2015)
11) Describe the pathology of mineral deficiencies. (Oct. 2014)
12) Pathology of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. (Oct. 2014)
13) Sudden infant death syndrome. (April, 2014)
14) Causes and mechanisms in common congenital malformations. (April, 2014)
15) Oncocytoma. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2011)
16) Oncocytoma. (Nov. 2007)
17) Childhood tumors. (Nov. 2006)
18) Childhood tumors. (May/June, 2006)
19) Describe the role of FNAC in surgical pathology. (April/May, 2005)
20) Paraneoplastic syndromes. (April/May, 2005)
21) Tumor markers. (April/May, 2005)
22) Discuss the molecular pathology of small round cell tumors. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
23) Mitochondrial disorders. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
24) Myofibroblast. (March, 2003)
25) Mediastinal lesions. (March, 2003)
26) Common infections and complications of AIDS. (June, 1999)
27) Pneumocystis carinii. (Jan. 1999)
28) Mucins and glycogens in tumors. (Jan. 1999)
29) Nucleolar organizer regions. (Jan. 1999)
30) Discuss the molecular pathology of small round cell tumors. (Feb. 1998)
31) Obesity and other systemic diseases. (April, 1996)
37
PAPER III
Hematology, Clinical
Pathology, Cytology and
Chemical Pathology
CYTOLOGY
1. Thyroid
1) Bethesda system of thyroid gland cytopathology. (Oct. 2019)

2) Discuss the Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytology. (Oct. 2018)
3) Write the Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytology. (Nov. 2016)
4) Write the Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytopathology. (Oct. 2015)
5) FNAC of thyroid neoplasms. (April, 2014)
6) Discuss the FNAC of malignant thyroid neoplasms. (April, 2011)
7) FNAC of thyroid neoplasms. (April, 2010)
8) FNAC of thyroid lesions. (Nov. 2006)
9) Discuss the role of FNAC in the evaluation of thyroid tumors. (April, May, 2005)
10) FNAC diagnosis of nontumorous goiters of thyroid. (March/April, 2004)
11) Describe the principles of FNAC. Discuss its usefulness in the diagnosis of thyroid
lesions. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
2. Breast
1) FNB of papillary lesions of breast. (Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss the cytology of breast neoplasms. (April, 2019)
3) Describe the FNAC of malignant breast neoplasms. (May, June, 2007)
4) Describe the general procedure for FNAC. Discuss its usefulness in the diagnosis of
various breast lesions. (May, 2006)
5) FNAC of breast lesions. (Sep. 1996)
3. Liver
1) FNAC of focal liver lesions. (April, 2015)
4. Pancreas
1) Intraoperative cytology of pancreatic lesions. (Oct. 2019)
5. Salivary Glands
1) Criteria for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma. (Nov.
2020)
2) Latest concepts in reporting of FNAC salivary gland tumors. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
3) Role of FNAC in salivary glands. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
4) Role of FNAC in salivary gland lesions. (Oct. 2014)
5) Discuss the FNAC of salivary gland tumors. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
6) Discuss the role of FNAC in salivary gland lesions. (June, 2008)
7) Cytology of salivary gland tumors. (Nov. 2007)
39
6. Lymph Node
1) Discuss the role of FNAC in granulomatous lesions of lymph nodes. (April, 2012)
2) FNAC of lymph node enlargement. (Nov. 2009)
3) Discuss the value and limitations of FNAC in evaluating cases of lymphadenopathy.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
7. Testis
1) Discuss the role of FNAC testis in infertility. (April/May, 2009)

2) FNAC of testes. (March/April, 2004)
8. Kidney
1) Role of FNAC in renal transplants. (May/June, 2006)

2) Role of cytology in the diagnosis of renal transplant rejection. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
9. Respiratory Tract
1) Discuss the role of cytology in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. (Oct. 2018)
2) Discuss respiratory tract cytology. (April, 2018)
3) Advantages and limitations of various techniques in pulmonary cytology. (Dec. 2017)
4) Discuss the diagnostic utility of cytological techniques in respiratory tract pathology.
(Nov. 2016)
5) Discuss the diagnostic utility of cytological techniques in respiratory tract pathology.
(Oct. 2015)
6) Role of bronchial lavage in pulmonary diseases. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
7) Describe the cytologic techniques in respiratory tract pathology. (Oct. 2012)
8) Sputum examination in the screening and diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. (April,
2012)
9) Discuss the role of CT guided FNAC in pulmonary lesions. (April/May, 2009)
10) Discuss the role of bronchial lavage in pulmonary diseases. (June, 2008)
10. Mediastinum
1) FNAC of mediastinal masses. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)

2) Describe the role of FNA in diagnosis of thymic lesions. (April, 2013)
3) Cytodiagnosis of mediastinal lesions. (Nov. 2006)
1) Role of automation in cervical cytology. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss the usefulness of liquid based gynae cytology. (Oct. 2019)
3) Significance of ASCUS and AGUS. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
4) Role of automation in cervical cytology. (May, 2016)

5) MonoPrep pap test. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
6) Recent trends in cervical cytology. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
7) Bethesda classification in cervical cytology. (Oct. 2013)
8) Describe the recent concepts of automation of cervical cytology. (Int.Exam: June,
2013)
9) Discuss utility of intraoperative cytology in gynecological diseases. (Int. Exam: June,
2012)
10) Discuss the role of pap smear in diagnosis and add a note on liquid based cytology.
(Oct/Nov. 2011)
11) Discuss the pros and cons of Bethesda system of reporting cervical smear.
(April/May, 2009)
12) Discuss in detail advantages of ThinPrep cytology. (Nov. 2008)
13) Stains used in vaginal cytology. (Nov. 2006)
14) Age associated changes in gynae cytology. (May/June, 2006)
15) Cervical smear study. (April/May, 2005)
16) Hormonal cytology. (May, 2000)
17) Papanicolaou smear. (Jan. 1999)
18) Hormonal cytology. (Aug. 1998)
1) Role of squash technique in CNS tumors. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss the utility of CSF cytology in diseases. (Aug. 2020)
3) Discuss crush smear cytology features of glial tumors. (Oct. 2018)
4) Application of liquid based preparation in CSF cytology. (Dec. 2017)
5) Role of squash technique in CNS tumors. (May, 2016)
6) Describe the squash technique. Describe the squash cytology of CNS tumors.
13. Soft Tissue and Musculoskeletal system
1) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors in childhood. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
2) Role of FNAC in soft tissue tumors. (April, 2018)
3) Synovial fluid cytology. (April, 2015)
4) Role of FNAC in soft tissue tumors. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
5) Discuss the value and limitations of FNAC in evaluating soft tissue tumors. (Nov.
2008)
14. Serous Effusions
1) Utility of immunocytochemistry in body fluid cytology. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)

2) Fluid cytology. (April/May, 2005)
41
15. Techniques
1) Liquid based processing in cytology. (Nov. 2020)

2) Applications of liquid based cytology. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
3) Compare liquid based cytology with conventional method of cytology. (Nov. 2016)
4) Compare liquid based cytology with conventional method of cytopathology. (Oct.
2015)
5) Intraoperative imprint cytology and its role in diagnosis. (April, 2015)
6) Describe the methods of automation in cytology. (April, 2013)
7) Discuss the preparation of cell block and its use as a diagnostic tool in cytology.
8) Discuss utility of cytospin in clinical laboratory. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
9) Discuss the preparation of cell block and uses of cell block as diagnostic tool in
cytology. (June, 2008)
10) Pitfalls in FNAC. (Nov. 2007)
Miscellaneous
1) Discuss exfoliative cytology and its use in lab diagnosis. (Nov. 2006)
2) Cytology in nonneoplastic diseases. (May/June, 2006)
3) How do you organize a cytology laboratory for a 250 bedded hospital in a district.
(April/May, 2005)
4) Aspiration of abdominal organs. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
Clinical Pathology and Chemical Pathology

1. Urine
1) Discuss the types and significance of urinary casts. (Aug. 2020)

2) Discuss the urine sediment examination. (Oct. 2018)
3) Automation in urine analysis. (Dec. 2017)
4) Urine sediment examination in renal lesions. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
5) Diagnostic applications of microscopic examination of urine. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
6) Microalbuminuria. (Oct. 2013)
7) Describe the principles of dipsticks in urine chemistry. (April, 2013)
8) Describe the formed elements in urine. (Oct. 2012)
9) Discuss the role of urinary sediment examination in renal diseases. (Int.Exam: June,
2012)
10) Lab investigations in a case of hematuria. (April, 2012)
11) Describe the role of urine microscopy in diagnosis and prognosis. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
12) Discuss the role of urinary sediment examination in renal diseases. (Nov. 2008)
13) Urinary sediment. (Nov. 2007)
14) Describe the utility of urine microscopy in diagnosis and prognosis. (My/June, 2007)
15) Discuss urinary casts in detail. (April/May, 2005)
16) Microalbuminuria. (March/April, 2004)
17) Microalbuminuria. (March/April, 2004)
18) Microscopic examination of urine. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
19) Urinary casts. (Aug. 1998)
20) Microalbuminuria. (Feb. 1998)
2. Synovial Fluid
1) Synovial fluid examination. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)

2) Discuss synovial fluid analysis. (April, 2011)
3) Discuss synovial fluid analysis in pathological conditions. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

1) Discuss lab diagnosis of meningitis. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
2) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in malignant disorders. (April, 2014)
3) Describe CSF analysis. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
4) Discuss in detail about laboratory diagnosis of meningitis. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
5) Discuss in detail about laboratory diagnosis of meningitis. (April/May, 2005)
6) Describe the formation and circulation of CSF. Discuss the CSF alterations in
meningitis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
4. Serous Effusions
1) Lab evaluation of ascitic fluid. (April, 2012)

2) Discuss the role of pleural fluid analysis in pulmonary pathology. (Nov. 2008)
43
5. Semen
1) Semen analysis. (Oct. 2019)

2) Discuss in detail about the pathogenesis of male infertility and diagnosis. (Int.Exam:
June, 2019)
3) Describe your approach to male infertility. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
4) Approach to male infertility. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
5) Describe semen analysis. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
6) Discuss the importance of semen analysis in infertility. (June, 2008)
7) Oligoasthenoteratospermia. (May, 2006)
6. Diabetes Mellitus
1) Nonenzymatic glycosylation. (Oct. 2014)

2) Laboratory diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. (April, 2014)
3) Glycosylated hemoglobin. (April, 2011)
4) Laboratory diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. (April, 2010)
5) Glycosylated hemoglobin. (Nov. 2006)
6) Laboratory diagnosis and screening tests for diabetes mellitus. (Nov. 2006)
7) Glycosylated hemoglobin. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
7. Thyroid
1) Thyroid function tests. (Oct. 2014)

2) Thyroid function tests. (Nov. 2010)
3) Discuss thyroid function tests and their alteration in pathologic states. (Nov. 2008)
4) Discuss the various manifestations of abnormalities in thyroid metabolism. (Sep/Oct.
2003)
5) Discuss thyroid function tests. (April, 1996)
8. Liver
1) Discuss the liver function tests. (Aug. 2020)

2) Discuss in detail about diagnosis of different types of jaundice. (Int.Exam: June,
2019)
3) Discuss neonatal cholestasis. (April, 2018)
4) How to investigate a case of jaundice. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
5) Hemochromatosis. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
6) Etiopathology and laboratory diagnosis of chronic liver disease. (Oct. 2014)
7) Discuss etiopathogenesis and lab evaluation of hyperbilirubinemia. (April, 2012)
8) Discuss the role of laboratory tests in a case of jaundice. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
9) Discuss pathology of hyperbilirubinemia. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
10) Discuss liver function tests and their significance with special reference to viral
hepatitis. (April/May, 2009)
11) Describe the bilirubin metabolism and its disorders. (June, 2008)
12) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of jaundice. (May/June, 2007)
13) Serum and urine examination in jaundice. (Nov. 2006)

