Name: Boniface Yannick Penandjo Lemoupa

Parent-Child Practicum
Pediatric Preparation Worksheet

Age Range Normal RANGE Developmental Stages Skills, Behaviors, Milestones Development/Age Considerations
of Vital Signs Pick one theorist (Erikson, Piaget, Freud, or Kohlberg) to expected for each age group (How are you going to approach,
use throughout the table. Identify and describe stages communicate, interact with, and assess
applicable to each age range according to the theorist you your patient based on age and
chose. Give examples. developmental stage?)
ERIKSON 8 STAGES OF DEVELOPMEENT Give examples

Infant T: Trust Vs Mistrust 0 – 3 mo: moves legs and arms At this age, infants need someone that is
(0 – 1 0 – 2 days: 37.5°C If the infant is provided constant care and feels safe, then when excited, attempts to reach friendly and would adhere to their needs.
yr) (99.5°F) the infant can trust this person and trust others in the toys when held above chest, Smiling, talking to the baby, reading, play
2 days to yr: future. If the infant experiences fear and their needs are makes eye contact, enjoys songs and reading to grasp their attention
37.7°C (99.9°F) not met, then they develop doubts about the world which different movements, sucks and and trust. Praising the infant and providing
HR: can lead to mistrusting other people in the future. If the swallows well during feeding, lots of attention, cuddling, and holding to
0 – 2days: 110 to infant develop trust in this stage, then this leads to hope latches onto nipple or bottle baby to make them feel cared for and
160/min that is believing that as they are lacking and proceeding 4 – 6 mo: uses hands for secure. Distraction is powerful tool when
2days to 1 year: 90 in life people will be there to support them but if they support when sitting, happy trying to assess infants so using things like
to 160/min don't have a good support system then mistrust his built when not hungry or tired, toys, noises and singing to grasp the
RR: which can lead to anxiety as well. reaches for items while on baby’s attention when performing care.
0 – 2days: 30 to An example is crying, if an infant start crying and tummy, reacts to sudden Having someone on the side that the baby
60/min someone runs to their aid to see what's wrong with them sounds, listen and responds sees everyday such as the parent hold the
2days – 1 year: 25 or carry them, this leads to trust but if the infant is crying when spoken to, begins to use baby would make the baby trust the
to 30/min and no one goes to support them, this can lead to consonants in babbling, shows process. For example, an infant comes in
BP: 1 year mistrust, suspicion and overall doubt as they are interest in food, opens mouth as for a follow-up visit, the nurse approaching
Females: Systolic growing. spoon approaches the infant should always be friendly, being
(83 to 114 mm 7 – 9 mo: sits without support, considerate of the infants age, speak
Hg), Diastolic (38 moves from tummy or back slowly but in high pitched voice and
to 67 mm Hg) into sitting, explore objects interact with eye contact, look for clues as
Males: Systolic (80 while using both hands and to when the infant may want to play like
to 114 mm Hg), mouth, recognizes sound of when they reach out with arms
Diastolic (34 to 66 their name, imitates sound,
mm Hg) shows strong reaction to new
smells and tastes
10 – 12 mo: pulls to stand and
cruises along furniture, claps
hand, maintains balance in
sitting when throwing objects,
crawls to or away from objects,
enjoys listening to songs, says
some words, babbling has
sounds and rhythms to speech,
finger feeds self, begins to use
Name: Boniface Yannick Penandjo Lemoupa
an open cup
Toddler T: 37.2°C (99.0°F) Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt  Playing make believe This toddler understands simple speech
(2 – 3 yr) HR: 80 to 140/min In this stage, they develop a sense of self-esteem,  Kicking balls patterns and engages in make believe
RR: 25 to 30/min discover themselves and start asking questions if it is  Understands basic nouns behaviors, they are more focused on
BP: 3 years right to be who they are and feel happy about their and pronouns themselves and takes everything literal.
Females: Systolic choices, feeling free as they are interacting with their  Ask “what” and “where” Listening to toddlers, that is giving time to
(86 to 117 mm environment and being encouraged to do so. If they are questions speak without interruption is important as