14) Liver function tests. (May/June, 2006)
15) Discuss in detail liver function tests. (April/May, 2005)
16) Discuss liver functions and their alteration in pathologic states. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
17) Liver enzymes in disease. (March/April, 2004)
9. Kidney
1) Renal calculi. (Oct. 2019)

2) Etiopathology and laboratory diagnosis of acute renal failure. (Oct. 2014)
3) Etiopathology and laboratory diagnosis of chronic renal failure. (April, 2014)
4) Describe renal function tests. (April, 2011)
5) Laboratory diagnosis of renal failure. (Nov. 2009)
6) Discuss creatinine clearance tests. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
10. Lungs
1) Pulmonary function tests. (Sep. 1996)
11. Heart
1) Write the biochemical markers in cardiac disease and specific timeline of cardiac
markers in myocardial infarction. (Nov. 2016)
2) Write the biochemical markers in cardiac disease and specific timeline of cardiac
markers in myocardial infarction. (Oct. 2015)
3) What are the biochemical markers of cardiac injury. (April, 2013)
4) Describe in detail the laboratory diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. (Sep/Oct.
2004)
12. Enzymes
1) Biomarkers for carcinoma prostate. (April, 2015)

2) Role of enzymes in diagnosis and prognosis. (Oct. 2014)
3) Isoenzymes. (Nov. 2007)
4) Discuss the diagnostic interpretation and the clinical significance of serum enzymes
and isoenzymes in diseases. (April/May, 2005)
5) Isoenzymes and their clinical applications. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
13. Lipids
1) Familial hypercholesterolemia. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)

2) Describe the lipid profile in health and disease. (April, 2014)
3) Role of serum lipids in health and disease. (April, 2013)
4) Diagnostic utility of fraction of serum lipids. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
5) Describe the role of serum lipids in health and disease. (May/June, 2007)
45
6) Discuss lipoproteins in health and disease. (Sep/Oct. 2004)

7) Apolipoproteins. (June, 1999)
8) Apicomplexans. (Jan. 1999)
9) Dyslipoproteinemias. (Sep. 1996)
Miscellaneous
1) RT-PCR in clinical diagnosis. (Nov. 2020)

2) Write in detail about molecular testing for HPV in cervical screening. (Int.Exam:
June, 2019)
3) Discuss hepatorenal syndrome. (April, 2019)
4) Discuss Levey-Jennings charts. (Oct. 2018)
5) Discuss the role of tumor markers in the laboratory diagnosis of cancer. (Oct. 2018)
6) Chemiluminescence and its applications. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
7) Microarray application and technology. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
8) Dendritic cells distribution and their diseases. (April, 2018)
9) Discuss the role of cytokines and its receptors in differentiation of T cells. (April,
2018)
10) Discuss immunological aspects of transplantation. (April, 2018)
11) Discuss gallstones. (April, 2018)
12) Internal quality control methods in a clinical laboratory. (Dec. 2017)
13) Automation in clinical pathology. (Oct. 2015)
14) Muscle biopsy. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
15) Role of IHC in diagnostic pathology. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
16) Indirect DNA diagnosis of genetic diseases. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
17) Applications of PCR. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
18) Describe the role of serological tests in diagnosis of various malignancies. (Int.Exam:
June, 2013)
19) Outline the plan of laboratory investigations in coma. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
20) Automation in clinical pathology. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
21) Discuss calcium metabolism in health and disease. (April/May, 2009)
22) Discuss the role of automation in clinical pathology. (June, 2008)
23) Quality control. (Nov. 2007)
24) Automation in clinical pathology. (Nov. 2006)
25) Discuss the metabolism of copper in man and the significance of estimation of
ceruloplasmin. (April/May, 2005)
26) Discuss calcium metabolism in health and disease. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
27) Acid base balance. (Jan. 1999)
Hematology
1. Red Blood Cells
1) Hemolytic disease of newborn. (Nov. 2020)

2) Sideroblastic anemia. (Nov. 2020)
3) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
4) Coombs test. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
5) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of malaria. (Aug. 2020)
6) Discuss the approach to hemolytic anemia. (Aug. 2020)
7) Discuss anemia of chronic disease. (Oct. 2019)
8) Discuss the diagnosis of immune hemolytic anemias. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
9) Iron refractory iron deficiency anemia. (April, 2019)
10) Discuss red cell enzymopathies. (April, 2019)
11) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia. (Oct. 2018)
12) Discuss the significance of blood indices in clinical hematology. (Oct. 2018)
13) Hemoglobinopathies. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
14) Discuss the role of high performance liquid chromatography in hemoglobinopathies.
(April, 2018)
15) Laboratory diagnosis of malaria. (Dec. 2017)
16) Iron refractory iron deficiency anemia. (Dec. 2017)
17) Pathogenesis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (Dec. 2017)
18) Pathology of refractory cytopenia. (Dec. 2017)
19) Immune hemolytic anemias. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
20) Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. (May, 2017)
21) Discuss the role of hemoglobin electrophoresis in the lab diagnosis of
hemoglobinopathies. (May, 2017)
22) Role of Hb F detection in hemoglobinopathies. (Nov. 2016)
23) Write about fetal hydrops. (Nov. 2016)
24) Describe in detail about molecular pathogenesis and diagnosis of thalassemia.
(Int.Exam: July, 2016)
25) Coombs test. (May, 2016)
26) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. (May, 2016)
27) Factors affecting erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). (May, 2016)
28) Role of Hb F detection in hemoglobinopathies. (Oct. 2015)
29) Write about fetal hydrops. (Oct. 2015)
30) Pathogenesis, pathology and lab tests in hemolytic anemia. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
31) Guidelines for diagnosis and management of aplastic anemia. (April, 2015)
32) Myelophthisic anemia. (Oct. 2014)
33) Discuss congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
34) Discuss sideroblastic anemia. (Oct. 2013)
35) Discuss classification and lab diagnosis of hemolytic anemias. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
36) Discuss the molecular basis of thalassemia syndromes. (April, 2013)
37) Write about the principle and interpretation of osmotic fragility test. (Oct. 2012)
38) Discuss the role of red cell cytochemistry in hematological disorders. (Int.Exam:
June, 2012)
39) Discuss the biochemical basis of megaloblastic anemia. (April, 2012)
47
40) Clinical and genetic classification of thalassemias and lab diagnosis of beta-
thalassemia major. (April, 2012)
41) Discuss refractory anemia. (April, 2011)
42) Discuss lab diagnosis of immune hemolytic anemia. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
43) Discuss pathophysiology and laboratory findings of anemia in chronic diseases.
(Oct/Nov. 2010)
44) Porphyrias. (April, 2010)
45) Describe the causes and differential diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic anemia.
(Nov. 2009)
46) Acquired dyserythropoietic anemia. (Nov. 2009)
47) Classify hemolytic anemias. Describe etiopathogenesis & recent concepts in
pathology of sickle cell anemia. (April/May, 2009)
48) Discuss the role of red cell cytochemistry in hematological disorders. (April/May,
2009)
49) Discuss anemia in chronic diseases. (Nov. 2008)
50) Discuss in detail laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (Nov. 2008)
51) Discuss molecular basis and diagnosis of thalassemia. (June, 2008)
52) Discuss in detail laboratory diagnosis of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. (June,
2008)
53) Coombs test. (Nov. 2007)
54) Describe congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. (May/June, 2007)
55) Immunology of malaria. (Nov. 2006)
56) Red cell membrane defects and disease. (Nov. 2006)
57) Classify hemolytic anemias and discuss the pathology and laboratory diagnosis. (Nov.
2006)
58) Pure red cell aplasia. (May/June, 2006)
59) Classify inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis. Discuss hemoglobin C disease.
(May/June, 2006)
60) Discuss the causes of pancytopenia. Describe the lab methods in the investigation of a
patient with pancytopenia. (May, 2006)
61) Define and classify hemolytic anemias. Discuss about hereditary hemolytic anemias.
(April/May, 2005)
62) Describe the methodology & application of “osmotic fragility” in anemias.
(April/May, 2005)
63) Discuss erythrocyte cytoskeleton. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
64) Discuss in detail the molecular biology and laboratory diagnosis of beta thalassemia.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
65) Classify sideroblastic anemias and discuss their laboratory diagnosis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
66) Lab diagnosis and molecular biology of sickle cell disease. (March/April, 2004)
67) Anemia of chronic disease. (March/April, 2004)
68) Pathophysiology and lab diagnosis of G6PD deficiency. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
69) Aplastic anemia. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
70) Classify hemolytic anemias. Describe the lab methods in the investigation of
hemolytic anemias. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
71) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. (May, 2000)
72) Osmotic fragility. (May, 2000)
73) Classify porphyrias. Discuss its genetic, metabolic and diagnostic aspects. (June,
1999)
74) Classify Sideroblastic anemias and discuss their laboratory diagnosis. (Jan. 1999)
75) Sideroblastic anemia. (Aug. 1998)
76) Classify thalassemias. How will you investigate a case of thalassemia. (Feb. 1998)
77) Discuss in detail about the causes, differential diagnosis and investigations of patients
with pancytopenia. (Sep. 1997)
78) Fanconi anemia. (Sep. 1997)
79) Polycythemia. (Sep. 1997)
80) Laboratory diagnosis of G6PD deficiency. (Sep. 1996)
81) Porphyrias. (April, 1996)
2. White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes and Spleen
1) Paraproteinemia. (Nov. 2020)

2) Flow cytometry in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. (Nov. 2020)
3) Common cytogenetic abnormalities associated with AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia).
4) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. (Int.Exam:
Nov. 2020)
5) Discuss the evaluation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (Aug. 2020)
6) Discuss anaplastic large cell lymphomas. (Aug. 2020)
7) Discuss the classification and diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Aug. 2020)
8) Discuss the diagnostic approach to minimal residual disease. (Aug. 2020)
9) Laboratory diagnosis of myelofibrosis. (Oct. 2019)
10) Minimal residual disease. (Oct. 2019)
11) Updates in plasma cell dyscrasias. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
12) Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (April, 2019)
13) Molecular genetics and immunohistochemistry of diffuse large cell lymphomas.
(April, 2019)
14) Discuss laboratory diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. (April, 2019)
15) Discuss monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance. (Oct. 2018)
16) Plasma cell dyscrasias. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
17) Prognostic factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
18) Marginal zone lymphoma. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
19) Lab diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
20) Discuss familial qualitative disorders of leucocytes. (April, 2018)
21) Discuss the role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of acute leukemias. (Dec. 2017)
22) Flow cytometry in hematological malignancies. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
23) Cytogenetic abnormalities in myeloid neoplasms. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
24) Hemophagocytic syndrome. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
25) Discuss the WHO classification of myelodysplastic syndromes and discuss its
laboratory diagnosis. (May, 2017)
26) Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. (May, 2017)
27) Hemophagocytic syndrome. (May, 2017)
28) Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (May, 2017)
29) Write about lab diagnosis and prognostic factors in CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic
Leukemia). (Nov. 2016)
30) Discuss the immunophenotyping of lymphoid neoplasms by flow cytometry. (Nov.
2016)
31) Myeloproliferative disorders. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
32) Classify plasma cell dyscrasias and describe in detail about diagnosis. (Int.Exam:
July, 2016)
49
33) Common cytogenetic abnormalities associated with AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia)
(May, 2016)
34) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders. (May, 2016)
35) Discuss the immunophenotyping of lymphoid neoplasms by flow cytometry. (Oct.
2015)
36) Acquired qualitative disorders of lymphocytes. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
37) Cytogenetic abnormalities in CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) and their
relevance. (April, 2015)
38) Plasma cell dyscrasias. (Oct. 2014)
39) Describe genetic alterations in leukemias. (Oct. 2014)
40) Myelofibrosis. (April, 2014)
41) Prognostic factors in acute leukemias. (April, 2014)
42) Classify acute leukemias and discuss their lab diagnosis. (Oct. 2013)
43) Laboratory criteria for diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome. (Oct. 2013)
44) Discuss the current concepts of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
45) Discuss the methods of detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemias.
(April, 2013)
46) Write about the molecular basis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. (Oct. 2012)
47) What are the prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Oct. 2012)
48) Write about the diagnostic criteria for myeloma. (Oct. 2012)
49) Write about the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. (Oct. 2012)
50) Molecular cytogenetics of hematological malignancies. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
51) Discuss minimal residual disease. (April, 2012)
52) WHO classification of leukemias. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
53) Discuss myelodysplastic syndromes. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
54) Discuss the lab diagnosis of lymphoma using modern amenities. (April, 2011)
55) Discuss erythroleukemia. (April, 2011)
56) Discuss hairy cell leukemia. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
57) Discuss pathophysiology and laboratory findings in essential thrombocythemia.
(Oct/Nov. 2010)
58) Blast crisis. (April, 2010)
59) Preleukemic syndromes. (April, 2010)
60) Leukocyte function tests. (April, 2010)
61) Infectious mononucleosis. (April, 2010)
62) Classify plasma cell dyscrasias and their laboratory diagnosis. (Nov. 2009)
63) Leukemoid reaction. (Nov. 2009)
64) Discuss hairy cell leukemia. (April/May, 2009)
65) Discuss the chromosomal abnormalities in childhood acute leukemias. (Nov. 2008)
66) Discuss in detail the various classifications of leukemias. Discuss pathophysiology of
chronic myeloid leukemia. (June, 2008)
67) Define, classify and describe the laboratory diagnosis of acute leukemias. (May/June,
2007)
68) Describe Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. (May/June, 2007)
69) Myelodysplastic syndromes. (Nov. 2006)
70) Lazy leucocyte syndrome. (Nov. 2006)
71) Morphology of blast cells in acute leukemias. (May/June, 2006)
72) Chronic myeloproliferative disorders. (May/June, 2006)
73) Discuss acquired neutropenia. (May/June, 2006)
74) The WHO classification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (May, 2006)
75) Leukemoid reaction. (April/May, 2005)
76) Define and classify myelodysplastic syndromes. Describe the laboratory diagnosis.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
77) Discuss the pathology of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
78) Discuss histopathological classification of Hodgkin disease. Add a note on unusual
histopathological variants and HD association with other lymphoproliferative
diseases. (March/April, 2004)
79) Leucocyte function disorders. (March/April, 2004)
80) Discuss plasma cell dyscrasias in detail. (March/April, 2004)
81) Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
82) Immunophenotyping of acute leukemias. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
83) Discuss the chromosomal aberrations in acute leukemias and their significance.
(Sep/Oct. 2003)
84) Splenomegaly. (March, 2003)
85) Myelodysplastic syndromes. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
86) Mantle cell lymphoma. (May, 2000)
87) Polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules. (June, 1999)
88) Classify non-Hodgkin lymphomas. (Jan. 1999)
89) Discuss the pathology of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Aug. 1998)
90) Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors. (Feb. 1998)
91) Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. (Sep. 1996)
92) Classify leukemias and discuss the newer concepts on their etiology. (April, 1996)
93) Monoclonal gammopathies. (April, 1996)
3. Hemostasis
1) Thromboelastography. (Nov. 2020)

2) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. (Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the clinical features and diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. (Int.Exam:
Nov. 2020)
4) Qualitative platelet disorders. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)
5) Laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. (Int.Exam: Nov.
2020)
6) Lab diagnosis of coagulation disorders. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
7) Investigation of a thrombotic tendency. (April, 2019)
8) Discuss the laboratory evaluation of thrombotic disorders. (Oct. 2018)
9) Classify platelet function disorders and lab diagnosis. (April, 2018)
10) Approach to a patient with coagulation disorder. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
11) Bernard-Soulier syndrome. (May, 2017)
12) Role of factor VIII in health and disease. (May, 2017)
13) Evaluation of thrombocytopenia. (May, 2017)
14) Discuss the lab diagnosis of inherited platelet disorders. (Nov. 2016)
15) Lab diagnosis of bleeding disorders. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
16) Qualitative defects of platelets. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
17) Laboratory diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. (May, 2016)
18) Discuss the clinical features and diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. (May,
2016)
19) Qualitative platelet disorders. (May, 2016)
20) Discuss the lab diagnosis of inherited platelet disorders. (Oct. 2015)
21) Inherited thrombophilia. (April, 2015)
51
22) Laboratory diagnosis of vWD (Von Willebrand Disease). (April, 2015)

23) Lab diagnosis of bleeding disorders. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
24) Pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis of diseases associated with factor VIII
deficiency. (Oct. 2014)
25) Pathophysiology of normal and abnormal fibrinolysis. (April, 2014)
26) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (April, 2014)
27) Describe pathogenesis and clinical effects of protein C deficiency. (Oct. 2013)
28) Hematological changes in dengue fever. (Oct. 2013)
29) Laboratory diagnosis of coagulation disorders. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
30) Write about the significance of immature platelet fraction. (Oct. 2012)
31) Discuss heparin induced thrombocytopenia. (April, 2012)
32) Discuss von Willebrand disease. (April, 2012)
33) Discuss about the laboratory tests in a case of bleeding disorder. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
34) Discuss lab diagnosis of hemophilia. (April, 2011)
35) Discuss D-dimer test. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
36) Disorders of platelet function. (April, 2010)
37) Hemophilia. (Nov. 2009)
38) Primary fibrinolysis. (Nov. 2009)
39) Discuss the pathophysiology and lab investigations of von Willebrand disease.
(April/May, 2009)
40) Discuss the laboratory investigations in functional platelet disorders. (Nov. 2008)
41) Discuss in detail biochemical inhibitors of coagulation. (June, 2008)
42) Thrombocytes – Morphology and functions. (Nov. 2007)
43) Define disseminated intravascular coagulation. Describe its etiopathogenesis,
pathology and laboratory diagnosis. (May/June, 2007)
44) Fibrin degradation products. (Nov. 2006)
45) Causes of bleeding disorders. (Nov. 2006)
46) Laboratory diagnosis of bleeding disorders. (May/June, 2006)
47) Deficiencies of factor VIII-vWF complex. (May, 2006)
48) Discuss the structure and functions of platelets. (April/May, 2005)
49) Protein C deficiency. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
50) Qualitative platelet disorders. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
51) Significance of INR (International Normalized Ratio) in PT (Prothrombin Time) test.
(March/April, 2004)
52) Functional platelet disorders. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
53) Protein C deficiency. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
54) Classify hemorrhagic diseases. Add a note on von Willebrand disease. (March, 2003)
55) Qualitative platelet disorders. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
56) Describe the process of normal homeostasis. Write briefly about anticoagulant
proteins. (June, 1999)
57) Platelet antigens. (June, 1999)
58) DIC. (Sep. 1997)
59) ITP. (Sep. 1997)
60) Discuss the various types of platelet dysfunction. (Sep. 1996)
61) Hemophilia. (April, 1996)
4. Bone Marrow
1) Discuss the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (April, 2019)

2) Write in brief about sources, indications and types of hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation. (Nov. 2016)
3) Write in brief about sources, indications and types of hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation. (Oct. 2015)
4) Stem cell transplantation. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
5) Bone marrow transplantation. (April, 2014)
6) Discuss the role of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of hematological disorders.
(Nov. 2008)
7) Bone marrow – Health and disease. (Nov. 2007)
8) Discuss bone marrow transplantation in detail. (April/May, 2005)
9) Complications of bone marrow transplantation. (March/April, 2004)
10) Microenvironment in hematopoiesis. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
11) Bone marrow transplantation. (May, 2000)
12) Bone marrow failure. (Feb. 1998)
Miscellaneous
1) Factors affecting Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss laboratory accreditation in hematology. (Aug. 2020)
3) List the primary immunodeficiency diseases and enumerate their common features.
(April, 2019)
4) Utility of buffy coat. (May, 2017)
5) Quality control in hematology lab. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
6) What is the role of buffy coat preparation in hematology. (Oct. 2012)
7) Discuss interpretation of histograms in hematology cell counter reports. (April, 2011)
8) Quality control in hematology. (April, 2010)
9) L.E. cell test and interpretation. (Nov. 2007)
10) Sports hematology. (March/April, 2004)
11) CD antigens. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
12) Automated blood cell counters. (March, 2003)
53
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine
1) Quality assurance in blood banking. (Oct. 2019)

2) Plasmapheresis. (Oct. 2019)
3) Write about plateletpheresis. (Int.Exam: June, 2019)
4) Discuss blood substitutes. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
5) Autologous blood transfusion and plasma exchange. (Int.Exam: June, 2018)
6) Preparation of cryoprecipitate and its uses. (Dec. 2017)
7) Immune mediated transfusion reactions. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
8) Cytapheresis. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)
9) Complications of blood transfusion. (Int.Exam: July, 2016)
10) Preparation and uses of blood components in blood bank. (Int.Exam: June, 2015)
11) Rationale of leucodepletion of blood products. (April, 2015)
12) TRALI (Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury). (April, 2015)
13) List the blood components. Discuss the methods of their storage. (Int.Exam: June,
2014)
14) Enumerate the transfusion reactions. (Int.Exam: June, 2014)
15) Describe blood groups and discuss transfusion reactions and complications. (Oct.
2013)
16) Discuss quality assurance in blood banks. (Oct. 2013)
17) Use of blood components. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
18) How do you ensure safety of donors and patients during processing and storage of
blood components. (Int.Exam: June, 2013)
19) Discuss blood substitutes and its uses. (April, 2013)
20) Write about plateletpheresis. (April, 2013)
21) What are the uses of colony stimulating factors. (April, 2013)
22) Describe the complications of blood transfusion. (Oct. 2012)
23) Problems in pediatric blood transfusion. (Int.Exam: June, 2012)
24) What are blood components? Write about their storage and indications. (Oct/Nov.
2011)
25) Discuss Bombay blood group. (April, 2011)
26) Discuss blood substitutes. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
27) Problems in blood transfusion. (Nov. 2007)
28) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of blood substitutes. (May/June, 2007)
29) Benefits and hazards of autologous blood transfusion. (May, 2006)
30) Discuss various blood components used in transfusion therapy. (April/May, 2005)
31) Problems in pediatric blood transfusions. (March/April, 2004)
32) Red cell substitutes. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
33) Antibody screening in blood transfusion therapy. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
34) Hazards of blood transfusion. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
35) What are the alternatives to whole blood transfusion. Discuss the preparation and
processing of various fractions of blood for the purpose of transfusion. (May, 2000)
36) Transfusion of blood components. (Jan. 1999)
37) What are the alternatives to whole blood transfusion. Discuss the preparation and
processing of various fractions of blood for blood transfusion. (Aug. 1998)
38) Discuss the diagnosis, management and prevention of mismatched blood transfusion.
(Feb. 1998)
39) Discuss in detail about complications of blood transfusion and their preventive
measures. (Sep. 1997)
PAPER IV
Recent Advances in
Pathology Related to Clinical
Medicine
55
General Pathology
1) Elaborate the newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) Discuss about tensins in health and disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
3) Cell adhesion proteins. (April, 2019)
4) Emerging applications of stem cell therapy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
5) Describe the applications of stem cell therapy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
6) Adult stem cells and transdifferentiation. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
7) Tensins in health and disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
8) Newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (May, 2016)
9) Tensins in health and disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
10) Plasticity of stem cells. (April, 2015)
11) Discuss stem cell banking. (Oct. 2013)
12) Applications of stem cell therapy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
13) Describe the applications of stem cell therapy. (April, 2012)
14) Stem cell therapy. (Nov. 2009)
15) Discuss the diseases associated with abnormal metabolism of collagen. (June, 2008)
16) Emerging applications of stem cell therapy. (March/April, 2004)
2. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation,

Injury, and Death
1) Neuropathology of hypoxia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

2) Role of free radicles in health and disease. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
3) Role of free radicles in health and disease. (April, 2010)
4) Senescent cells. (Nov. 2006)
5) Hypoxia-inducible factors. (May/June, 2006)
6) Significance of senescent cells in tissue. (March/April, 2004)
1) Myofibroblastic proliferation. (Nov. 2006)
4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
1) Recent concepts in antiphospholipid syndrome. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)