Hg), Diastolic (47 criticized and not given the opportunity to feel free, they  Understands most simple it may be hard for them sometime to
to 76 mm Hg) would develop lack of self-esteem which can lead to sentences express themselves. Give the toddler
Males: Systolic (86 shame or doubt. options for them to choose from and
to 120 mm Hg), An example, children at this age are given the freedom to provide redirection when needed. When
Diastolic (44 to 75 become more independent that is making choices for assessing a toddler, use simple words and
mm Hg) themselves such as picking their own toys, selecting their do not include anything frightening
own food, and choosing their own friends subjects when talking to them. For
example, when a toddle comes into the
hospital and the nurse is offering them a
toy, give them an option of toys to choose
from not using open ended questions.
Preschool T: 37.0°C (98.6°C) Initiative Vs Guilt  Naming colors The nurse approaching preschoolers
(4 – 5 yr) HR: 70 to 120/min In this stage, children become more exploitative with  Showing affection should always appear friendly that is big
RR: 20 to 25/min their environment even more that is touching more  Hopping on one foot smiles and have the child’s name in
BP: 6 years things, asking questions about the tasks that they are  Milestones: how to play, advance. Create a fun atmosphere that is
Females: Systolic performing. If the children are encouraged, then they learn, speak, behave and fun scrubs with some stickers in hand,
(91 to 122 mm move forward and increase the behavior but if they are move reward the preschooler, ask for their help
Hg), Diastolic (54 scolded or yelled at then they feel guilt. Children in this  Ride tricycle to alleviate some anxiety, make them touch
to 83 mm Hg) stage learn from the entire family because they are  Use safety scissors your equipment such as stethoscope. Have
Males: Systolic (91 interacting with everyone.  Play with other children crayons and paper handy, and most
to 125 mm Hg), An example is if a child is curious and asks too many importantly get down to their level. For
Diastolic (53 to 84 questions which at this stage they do and the parents example, if a nurse needs to give a
mm Hg) treats it as a good behavior, this will generate a sense of preschooler a shot, do not use the word
purpose but if the child’s questions are treated as a ‘shot’ as they may think literally, they
nuisance or annoyance, then the child may feel guilt could be shot with a gun instead use needle
which can lead to low self-esteem and decrease or injection. Give them the alcohol pad to
interactions. hold until you need it and provide praises
as needed
School age T: Industry Vs Inferiority  Starts to think about future The school aged child is curious about the
(6 – 12 yr) 7 years: 36.8°C In this stage, they become industrious that is discovering  Understands more about world around them, so they require an
(98.2°F) interest in different tasks, showing that they can perform his or her place in the explanation for everything. Always
9 – 11 years: different skills at home and in school. When they are world approach them with a bright smile and ask
36.7°C (98.1°F) shown recognition for hard work that is praised, they  Shows rapid development them to help with task. Friendship is very
HR: 60 to 110/min become more industrious but when reprimanded, they of mental skills important in the age group so asking about
RR: 20 to 25/min feel inferior and feel less motivated.  Dress themselves, tie their their friend group to build a relationship
BP: 10 years An example is if a child goes to school and at the end of shoes with them, asking them questions about
Females: Systolic the semester they had good grades, they are both praised  Starting school their extracurricular activities to build
(98 to 129 mm by the parents and teachers for their hard work, but if the (elementary or middle trust. Encourage them but do not ask too
Name: Boniface Yannick Penandjo Lemoupa
Hg), Diastolic (59 child has bad grades or not attentive in class and are school)
to 88 mm Hg) cautioned too much, they may feel inferior or less  Puberty
Males: Systolic (97 competent. In this stage failure is necessary for a child to o 9-11 years
to 130 mm Hg), grow because failure can build the road to success or  Face more academic
Systolic (58 to 90 competency. challenges
mm Hg)  Having an increased
attention span
 Forming more complex
relationships
 Becoming more aware of
his or her body as puberty
approaches. Body image
sometimes eating problems