2) Recent concepts in shock. (April, 2014)
3) Discuss the current concepts in the pathogenesis of shock. (April/May, 2005)
1) Genomic imprinting. (April, 2018)

2) Genomic imprinting. (Nov. 2016)

3) Write about genomic imprinting. (April, 2013)
4) Discuss the current modalities of screening for genetic disorders. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
6. Diseases of the Immune System
1) Toll-like receptors. (May, 2015)

2) Describe recent advances in amyloidosis. (Oct. 2014)
3) Describe the immunologic basis of organ transplantation. (April, 2013)
4) Describe the revised criteria for classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. (Oct.
2012)
5) Discuss primary amyloidosis. (April, 2011)
6) Discuss the pathogenesis, pathology of skin and kidney and current approaches to the
laboratory diagnosis of SLE. (April/May, 2005)
7) HLA and diseases. (Sep. 1997)
7. Neoplasia
1) Write in detail about the molecular profiling of tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Recent concepts in cancer invasion and metastasis. (Aug. 2020)
3) Microsatellite instability and carcinogenesis. (Oct. 2019)
4) Discuss the stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. (April, 2019)
5) Discuss the role of microRNAs in cancer. (Oct. 2018)
6) Role of HER2/neu in neoplasia. (April, 2018)
7) Discuss epithelial mesenchymal transition. (April, 2018)
8) Epithelial mesenchymal transition in neoplasia. (Dec. 2017)
9) Cancer vaccines. (Dec. 2017)
10) Molecular profiling of tumors. (May, 2017)
11) Assessment of angiogenesis and its role in malignancy. (May, 2016)
12) Recent concepts in cancer invasion and metastasis. (May, 2016)
13) Targeted therapy for malignancies. (May, 2016)
14) Recent concepts in targeted therapy of cancer. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
15) Recent concepts in cancer invasion and metastasis. (April, 2015)
16) Tumor immunology. (April, 2014)
17) Recent concepts in cancer invasion and metastasis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
18) Write about cancer vaccines. (April, 2013)
19) Discuss the concept of EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). (April, 2012)
20) Molecular basis of cancer. (April, 2010)
21) Discuss paraneoplastic syndromes and their implications. (April/May, 2009)
22) Metastatic gene. (May/June, 2007)
23) Biological therapy of cancers. (May/June, 2006)
24) Gate keeper and care taker genes. (May/June, 2006)
25) Discuss the different modalities of approach to a case of metastatic cancer of
unknown primary site. (April/May, 2005)
26) Discuss paraneoplastic syndromes and their implications. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
27) Paraendocrine syndromes. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
28) Drug resistance in human tumors. (March, 2003)
29) Refinements in tumor staging. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
57
30) Discuss the various mechanisms of tumor spread. (Jan. 1999)

31) Paraendocrine syndromes. (Aug. 1998)
32) What are oncogenes. Write in detail about the classification, detection, identification
and analysis of oncogenes. (Sep. 1997)
8. Infectious Diseases
1) Bioterrorism. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

2) Discuss the various methods of HPV detection. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
3) Nontuberculous mycobacteria. (May, 2016)
4) Discuss the various methods of HPV detection. (Oct. 2015)
5) Human papilloma virus association with female genital tract. (Oct. 2014)
6) Pathology of campylobacter infection in humans. (Oct. 2014)
7) Prion diseases. (April, 2014)
8) Describe the new diagnostic systems of human papilloma virus. (Oct. 2013)
9) Discuss bioterrorism. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
10) Discuss bioterrorism. (April, 2012)
11) Discuss atypical mycobacterial infection. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
12) Discuss immunity in leprosy. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
13) Atypical mycobacterial infection. (Nov. 2009)
14) Discuss human prion diseases. (Nov. 2008)
15) Describe imported infectious diseases. (May/June, 2007)
16) Describe the pathology of campylobacter infection in humans. (May/June, 2007)
17) Imported infectious diseases. (Nov. 2006)
18) Explain the current concepts in the pathogenesis and immunity of tuberculosis.
(April/May, 2005)
9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
1) Obesity and cancer. (April, 2019)

2) Pathology of obesity. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
3) Describe metabolic syndrome. (Oct. 2013)
4) Role of nutrition in cancer. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
5) Discuss investigations in obesity. (April, 2011)
6) Role of nutrition in cancer. (Nov. 2009)
7) Trace metals. (March, 2003)
8) Vitamin A toxicity. (Feb. 1998)
1) Sudden unexpected death in infancy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

2) Childhood neoplasms metastasizing to bone marrow. (Oct. 2014)
3) Sudden infant death. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
4) Sudden infant death syndrome. (April, 2012)
5) Nonaccidental injury in children. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
6) Hyaline membrane disease. (Sep. 1996)
Systemic Pathology
1. Blood Vessels
1) Inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis. (May, 2017)

2) Genetic basis of essential hypertension. (Nov. 2016)
3) Genetic basis of essential hypertension. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
4) Discuss recent advances in atherogenesis. (April, 2013)
5) Discuss vascular neoplasms of intermediate-low risk types. (April, 2011)
6) Discuss the significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). (Nov. 2008)
7) Discuss the current concepts in atherogenesis. (May, 2000)
2. Heart
1) Recent advances in cardiomyopathies. (Oct. 2019)

2) Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). (May/June, 2006)
3) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and cardiac manifestations of infective endocarditis.
Explain the current criteria and laboratory approach to the diagnosis of infective
endocarditis. (Apr/May, 2005)
4) Cardiac pacemakers. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
5) Cardiac pacemakers. (March/April, 2004)
6) Libman-Sacks endocarditis. (Aug. 1998)
7) Heart transplantation. (Feb. 1998)
3. Lymph Nodes, Spleen and Thymus
1) Current concepts in classification of thymic neoplasms. (May, 2017)

2) What are the current concepts in classification of thymic neoplasms. (Oct. 2012)
3) Discuss tumors of mediastinum. (Nov. 2008)
4) Describe the splenic pathology in lymphohematologic disorders. (May/June, 2007)
5) Discuss the causes of lymph node enlargement. Briefly outline your approach to the
diagnosis of causes of lymphadenopathy. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
6) Discuss the role of immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of lymph node disorders.
(Sep/Oct. 2003)
4. Lung
1) Discuss the pathology of acute lung injury. (Aug. 2020)

2) Discuss the diagnostic and predictive markers for lung cancer. (Aug. 2020)
3) Asbestos related neoplasia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
4) Recent advances in classification of lung cancers. (April, 2018)
5) Discuss molecular pathology of lung carcinoma. (Dec. 2017)
6) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (April, 2015)
7) Non-small cell carcinoma of lung with special reference to genetics. (April, 2015)
8) Discuss asbestos related disorders. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
59
9) Pulmonary lymphoproliferative diseases. (April, 2010)

10) Discuss the recent concepts in pathology of mesothelioma. (June, 2008)
11) New WHO classification of lung tumors. (May/June, 2007)
12) Discuss interstitial lung diseases. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
13) Describe HIV associated tuberculosis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
14) Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of lung. (March/April, 2004)
15) Prognostic indicators in small peripheral lung adenocarcinoma. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
5. Head and Neck
1) Familial paraganglioma syndrome. (April, 2019)

2) Discuss recent advances in primary carcinomas of salivary glands. (April, 2019)
3) Recent advances in primary carcinomas of salivary glands. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
4) Recent advances in primary carcinomas of salivary glands. (Nov. 2016)
5) Recent advances in primary carcinomas of salivary glands. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
6) Describe cystic lesions of jaw. (Oct. 2014)
7) Discuss the pathology of paraganglioma. (April/May, 2009)
1) Discuss the recent advances in colorectal carcinogenesis. (Aug. 2020)

2) Myopathies of GIT. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Discuss the features of lynch syndrome. (Oct. 2018)
4) Colorectal carcinogenesis. (April, 2018)
5) PEComas of gastrointestinal tract. (April, 2018)
6) Serrated lesions of colon. (Dec. 2017)
7) Role of HER2/neu in gastric carcinoma. (Dec. 2017)
8) Discuss multistep carcinogenesis in colon cancer. (May, 2017)
9) Polyps of colon and rectum with emphasis on serrated lesions. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
10) Write an update of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. (Oct. 2015)
11) New concepts in the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. (April, 2015)
12) Mucosal pathology of the gastric cardia and Barrett esophagus. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
13) Recent trends in various types of colitis. (Oct. 2014)
14) New concepts in the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
15) Pathology of APUD cell system. (Nov. 2009)
16) Discuss the recent advances in pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma and role of
laboratory in early diagnosis. (Nov. 2006)
17) Dysplasia in the lower gastrointestinal tract. (May/June, 2006)
18) Discuss the current concepts in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. (April/May, 2005)
19) Discuss inflammatory bowel disease. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
20) Diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
21) Myopathies of gastrointestinal tract. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
22) Genetic alterations in colon tumorigenesis. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
23) Discuss recent advances in the etiopathology of inflammatory bowel diseases.
(March, 2003)
24) Primary gastric lymphomas. (May, 2000)
25) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). (June, 1999)
26) Angiodysplasia of colon. (Feb. 1998)
27) Write in detail about malignant lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
(Sep. 1997)
28) Discuss interpretation of intestinal mucosal biopsy. (April, 1996)
The Liver
1) Hepatic capillariasis. (Nov. 2020)

2) Pathology of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. (Nov. 2020)
3) Modified Hepatocyte Activity Index (HAI) scoring of chronic hepatitis. (Int.Exam:
Dec. 2019)
4) Pathology and pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Oct. 2019)
5) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
6) Recent developments in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (May, 2017)
7) Write about the pathology of regenerative and neoplastic hepatocellular nodules.
8) Pathology of regenerative hepatic nodules. (Nov. 2016)
9) Current concepts in the pathology of chronic hepatitis. (May, 2016)
10) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (Oct. 2015)
11) Current concepts in the pathology of chronic hepatitis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
12) Write about the pathology of regenerative and neoplastic hepatocellular nodules.
13) Discuss the current concepts in pathology of chronic hepatitis. (April, 2013)
14) Discuss nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (April, 2011)
15) Liver diseases in infancy and childhood. (April, 2010)
16) Hemochromatosis. (Nov. 2009)
17) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of fulminant hepatitis. (April/May, 2009)
18) Discuss transfusion associated hepatitis. (Nov. 2008)
19) Modified H.A.I (Histological Activity Index) scoring of chronic hepatitis.
(March/April, 2004)
20) Discuss the pathology and pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. (May, 2000)
21) Discuss the recent concepts about alcoholic liver disease. (Feb. 1998)
22) Alcohol related liver injury. (April, 1996)
The Biliary Tract
1) Classify gall stones with their characteristics. Discuss the current concepts in the
formation of gallstones. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
formation of gall stones. (Nov. 2008)
formation of gall stones. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
4) Bile duct anomalies. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
61
8. Pancreas
1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of pancreatic carcinoma. (April/May,

2009)
2) Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. (Sep. 1997)
9. Kidney
1) Discuss the recently described renal tumors. (Aug. 2020)

2) Recent advances in classification of kidney cancer. (Oct. 2019)
3) Discuss podocytopathies. (April, 2018)
4) Translocation renal cell tumors. (Nov. 2016)
5) Light chain immunofluorescence in various nephropathies. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
6) Write about the recent advances in renal cell carcinoma. (Oct. 2012)
7) Discuss hereditary glomerular disease. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
8) Discuss the recent concepts in transplant related pathology of kidney. (April/May,
2009)
9) Describe the etiopathogenesis and pathology of renal stones. (June, 2008)
10) Newer classification of renal neoplasms. (Nov. 2006)
11) New classification of renal neoplasms. (May/June, 2006)
12) Classify cystic renal diseases. Discuss the current concepts in the pathogenesis of
polycystic kidney disease. (April/May, 2005)
13) Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical laboratory abnormalities associated with
chronic renal failure. (April/May, 2005)
14) Renal cell carcinoma – Variants. (April/May, 2005)
15) Discuss the current classification, pathogenesis and pathology of renal cell carcinoma.
(Sep/Oct. 2004)
16) Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. (May, 2000)
17) Renal tumors of childhood. (Sep. 1997)
18) Urolithiasis. (April, 1996)
Urinary Bladder
1) Recent advances in pathology of urothelial neoplasms. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)

2) Write about the recent advances in pathology of urothelial neoplasms. (April, 2013)
3) Nitric oxide pathways in human bladder cancer. (March/April, 2004)
Testis and Epididymis
1) Discuss the pathology of paratesticular tumors. (June, 2008)

2) Leydig cell agenesis. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
3) Leydig cell agenesis. (March/April, 2004)
Prostate
1) Prognostic molecular biomarkers of prostatic carcinoma. (April, 2019)

2) Discuss about the role of IHC in problematic prostate biopsy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
3) Discuss molecular genetic changes in prostate carcinoma. (April, 2011)
4) Describe the problems in prostatic needle biopsy interpretation. (May/June, 2007)
5) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of cancer of the prostate. Write briefly on recent
advances in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
6) Discuss in detail about premalignant lesions of prostate. (March/April, 2004)
1) Discuss the pathology of placenta in perinatal death. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma endometrium. (Nov. 2020)
3) Recent advances in borderline ovarian tumors. (April, 2019)
4) Discuss the value of placental examination in perinatal death. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
5) Define, classify and signify the metaplasia of female genital tract. (April, 2014)
6) Discuss in detail the recent trends in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and grading
of malignant ovarian tumors. (Int. Exam: Dec. 2013)
7) Comment on vaccine development in carcinoma cervix. (April, 2012)
8) Write about recent advances in endometrial pathology. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
9) Discuss human papilloma virus infection and its association with carcinoma cervix.
(April, 2011)
10) Discuss genomics of trophoblastic tumors. (April, 2011)
11) Recent advances in endocervical pathology. (Nov. 2009)
12) New advances in endometrial carcinoma. (May/June, 2007)
13) Application of image analysis in CIN. (May/June, 2007)
14) Define, classify and signify the metaplasia of female genital tract. (May/June, 2007)
15) Placental site trophoblastic tumors. (Nov. 2006)
16) Endometrial mesenchymal metaplasia. (May/June, 2006)
17) Discuss the recent advances in endometrial pathology. (May/June, 2006)
18) Advances in endometrial pathology. (March/April, 2004)
19) Drug induced changes in female genital tract. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
20) Chorionic villous biopsy. (June, 1999)
21) Discuss in detail the classification of uterine tumors. (Sep. 1996)
12. Breast
1) Predictive and prognostic molecular markers in breast cancer. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
2) Triple negative breast cancer. (Oct. 2019)
3) Predictive and prognostic molecular markers in breast cancer. (Nov. 2016)
4) Predictive and prognostic molecular markers in breast cancer. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
5) Comment on BRCA-1 and its role in breast cancer. (Oct. 2013)
6) Discuss in detail premalignant lesions of breast. (April/May, 2009)
7) Discuss the recent concepts in premalignant lesions of breast. (June, 2008)
8) Risk assessment in breast cancer. (Nov. 2006)
9) Discuss in detail male breast diseases. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
10) Breast implants. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
63
11) Discuss in detail male breast diseases. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
1) Pathology, diagnosis and therapeutic implications of tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

(Oct. 2014)
2) Pinealomas. (Oct. 2014)
3) Describe the pathology, behavior and molecular aspects of recently described thyroid
neoplasms. (April, 2014)
4) Compare and contrast disorders of sexual development. (April, 2014)
5) What are the recent advances in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. (Oct. 2012)
6) Discuss recent criteria for the diagnosis of follicular carcinoma thyroid and related
conditions. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
7) Discuss the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. (April/May, 2009)
8) Discuss the criteria for diagnosis of follicular thyroid neoplasms and related
conditions. (Nov. 2008)
9) Describe the etiopathogenesis and recent concepts in papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
(June, 2008)
10) Criteria for malignancy in endocrine tumors. (May/June, 2007)
11) Discuss the current mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications. Briefly describe
renal pathology due to diabetic complications. (April/May, 2005)
12) Discuss the current classification, revised diagnostic criteria and pathogenesis of
diabetes mellitus. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
13) Discuss the abnormalities of sexual development and their complications. (Sep/Oct.
2002)
14) Recently described variants of papillary carcinoma thyroid. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
15) Discuss the pathology of intersex syndromes. (Aug. 1998)
16) Discuss the immunopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. (Aug. 1998)
17) MEN syndromes. (Sep. 1997)
14. Skin
1) CD 30 positive cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorders. (Dec. 2017)

2) Indications and interpretation of immunofluorescence in bullous disorders of skin.
(May, 2017)
3) Indications and interpretation of immunofluorescence in bullous disorders of skin.
(Oct. 2015)
4) Discuss classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases.
(Oct/Nov. 2010)
5) Vesiculobullous lesions of skin. (April, 2010)
6) Classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. (Nov. 2009)
7) Discuss the value of immunofluorescence in skin disorders. (June, 2008)
8) Immunofluorescence in skin lesions. (May/June, 2007)
9) Discuss the various skin manifestations due to internal disease. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
10) New approaches to the biology of melanoma. (March/April, 2004)
11) Discuss importance of immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of skin disorders.
(Sep/Oct. 2002)
12) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and prognostic factors in the diagnosis of malignant
melanoma. (Jan. 1999)
1) Soft tissue amyloidoma. (Nov. 2020)

2) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of childhood. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
3) Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. (Oct. 2019)
4) Discuss the current concepts on pleomorphic sarcomas. (Nov. 2016)
5) New concepts in degenerative joint disorders. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
6) Discuss pitfalls in diagnosis of pediatric soft tissue tumors. (Oct. 2015)
7) Describe pathophysiology and complications of Paget disease of bone. (Oct. 2014)
8) Describe the role of special stains and immunocytochemistry in soft tissue neoplasms.
(April, 2014)
9) Osteonecrosis. (April, 2014)
10) Discuss pathology of osteoporosis. (April, 2011)
11) Pediatric soft tissue tumors. (Nov. 2009)
12) Discuss the pathology of nonneoplastic lesions of synovial membrane joints.
(April/May, 2009)
13) Discuss myofibroblastic proliferations mimicking soft tissue sarcoma. (Nov. 2008)
14) Discuss fibrous tumors of infants and childhood. (June, 2008)
15) Significance of AGNOR score in benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. (Nov.
2006)
16) Describe in detail the role of immunohistochemistry in soft tissue tumors. (April/May,
2005)
17) Bone matrix proteins. (Sep/Oct. 2004)
18) Bone matrix proteins. (March, 2003)
19) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. Add a note on
molecular diagnostic methods in its diagnosis. (June, 1999)
20) Classify soft tissue tumors. Discuss the ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and
genetic aspects of soft tissue tumors. (June, 1999)
21) Primitive neuroectodermal tumor. (Feb. 1998)
16. Peripheral Nerves and Skeletal Muscles
1) Mitochondrial myopathies. (April, 2019)

2) Discuss the recent concepts in pathology of skeletal muscle tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec.
2018)
3) Diagnostic tests in congenital myopathies. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
4) Describe myopathies associated with inborn errors of metabolism. (Oct. 2014)
5) Dystrophin. (May/June, 2007)
6) Diagnostic tests in congenital myopathies. (April/May, 2005)
7) Peripheral nerve biopsy. (Aug. 1998)
8) Discuss the recent advances in muscular dystrophies and myopathies. (Feb. 1998)
9) Muscle biopsy. (Sep. 1996)
65
1) Discuss the newer entities in the latest WHO classification of CNS tumors. (Aug.
2020)
2) Discuss the changes in the 2016 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous
system. (Oct. 2018)
3) Aggressive variants of meningioma. (Nov. 2016)
4) Discuss tuberous sclerosis. (April, 2011)
5) Leukodystrophies. (Nov. 2009)
6) Classify brain tumors. Discuss the pathology of meningioma. (Nov. 2008)
7) Pathogenesis of dementias and implications for therapy. (Nov. 2006)
8) Classify neurodegenerative diseases. Add a note on Alzheimer disease. (March/April,
2004)
18. Eye
1) Discuss recent advances in intraocular tumors. (Nov. 2008)

2) Discuss pathology of diabetic retinopathy. (June, 2008)
3) Pseudotumors of orbit. (March/April, 2004)
4) Corneal transplantation. (Jan. 1999)
Miscellaneous
1) Discuss the BRAF-mutated tumors. (Aug. 2020)

2) Molecular pathology of small round cell tumors. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
3) Discuss molecular pathology of small round cell tumors. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
4) Neuroendocrine tumors. (May/June, 2007)
5) Small round cell tumors. (April/May, 2005)
6) Molecular pathology of small round cell tumors. (May, 2000)
Cytology
1) Pleural fluid cytology and deaminase level in diagnosis. (Nov. 2020)

2) Discuss the role of automation in cytology. (Aug. 2020)
3) Liquid based cytology for cervical screening. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
4) Liquid based cytology in cervical screening. (Oct. 2018)
5) Biliary tract cytology. (April, 2018)
6) Liquid based cytology. (May, 2017)
7) Automation in urine cytology. (May, 2016)
8) Liquid based cytology. (Oct. 2015)
9) Liquid based cytology for cervical screening. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
10) Describe modern technical advances in laboratory diagnostic cytology. (April, 2014)
11) Write about quality assurance in cytopathology. (April, 2013)
12) Liquid based cytology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
13) Discuss the importance of breast FNAC. (March, 2003)
Clinical Pathology and Chemical Pathology
1) Discuss about automation in urine analysis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) Recent advances in male infertility. (Oct. 2019)
3) Discuss how you will investigate a case of albuminuria. What tests you would suggest
to rule out renal causes. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
4) Discuss automation in urine analysis. (Oct. 2018)
5) Biomedical waste management. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
6) Discuss how you will investigate a case of albuminuria. What tests you would suggest
to rule out renal causes. (Nov. 2008)
7) Discuss the mechanisms of blood lipid regulation and write about assessment of blood
lipid abnormalities. (June, 2008)
8) Diagnostic tests in infertility. (May/June, 2007)
9) Disposal of lab waste. (April/May, 2005)
10) Hemoglobinuria. (Sep. 1996)
11) What are the recently used kidney function tests. (April, 1996)
67
Hematology
1. Red Blood Cells
1) Hemoglobin Agenogi. (Nov. 2020)

2) Hemoparasites and recent diagnostic modalities. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
3) Discuss the newer techniques in the diagnosis of malaria. (Oct. 2018)
4) Thalassemia intermedia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
5) Automation in diagnosis of malaria. (Oct. 2015)
6) Thalassemia intermedia. (April, 2015)
7) Unstable hemoglobins. (April, 2015)
8) Molecular basis of thalassemia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
9) Molecular basis of thalassemia. (April, 2010)
10) Hemoparasites and recent diagnostic modalities. (April, 2010)
11) Describe the role of fetal hemoglobin in health and disease. (May/June, 2007)
12) Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis using pharmacological agents.
(March/April, 2004)
2. White Blood Cells
1) Discuss the current concepts in Hodgkin lymphoma. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) Discuss about the posttransplant lymphoproliferative lesions. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
3) Mixed phenotypic acute leukemias. (Nov. 2020)
4) Immunodeficiency lymphoproliferative disorders in transplant settings. (Nov. 2020)
5) CD 20 expression in DLBCL at diagnosis and in relapse. (Nov. 2020)
6) Minimal residual disease in leukemia. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)
7) Preneoplastic lymphoid lesions and clinical mimics of lymphoma. (Oct. 2019)
8) Leukocyte function tests. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
9) Discuss the differential diagnosis of follicular/nodular patterned nodal lymphomas.
(Oct. 2018)
10) Revised WHO 2016 classification for chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
11) Current concepts in Hodgkin lymphoma. (Dec. 2017)
12) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative lesions. (May, 2017)
13) Discuss grey zone lymphoma. (Nov. 2016)
14) Hematologic complications of HIV infection. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
15) Diagnostic dilemmas in lymphoproliferative disorders. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
16) Discuss cytogenetics in hematological neoplasms. (Oct. 2013)
17) Discuss the current concepts on Hodgkin lymphoma. (April, 2013)
18) Write about the recent advances on plasma cell dyscrasias. (April, 2013)
19) Write about the recent advances in classification of acute leukemias. (Oct. 2012)
20) Discuss prognostic markers of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
21) Immunophenotyping of leukemias. (May/June, 2007)
22) Describe the role of immunity in Hodgkin disease. (May/June, 2007)
23) Prognostic factors in myeloma. (May/June, 2006)
24) Immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
25) Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
26) Unusual types of lymphomas. (Sep/Oct. 2002)

27) Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (May, 2000)
28) Discuss the clinopathological correlation in the recent classification of lymphomas
and leukemias. (Sep. 1996)
3. Hemostasis
1) Laboratory diagnosis of acquired inhibitors of coagulation. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)

2) Relevance of newer platelet indices available on automated hematology analysers.
(April, 2015)
3) PFA-100 analyser: Uses and limitations. (April, 2015)
4) Discuss platelet antibodies. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
5) Protein C and its relevance. (April, 1996)
4. Bone Marrow
1) Bone marrow failure syndromes. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)

2) Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
3) Role of autologous stem cell transplantation in hematological malignancies. (May,
2016)
4) IHC on marrow trephine biopsy and its diagnostic utility. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
5) Role of autologous stem cell transplantation in hematological malignancies.
6) Bone marrow transplantation. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
7) Describe the advances in bone marrow pathology. (Oct. 2012)
8) Discuss recent advances in bone marrow pathology. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
9) Discuss about autologous blood stem cell transplantation. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
10) Bone marrow transplantation. (April, 2010)
11) Describe the advances in bone marrow pathology. (May/June, 2007)
Miscellaneous
1) Discuss the newer applications of flow cytometry in hematologic malignancies. (Aug.

2020)
2) Automation in hematology. (Oct. 2019)
3) Automation in hematology. (April, 2018)
4) Gel technology in immunohematology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
5) Describe instrumental flagging in blood cell counters. (Oct. 2012)
6) Write about the clinical applications of flow cytometry. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
7) Flow cytometry and its applications. (March, 2003)
8) Automated cell counters. (Aug. 1998)
69
1) What are the various types of blood components and component modifications? List
out the transfusion recommendations for packed red blood and platelet concentrates,
in adults. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)
2) Transfusion reactions. (April, 2019)
3) Write about blood substitutes. (Oct. 2012)
4) Transfusion medicine audit. (May/June, 2006)
5) Clinical uses of hemopoietic growth factors. (May/June, 2006)
6) Clinical uses of hemopoietic growth factors. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
Laboratory Practice
1. Surgical Pathology
1) Discuss the basic concepts of digital pathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) Clinical applications of image analysis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
3) Discuss quality assurance in the histopathology laboratory. (Oct. 2018)
4) Outline the basic concepts of digital pathology. (Oct. 2018)
5) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of carcinoma of unknown
primary. (Dec. 2017)
6) Role of microwave in histopathology. (Dec. 2017)
7) Quality in surgical pathology communication and reporting. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
8) Antigen retrieval in histopathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
9) Minimally invasive autopsy. (May, 2017)
10) Telepathology. (May, 2017)
11) Cytokeratin immunostaining profiles in diagnostic pathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
12) Comment on quality control in immunohistochemistry. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
13) Maternal death autopsy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
14) Automation in histopathology. (Nov. 2016)
15) Quality in surgical pathology communication and reporting. (Oct. 2015)
16) Antigen retrieval in histopathology. (April, 2015)
17) Write about medical revalidation for histopathologists. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
18) Describe the principle, applications and scope of telepathology. (April, 2014)
19) Role of microwave in histopathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2013)
20) Describe the papnet system. (Oct. 2013)
21) Non-invasive autopsy. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
22) Recent photography in histopathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)
23) Describe the role of microwave in histopathology. (Oct. 2012)
24) Comment on quality control in immunohistochemistry. (April, 2012)
25) Discuss telepathology. (April, 2012)
26) Write about technical advances in histopathology. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
27) Discuss about audits, quality assurance and quality control in histopathology.
(Oct/Nov. 2011)
28) Artificial neural networks in diagnostic pathology. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
29) Discuss error trapping and error avoidance in histopathology. (April, 2011)
30) Discuss microwave tissue processing. (Oct/Nov. 2010)

31) Discuss utility of digital photography in histopathology. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
32) Clinical applications of image analysis. (Nov. 2009)
33) Discuss the recent dimensions of telepathology. (April/May, 2009)
34) Describe the cytokeratin immunostaining profiles in diagnostic pathology. (May/June,
2007)
35) Describe the principle, applications and scope of telepathology. (May/June, 2007)
36) Mucin histochemistry. (Nov. 2006)
37) Autopsy in AIDS patients. (Nov. 2006)
38) Internet resources in histopathology. (Nov. 2006)
39) Histopathologist and the law. (Nov. 2006)
40) Ethical aspects of histopathology. (May/June, 2006)
41) Concept and scope of telepathology. (May/June, 2006)
42) Discuss the cytokeratin immunostaining profiles in diagnostic pathology. (May/June,
2006)
43) Autopsy in fatal anaphylaxis. (March/April, 2004)
44) Clinical utility of telepathology. (March/April, 2004)
45) Internet resources in histopathology. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
46) Confocal microscopy. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
47) Artificial neural networks in diagnostic pathology. (Sep/Oct. 2003)
48) Role of microwave technology in histopathology. (Sep/Oct. 2002)
49) Antigen retrieval methods. (June, 1999)
50) Image analysis and its applications. (Jan. 1999)
51) Staining for dividing cells. (April, 1996)
2. Molecular Pathology
1) Describe in detail about tissue microarray. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2020)

2) CGH assay in disease. (Nov. 2020)
3) Discuss the types and applications of PCR. (Aug. 2020)
4) Applications of RT-PCR. (Oct. 2019)
5) RNA analysis. (April, 2019)
6) Gene silencing. (April, 2018)
7) Role of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2017)
8) Tissue microarray. (Dec. 2017)
9) Gene silencing. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2016)
10) In situ hybridization and its application in pathology. (May, 2016)
11) Write in brief principle and applications of RT – PCR (Reverse Transcription PCR).
(Oct. 2015)
12) Role of nanotechnology in diagnostic pathology. (Oct. 2015)
13) Gene silencing. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
14) Discuss nanotechnology. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2014)
15) Discuss utility of fluorescent probes in pathology. (Oct. 2013)
16) Discuss principle, lab methods and interpretation of DNA fingerprinting. (Oct. 2013)
17) What is the role of proteomics in diagnosis of various diseases. (Oct. 2013)
18) Describe the role of recombinant DNA technology in pathology. (April, 2013)
19) Write about RNA in situ hybridization. (Oct. 2012)
20) Discuss the role of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in pathology. (April,
2012)
71
21) Discuss nanotechnology. (April, 2012)

22) Discuss principle and applications of chemiluminescence. (April, 2012)
23) Write about tissue arrays construction and their applications. (Oct/Nov. 2011)
24) Discuss DNA ploidy analysis. (Oct/Nov. 2010)
25) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. (April, 2010)
26) Gene therapy. (April, 2010)
27) Discuss molecular cytogenetics in modern pathology. (April/May, 2009)
28) In situ hybridization. (Nov. 2006)
29) What is gene therapy and discuss the general principles and its applications and
approach to gene therapy. (Nov. 2006)
30) Role of TMA (tissue microarray) in pathology research. (May/June, 2006)
31) Applications of high-density tissue microarrays (TMAs) in pathology. (May/June,
2006)
32) What is gene therapy? Discuss the general principles and approach to gene therapy.
(April/May, 2005)
33) Polymerase chain reaction. (April/May, 2005)
34) Applications of in situ hybridization (ISH). (June, 1999)
35) Polymerase chain reaction. (Jan. 1999)
36) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). (Jan. 1999)
37) Immunoblotting. (Sep. 1996)
Miscellaneous
1) Recent advances in pathology related to clinical medicine. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2018)
2) Discuss the role of the pathologist in the era of targeted therapy. (Oct. 2018)
3) Pathology teaching in UG curriculum. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2015)
4) Describe new diagnostic techniques in pathology. (Oct. 2013)
KNRUHS, Telangana
Internal Assessment Examination: June, 2018
Paper I (General Pathology)
1) Cytoskeleton and cell to cell interactions.

2) Necroptosis.
3) Cells and mediators of chronic inflammation.
4) Diseases caused by trinucleotide repeat mutations.
5) Next generation sequencing.
6) Primary immunodeficiency diseases.
7) Role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in neoplasia.
8) Telepathology.
9) Sudden infant death syndrome.
10) Describe any three inborn errors of metabolism.
Paper III (Hematology, Clinical Pathology, Cytology & Chemical

Pathology)
1) Role of FNAC in small round cell tumors.

2) Paris system of reporting urine cytology.
3) Congenital dyserythropoietic anemias.
4) Cytochemistry of acute leukemias.
5) Outline the plan of laboratory investigations in coma.
6) Glycosylated hemoglobin.
7) Etiopathology and laboratory diagnosis of chronic renal failure.
8) Discuss synovial fluid analysis.
9) Internal quality control methods in clinical laboratory.
10) Qualitative defects of neutrophils.
Internal Assessment Examination: Dec. 2018
Paper II (Special Pathology)
1) Discuss vascular neoplasms.

2) Discuss chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
3) Discuss cardiomyopathies.
4) Prognostic factors in breast cancer.
5) Premalignant lesions of large intestine.
6) Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia.
7) Adnexal tumors of skin.
8) Non alcoholic steatohepatitis.
9) Benign regenerating hepatic nodules.
10) H.pylori and its association with gastric lesions.
73
Paper IV (Recent Advances in Pathology Related to Clinical Medicine)
1) Describe the role of recombinant DNA technology in pathology.

2) Describe the immunologic basis of organ transplantation.
3) Discuss the current concepts in pathology of chronic hepatitis.
4) Write about the recent advances in pathology of urothelial neoplasms.
5) Discuss the current concepts on Hodgkin lymphoma.
6) Write about cancer vaccines.
7) Write about the recent advances on plasma cell dyscrasias.
8) Write about quality assurance in cytopathology.
9) Discuss recent advances in atherogenesis.
10) Write about genomic imprinting.
April, 2019
1) Discuss the role of stem cells in tissue homeostasis.

2) Describe the mechanisms of ischemia reperfusion injury.
3) Discuss the various cytokines involved in inflammation.
4) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of thrombosis with reference to hypercoagulable states
and its complications.
5) Discuss gene sequencing techniques and their clinical applications.
6) Discuss the mechanism of autoimmune disease. Describe the morphological changes
in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
7) Discuss the role of matrix metalloproteinases in neoplastic progression.
8) Discuss the mechanisms of infections in immunodeficiency states.
9) Mention the categories of bioterrorism agents and their effects.
10) Discuss the role of DNA probes in molecular genetic diagnoses.
1) Discuss pathogenesis and morphology of ameloblastoma.

2) Discuss etiopathogenesis and morphology of emphysema.
3) Discuss dating of endometrium.
4) Discuss mesothelioma.
5) Discuss nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
6) Discuss etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
7) Discuss hereditary nephritis.
8) Discuss histogenesis of testicular tumors.
9) Discuss metastatic ovarian tumors.
10) Discuss Conn syndrome.

Pathology)
1) Flow cytometry in hematological malignancies.

2) Semen analysis in male infertility.
3) Importance of calibration, verification in a clinical laboratory.
4) Role of urine examination in case of jaundice.
5) Discuss indications and procedures in interpretation of bone marrow biopsy.
6) Platelet function tests.
7) Role of cytochemistry in haematology.
8) Preparation and uses of cell block technique.
9) Autologous blood transfusion.
10) Automation in clinical pathology.
1) Molecular basis of rhabdomyosarcoma.

2) Pathogenesis of obesity.
3) Pathology of acute lung injury.
4) Approach to diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome.
5) Recent trends in pathogenesis of coronary heart disease.
6) Biospecimen banking.
7) Flow cytometry in hematology.
8) Role of ancillary techniques in diagnosis of hydatidiform mole.
9) ANCA associated renal diseases.
10) Recent advances in cutaneous lymphoma.
Internal Assessment Examination: June, 2019
1) Etiopathogenesis of shock and its complications with reference to DIC.

2) Cytoskeleton abnormalities.
3) Write about thromboembolic phenomenon.
4) Microvascular density in neoplasia.
5) Mechanisms of autoimmune diseases.
6) Discuss adhesion molecules and its role in inflammation.
7) Write role of endothelial cells in health and disease.
8) Ultrastructure of platelet adhesion qualitative and quantitative disorders of platelets.
9) Sudden infant death syndrome.
10) Write about genomic imprinting.
75

Pathology)
1) Automation in hematology.
2) Cord blood stem cell banking.
3) Write about antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
4) Discuss MGUS.
5) RBC substitutes.
6) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
7) Write about pathology of osteoarthritis.
8) Pancytopenia.
9) Write about prognostic factors of CLL.
10) Investigate a case of mucosal bleeding.
October, 2019
1) Mechanisms involved in tumor invasion and metastasis.

2) Mechanisms of renal edema.
3) Pathogenesis of beta fibrillosis.
4) Write briefly on free radicles and cell injury.
5) Classify antioncogenes. Write briefly on their role in oncogenesis.
6) Discuss pigments in histopathology.
7) Discuss briefly on cell aging.
8) Defects in leukocyte function in inflammation.
9) Role of myofibroblasts in health and disease.
10) Disorders due to sex chromosomes.
1) Discuss briefly on vasculitis syndromes.

2) Discuss etiology, pathogenesis and pathology of cardiomyopathy.
3) Discuss the pathology of major malabsorption syndromes.
4) Jaundice in pediatric age group.
5) Epithelial urinary bladder tumors.
6) Recent diagnostic and prognostic indices in endometrial carcinoma.
7) Prognostic markers in prostatic carcinoma.
8) Discuss classification of carcinoma of breast and discuss how prognosis is related to
histologic type.
9) Peripheral neuroectodermal tumors.
10) Discuss pathogenesis and pathology of alcoholic liver disease.

Pathology)
1) Discuss bone marrow failure syndromes.

2) Discuss platelet aggregation studies.
3) Discuss cytogenetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
4) Discuss molecular markers of vascular endothelial damage.
5) Discuss imprint cytology and its role in diagnosis.
6) Discuss automation in blood bank.
7) Discuss zeta sedimentation ratio.
8) Discuss diagnostic approach in a case of pancytopenia.
9) Discuss antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
10) Discuss crystals found in acidic and alkaline urine.
1) Quality control in surgical pathology laboratory.

2) Describe the serological tests available for the diagnosis of various malignancies.
3) Recent concepts in Hodgkin lymphoma.
4) Discuss briefly on pathology of prostatic material and devices.
5) Role of Her2/Neu in neoplasia.
6) Discuss the pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of childhood.
7) Recent advances of multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.
8) Describe value of imaging and molecular techniques in diagnosis of neoplasia.
9) Discuss recent concepts of carcinogenesis and role of oncogenes.
10) Recent advances in pathology of epithelial tumors of ovary.
Internal Assessment Examination: Dec. 2019
1) Discuss the podocytopathies and illustrate the morphological features.

2) Endometrial epithelial metaplasia.
3) Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.
4) Columnar cell lesions of breast.
5) Histopathology of cardiomyopathies.
6) Premalignant lesions of skin.
7) D/D of giant cell lesions of bone.
8) HIV associated TB.
9) Principles and applications of chemiluminescence assay.
10) Budd-Chiari syndrome.
77
1) Role of HER2/Neu in neoplasia.

2) Telepathology.
3) Molecular profiling of tumors.
4) Automation in urine cytology.
5) Recent concepts in cancer invasion and metastasis.
6) Targeted therapy in malignancy.
7) New concepts in MALT lymphoma diagnosis.
8) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
9) Tumor immunology.
10) Osteonecrosis.
JULY 2020
1) Discuss features and significance of major growth factors.

2) Discuss mechanisms of cell injury by ionising radiation.
3) Discuss oxygen dependant pathway of killing during inflammation.
4) Discuss Major Histocompatibility Complex.
5) Discuss pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation.
6) Discuss tumor suppressor genes and associated human tumors.
7) Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA techniques.
8) Discuss common panel of immune histochemical stains for tumors of uncertain
origin.
9) Discuss dengue hemorrhagic fever and its diagnosis.
10) Discuss molecular prognostic markers.
1) Discuss uterine sarcomas.

2) Discuss the differential diagnosis of giant cell rich lesions.
3) Discuss hepatitis causing viruses.
4) Classify aneurysms. Discuss pathogenesis and complications of atherosclerotic
aneurysms.
5) Discuss congenital megacolon.
6) Classify breast tumors. Discuss genetic risk factors in breast cancers.
7) Discuss role of immunofluorescence in renal diseases.
8) Discuss postmenopausal hyperestrogenism.
9) Classify and discus thyroid adenomas.
10) Discuss muscle biopsy evaluation in neuromuscular disorders.

Pathology)
1) Discuss disposal of biomedical solid waste.

2) Describe the role of bronchial brushings, and bronchial washings in diagnosis of
pulmonary diseases.
3) Serological assays and urine assays for monoclonal gammopathies.
4) Laboratory diagnosis of a case suspected to be suffering from albuminuria.
5) What is leucoerythroblastic reaction? Discuss various causes producing it.
6) Prognostic significance of karyotyping in hematological malignancies.
7) Describe in detail the standard protocol and requirement in establishing modern blood
bank.
8) Laboratory diagnostic tests for differential diagnosis of microcytic hypochromic
anemia.
9) Classify and discuss the pathogenesis and pathological findings in immune
thrombocytopenia.
10) Define quality control and quality assurance. Discuss internal and external quality
control programs with specific reference to hematology.
1) Discuss recent advances in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

2) Discuss the role of matrix metalloproteinases in wound healing.
3) Discuss non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
4) Discuss value of immunofluorescence in skin disorders.
5) Discuss recent advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
6) Discuss pathogenesis and morphology of Kaposi sarcoma.
7) Discuss automation in histopathology.
8) Discuss metastatic bone tumors.
9) Discuss antigen retrieval in histopathology.
10) Discuss safety precautions in a laboratory.
October, 2020
1) Discuss briefly metalloproteinases in health and disease.

2) Discuss briefly on biochemical features and mechanisms of apoptosis.
3) Discuss briefly on pathogenesis of cancer cachexia syndrome.
4) Role of macrophages in health and disease.
5) Discuss briefly on graft versus host disease.
6) Discuss briefly on genomic imprinting.
7) Discuss briefly on role of leptin in obesity.
8) Discuss briefly on mechanisms of angiogenesis.
9) Pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury.
10) Mechanisms of cell death in case of ionizing radiation.
79
1) Classify nervous system tumors. Discuss non traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.

2) Discuss common chromosomal abnormalities in soft tissue tumors.
3) Discuss pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
4) Discuss the revised criteria for diagnosis of diabetes and the diagnosis significance of
HbA1C.
5) Discuss adrenoleukodystrophy.
6) Discuss the various pseudosarcomatous lesions of soft tissue.
7) Classify and discuss cystic diseases of kidney.
8) Discuss non cirrhotic portal fibrosis.
9) Discuss differential diagnosis of white lesions in the oral mucosa.
10) Discuss malignant mesothelioma.

Pathology)
1) Discuss the principle and uses of automated cell counters.
2) Discuss the role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis and classification of acute
leukemias.
3) Classify hemolytic anemias and discuss the laboratory tests for a diagnostic approach.
4) Enumerate the laboratory investigations for hemostasis and discuss in detail the tests
for secondary hemostasis.
5) Write in briefly about quality control measures in hematology laboratory.
6) Describe the role of cytology in diagnosis and therapy of breast lesions.
7) Discuss the utility of cytospin in clinical laboratory.
8) Discuss the Bethesda system of reporting of thyroid lesions.
9) Discuss various biosafety measures while working in laboratory with special
reference to HIV positive material and its disposal.
10) Discuss mismatched blood transfusion reactions and their preventive measures.
1) Discuss risk factors and prognostic indices of carcinoma breast.

2) Discuss the utility of immunofluorescence in skin disorders.
3) Discuss the differential diagnosis and immunohistochemistry findings in malignant
spindle cell tumors of soft tissue.
4) Write about peripheral nerve biopsy in peripheral neuropathies.
5) Discuss the role of frozen section in rapid diagnosis.
6) Discuss image analysis in pathology.
7) Discuss the utility of FISH in diagnostic pathology.
8) Mention the role of molecular pathology in targeted therapy.
9) Discuss newer concepts of rheumatoid arthritis.
10) Discuss automation in urine analysis.
Recent Advances in Histopathology (16 - 24)
Topics (Recent Advances No. – Page No.)
General Pathology
1) Tensins in health and disease. RA 23 – 169

2) Adult stem cells and transdifferentiation. RA 21 – 89
2. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury and

Death
1) The neuropathology of hypoxia. RA 20 – 129
2) Detection and significance of senescent cells in tissue. RA 18 – 173
3) Apoptosis. RA 17 – 1
1) Chemokines: An overview and their relation to chronic idiopathic inflammatory

bowel disease. RA 19 – 201
4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock
1) Pathogenesis and pathology of shock. RA 16 – 21
1) New technologies for detecting alterations in genes and gene expression. RA 19 – 181
2) Abnormalities of sexual development and their complications. RA 16 – 167
6. Diseases of the immune system

1) Antibody-mediated rejection of solid organ allografts. RA 23 – 1
7. Neoplasia
1) Genetic origins of human cancer. RA 24 – 29

2) Stratified medicine for cancer: The role of the histopathologist. RA 23 – 61
3) Cancer invasion and metastasis: The concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
RA 22 – 67
4) Matrix metalloproteinases in neoplastic progression: Where are we now. RA 22 – 81
5) Microsatellite instability and neoplasia. RA 20 – 167
6) Prognostic markers and mechanisms of metastasis. RA 17 – 15
7) Molecular genetics of cancer. RA 16 – 1
81
8. Infectious diseases
1) Molecular testing for human papilloma virus. RA 23 – 159

2) Bioterrorism. RA 22 – 199
3) Imported infectious diseases. RA 18 – 23
9. Environmental and Nutritional diseases
1) Pathology of obesity. RA 23 – 47
1) Sudden unexpected death in infancy. RA 22 – 167

2) Non-accidental injury in children. RA 19 – 67
3) Pediatric solid tumors. RA 17 – 191
4) Pathology of prematurity. RA 16 – 231
Systemic Pathology
1. Heart
1) Complications of heart and lung transplantation and of cardiac surgery. RA 16 – 95

2) The investigation of cardiac death. RA 16 – 123
2. White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen and Thymus
1) Advances in the diagnosis and classification of thymic epithelial tumors. RA 16 – 49

2) Unusual sites and types of lymphoma. RA 16 – 73
3. Lung
1) Pathology of acute lung injury. RA 24 – 1

2) Classification and treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma. RA 23 – 31
3) Asbestos-related neoplasia. RA 20 – 73
4) New WHO classification of lung tumors. RA 19 – 115
5) Pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders. RA 17 – 47
6) Endocrine pathology of the lung. RA 16 – 147
4. Head and Neck
1) Primary carcinomas of the salivary glands: Selected recent advances. RA 22 – 17

2) Tumors of odontogenic epithelium. RA 17 – 139
3) Salivary gland tumors. RA 17 – 167
1) Mucosal pathology of the gastric cardia and Barret esophagus. RA 23 – 73
2) Serrated lesions of colon and rectum. RA 23 – 103
3) An update on the pathology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. RA 23 – 117

4) Diagnosis and therapy of gastrointestinal MALT lymphoma. RA 23 – 135
5) Barrett esophagus for the practicing histopathologist. RA 22 – 45
6) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. RA 21 – 71
7) Diagnosis and molecular pathology of Hirschsprung disease. RA 19 – 51
8) Dysplasia in the lower gastrointestinal tract. RA 19 – 211
9) Colorectal carcinoma: Where are we now. RA 19 – 277
10) Myopathies of the gastrointestinal tract. RA 18 – 43
11) Surgical pathology of the intestines: The pelvic ileal reservoir and diversion
proctocolitis. RA 18 – 63
1) Pathology of regenerative and neoplastic hepatocellular nodules. RA 23 – 87

2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. RA 21 – 1
7. Kidney
1) New classification of renal neoplasms. RA 19 – 99
2) Interstitial nephritis. RA 17 – 219
1) The role of immunohistochemistry in the problematic prostate biopsy. RA 21 – 105

2) Premalignant lesions of the prostate. RA 18 – 147
1) Pathology of gestational trophoblastic disease. RA 24 – 89

2) Metaplasias in the female genital tract. RA 20 – 29
3) Advances in endometrial pathology. RA 19 – 17
4) Drug induced changes in the female genital tract. RA 18 – 89
5) Advances in gynecological pathology. RA 17 – 113
6) Pathology of death in pregnancy. RA 16 – 189
10. Breast
1) Molecular profiling of breast cancer. RA 24 – 13

2) Predictive and prognostic molecular markers in breast cancer. RA 21 – 31
3) Premalignant conditions in the breast. RA 19 – 35
4) Risk assessment in breast cancer. RA 17 – 69

1) Criteria for diagnosis of follicular thyroid neoplasms and related conditions.
RA 20 – 1
2) Disorders of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. RA 19 – 1
3) Criteria for malignancy in endocrine tumors. RA 17 – 93
4) Recently described tumors of the thyroid. RA 16 – 213
83
12. Skin
1) Cutaneous pseudolymphoma. RA 22 – 107

2) Classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases. RA 20 – 53
1) Molecular profiling of osteoarticular neoplasms. RA 24 – 41

2) Osteoarthritis: New concepts. RA 22 – 93
3) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of childhood. RA 22 – 145
4) Myofibroblastic proliferations mimicking soft tissue sarcoma. RA 19 – 83
1) Embryonal brain tumors in children. RA 24 – 101

2) New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. RA 18 – 1
Cytology
1) Liquid-based cytology for cervical screening. RA 22 – 127
2) Cytopathology of metastatic neoplasia. RA 18 – 109
Hematology
1) Recent advances in bone marrow pathology. RA 20 – 145
Laboratory Practice
1. Surgical Pathology
1) The role of the autopsy in the diagnosis of sepsis and related fatal syndromes.
RA 24 – 115
2) Post-mortem computed tomography and its application in autopsies. RA 24 – 57
3) The maternal death autopsy. RA 23 – 17
4) The non-invasive or minimally invasive autopsy. RA 22 – 181
5) Digital photography in histopathology. RA 21 – 51
6) Cytokeratin immunostaining profiles in diagnostic pathology. RA 20 – 17
7) Tissue arrays: Construction and applications. RA 20 – 89
8) Error trapping and error avoidance in histopathology. RA 20 – 103
9) The autopsy in fatal anaphylaxis. RA 19 – 145
10) A practical approach to the autopsy in dementia. RA 19 – 163
11) Artificial neural networks in diagnostic pathology. RA 18 – 197
12) Telepathology: Clinical utility and methodology. RA 18 – 217
13) Internet resources in histopathology. RA 18 – 241
14) Immunohistochemistry in histological diagnosis. RA 16 – 263
15) Audit, quality assurance and quality control in histopathology. RA 16 – 293
2. Clinical Pathology
1) Clinical applications of flow cytometry. RA 18 – 131
Miscellaneous
1) Review of postgraduate medical education in the UK. RA 24 – 75
2) Medical revalidation for histopathologists. RA 23 – 149
3) Pathology in the undergraduate curriculum. RA 22 – 1
4) Histopathology training in the UK: Present tense – Future perfect? RA 21 – 19
5) Ethical aspects of histopathology. RA 20 – 115
6) Accreditation and re-accreditation of the world’s pathologists. RA 19 – 131
7) The histopathologist and the law. RA 17 – 233
85
Recent Advances in Hematology (1-3)
Topics (Recent Advances No. – Page No.)
Hematology
1. Red Blood Cells
1) Fanconi anemia. RA 3 – 94
2) Thalassemia screening and control program. RA 3 – 167
3) Approach to polycythemia. RA 3 – 187
4) Aplastic anemia: Issues in management. RA 3 – 194
5) Iron therapy in children. RA 2 – 18
6) Molecular basis of thalassemia. RA 2 – 58
7) Pathophysiology and treatment of acquired aplastic anemia. RA 2 – 89
8) Diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. RA 2 – 221
9) Laboratory aspects in hemolytic anemias: An overview. RA 2 – 268
10) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Pathogenesis and molecular biology.
RA 1 – 135
11) Anemia in the newborn. RA 1 – 333
12) Thalassemia intermedia syndrome. RA 1 – 358
2. White Blood Cells
1) Autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. RA 3 – 19

2) Evidence-based management of fever in the neutropenic patient. RA 3 – 49
3) Pathobiology, prognostication and management of low-risk myelodysplastic
syndrome. RA 3 – 67
4) Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPDs). RA 3 – 99
5) Secondary leukemia. RA 3 – 211
6) Current pathogenesis and therapy in essential thrombocythemia. RA 3 – 226
7) Minimal residual disease detection in acute leukemia. RA 3 – 246
8) Hematological complications of HIV infection. RA 2 – 147
9) Acute myeloid leukemia in older patients: Management strategies. RA 2 – 255
10) Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in chronic myeloid leukemia. RA 2 – 313
11) Primary myelodysplastic syndrome in children: Clinical, hematological and
histomorphological prophile from a tertiary care center in India. RA 2 – 329
12) Management of chronic myeloid leukemia: Stem cell transplant versus chemotherapy.
RA 2 – 342
13) Management of AML. RA 1 – 112
14) Multiple myeloma: Some specific aspects. RA 1 – 195
15) Minimal residual disease (MRD) in leukemias. RA 1 – 219
16) Diagnostic dilemmas in lymphoproliferative disorders. RA 1 – 239
17) Cytogenetics of leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. RA 1 – 372
18) Adult ALL. RA 1 – 388
3. Hemostasis
1) The rare coagulation disorders. RA 3 – 1

2) Thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI): An important contributor in the
fibrinolytic system. RA 3 – 60
3) Antiphospholipid syndrome: Recent insights. RA 3 – 77
4) Aspirin resistance: Expectations and limitations. RA 3 – 110
5) Pathophysiology of bleeding in dengue virus infection: A holistic view. RA 3 – 178
6) Current management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. RA 3 – 238
7) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
RA 2 – 1
8) Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Current concepts of pathogenesis and
management. RA 2 – 73
9) Platelet function disorders – Revisited. RA 2 – 109
10) Monitoring the new antithrombotic drugs. RA 2 – 169
11) Approach to thrombophilia: Clinical and laboratory. RA 2 – 221
12) Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura. RA 2 – 363
13) An update on aniphospholipid syndrome. RA 2 – 381
14) Carrier detection in hemophilia A. RA 1 – 262
15) Genetic determinants of atherothrombotic disease. RA 1 – 275
16) Anticoagulation therapy. RA 1 – 289
17) Laboratory and clinical diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and its
therapeutic options. RA 1 – 303
18) Neonatal thrombosis. RA 1 – 321
4. Bone Marrow
1) Role of autologous stem cell transplantation in hematological malignancies. RA 3 –29

2) Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in hematologic disorders.
RA 3 – 141
3) Umbilical cord blood transplantation: Current status. RA 2 – 32
4) The use of non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) for the treatment of
malignant and non-malignant diseases. RA 2 – 131
5) Bone marrow trephine biopsy in clinical practice. RA 2 – 237
6) Stem cell transplantation. RA 1 – 22
7) Hematopoietic stem cells. RA 1 – 84
8) Inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. RA 1 – 147
9) Immunohistochemistry on marrow trephine biopsy. RA 1 – 249
Miscellaneous
1) Hemovigilance. RA 3 – 129
2) The battle of cancer is to be won by targeted therapy. RA 3 – 159
3) Quality assessment of automated electronic cell counters. RA 2 – 286
4) Flow cytometry in hematology. RA 2 – 297
5) Biological therapy of cancers. RA 1 – 93
87

1) Blood substitutes. RA 1 – 1
2) Apheresis. RA 1 – 56
3) Blood component therapy: In pediatric practice. RA 1 – 70
4) Prevention and control of HIV: Among blood products and IV drug abusers.
RA 1 –165
5) Transfusion medicine: Audit. RA 1 – 183

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Postgraduate Pathology Series

Dr. Shiva M.D.

Postgraduate Manual of Pathology

Designed for the postgraduates from Andhra

Dedicated to Dr. Ch. Kiran Kumar DM

NOT for sale

Dr. NTR UHS, Andhra Pradesh

Paper I : General Pathology, 5

Paper II : Special Pathology, 20

Paper III : Hematology, Clinical Pathology, Cytology and Chemical Pathology

Paper IV : Recent Advances in Pathology Related to Clinical Medicine

2018, 2019, 2020, 72

Not just pathology…To arrive at the diagnosis,

Dr. Shiva M.D.

1. The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease

1) Enumerate the abnormalities of cytoskeleton. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

45) Basement membrane. (Sep. 1996)

2. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults:

1) Oxygen radical injury and hyperoxia. (Nov. 2020)

3. Inflammation and Repair

1) Chronic cellular response in inflammation. (Nov. 2020)

6) Discuss the mediators of cellular events of acute inflammation. (Oct. 2018)

50) Chemokines and inflammation. (Sep/Oct. 2003)

1) Types of collagen in tissues. (Nov. 2020)

4. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic

40) Describe etiopathogenesis and mediators of septic shock. (April/May, 2009)

20) Discuss the inborn errors of metabolism. (Oct/Nov. 2011)

6. Diseases of the Immune System

1) Severe combined immunodeficiency. (Nov. 2020)

22) Discuss the pathogenesis of HIV infection. (May, 2017)

1) Precancerous lesions. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

26) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry in undifferentiated malignant tumors. (Oct.

1) Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. (Nov. 2020)

9. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases

1) Discuss the pathology of radiation induced injury. (Int.Exam: Nov. 2020)

4) Pros and cons of menopausal hormone therapy. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)

1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of obesity. (Oct. 2019)

10. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood

1) Pediatric renal tumors. (Int.Exam: June, 2017)

1) Somatic mutations in colorectal cancer. (Nov. 2020)

15) Pathology of myocarditis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2012)

3. White Blood Cells, Lymph Nodes, Spleen and

1) Discuss the features of Castleman disease. (Aug. 2020)

15) Discuss the pathology of NK cell lymphoma. (Oct. 2012)

18) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. (Oct. 2014)

5. Head and Neck

1) Write the histologic classification of odontogenic cysts and odontogenic tumors.

11) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (Nov. 2007)

30) Discuss etiopathogenesis and pathology of gastrointestinal lymphoma. (Nov. 2008)

7. Liver and Biliary Tract

1) Etiopathogenesis of neonatal cholestasis. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

17) Discuss NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis). (Oct. 2013)

The Biliary Tract

1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of cholelithiasis. (April, 2018)

3) Describe the histopathology, ultrastructural features and immunofluorescence patterns

10. Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System

1) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of urinary bladder calculi. (Aug. 2020)

Testis and Epididymis

1) Precancerous lesions of prostate. (Int.Exam: Dec. 2019)

11. Female Genital Tract

7) Discuss endometrial neoplasms. (April, 2019)

1) Morphology of invasive lobular carcinoma. (Nov. 2020)

13. Endocrine System