begin at this age
Adolescent T: 36.6°C (97.9°F) Identity Vs Role Confusion  12-14 years
(12+ yr) HR: 50 to 100/min In this stage, they learn about their different roles in the  Most boys grow facial and
RR: 16 to 20/min society such as being a sibling, friend, student etc. Their pubic hair, and their voices
BP: 16 years family/parents may allow them to go out and find deepen
Females: Systolic themselves which they may experience identity of who  Most girls grow pubic hair
(108 to 138 mm they are but if the parents want them to conform to their and breasts, and start
Hg), Diastolic (64 views, they may experience role confusion. period (body image
to 93 mm Hg) An example, an individual at this stage wants to belong problems)
Males: Systolic or fit into society so they explore their environment to  Peer pressure to use
(111 to 145 mm find out their sexual orientation or occupation for the alcohol, tobacco products,
Hg), Diastolic (63 future. They may also look at their role models to build drugs and to have sex
to 94 mm Hg) their lives around the views of their role models or act  Depression, eating
like their role models. If this individual is accepted for disorders and family
who they are, then they feel a sense of identity but if they problems
are rejected, this may lead to role confusion and low self-  Express less affection
esteem towards parents
 15 – 17 years
 Develop more interest in
romantic relationships and
sexuality
 Spend less time with
parents and more with
friends
 Feel more stress or
depression, which can
contribute to poor grades at
school, alcohol or drug
use, unsafe sex
 Show more concern about
future school and work
many personal questions if not warranted.
This age group could assess easily because
they are very vocal but reserved in their
answers so give them task and provide
rewards. For example, being clear about
the plan of action helps alleviate stress
because the hospital setting is scary place
for this age group as they are not in
control. Stating exactly what the plan is
such as Blood pressure at 8, MRI then
lunch noon helps reduce nerves
An adult likes to be involved in their care
so when approaching them, make sure the
nurse states all the facts and ask questions
about any doubts that they may have.
Speak directly to the adult instead of the
parents, make them feel like they are part
of their care instead of their parents
making all decisions for them. Meet the
adult at eye level, do not stand over them
to talk. Ask for permission before
assessing them, tell them exactly what you
are doing and how you are doing the
procedure in which you which to perform.
Ask the adult how they would like to be
addressed, provide praise after completion
of task. Building a relationship would lead
to better health outcome because this age
group has a lot of doubt and mistrust, so
the first task is to gain their trust. For
example, if an adult comes and tells you
that they engaged in sexual activities
without protection, the nurse must be
nonjudgmental, realistic and give advice
based on medical standpoint while
accepting the adult.
Name: Boniface Yannick Penandjo Lemoupa
plans

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, February 22). Positive parenting tips. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
January 23, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/index.html

Holman, H. C., Williams, D., Johnson, J., Sommer, S., Wheless, L., Wilford, K., & McMichael, M. G. (2019). Rn nursing care of children: Review
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Judy, K. R. (2021, September 30). Developmental milestones for all ages: Milestone tracking. Pathways.org. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from
https://pathways.org/all-ages/milestones/  

Marshall, L. S. (2016, October 7). Communicating with children. Nurse Key. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://nursekey.com/communicating-
with-children/  

Mcleod, S. (1970, January 1). [Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development]. Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages | Simply Psychology.
Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html 

Pediatric nurse: A crash course in talking to kids. Fastaff Travel Nursing. (2015, May 7). Retrieved January 23, 2022, from
https://www.fastaff.com/blog/pediatric-nurse-crash-course-talking-kids  

Sprouts. (2017). 8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson. Retrieved January 23, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYCBdZLCDBQ.