Lecture 8 Level 2

Higher Order Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation
Local Linear Approximation and Differentials
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation, Differentials Mathematics 53 1 / 35
For today
1 Higher Order Derivatives
2 Implicit Differentiation
3 Local Linear Approximation and Differentials
√
3
Suppose we are asked to find 8.03.
√
3
Suppose we are asked to find 8.03. Most (if not all) of us cannot give an
accurate decimal expansion of this.
√
3
Suppose we are asked to find 8.03. Most (if not all) of us cannot give an
accurate decimal expansion of this. We will give an estimate using the fact that a
tangent line to a curve at a point P approximates the curve near P. That is, R
approximates Q when x is near x0 .
Q
R
f (x)
P
f ( x0 )
S
| {z }
dx =∆x
x0 x = x0 + dx
y = f (x)
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
∆y
= lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
where ∆x = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ) and ∆x = x − x0 .
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
∆y
= lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
If ∆x is small enough,
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
∆y
= lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
If ∆x is small enough, then
∆y
≈ f 0 ( x0 )
∆x
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
∆y
= lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
∆y
≈ f 0 ( x0 ) =⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )∆x
∆x
Recall:
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f 0 ( x0 ) = lim
x → x0 x − x0
∆y
= lim ,
∆x →0 ∆x
∆y
≈ f 0 ( x0 ) =⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )∆x
∆x
The expression on the right, which approximates the change in y due to a change
in x, is called a differential.
Definitions
Let the function y = f ( x ) be differentiable at x.
Definitions
1 The differential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary
increment of x.
Definitions
1 The differential dx of the independent variable x denotes an arbitrary
increment of x.
2 The differential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given

by dy = f 0 ( x )dx.
Example
Find dy if
y = x5 − x3 + 2x.
Example
Find dy if
y = x5 − x3 + 2x.
Solution.
dy
Example
Find dy if
y = x5 − x3 + 2x.
Solution.
dy = (5x4 − 3x2 + 2)
Example
Find dy if
y = x5 − x3 + 2x.
Solution.
dy = (5x4 − 3x2 + 2) dx
Example
Find dy if
√
y= x3 + 3x2 .
Example
Find dy if
√
y= x3 + 3x2 .
Solution.
dy
Example
Find dy if
√
y= x3 + 3x2 .
Solution.
1
dy = √
2 x + 3x2
3
Example
Find dy if
√
y= x3 + 3x2 .
Solution.
1
dy = √ · (3x2 + 6x )
2 x + 3x2
3
Example
Find dy if
√
y= x3 + 3x2 .
Solution.
1
dy = √ · (3x2 + 6x ) dx
2 x + 3x2
3
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
y − f ( x0 ) = f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
y − f ( x0 ) = f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
y − f ( x0 ) = f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ y = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Let dx = ∆x = x − x0 , ∆y = f ( x ) − f ( x0 ).
If dx ≈ 0
=⇒ ∆y ≈ f 0 ( x0 )dx = dy
=⇒ f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
y − f ( x0 ) = f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ y = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Thus, when dx ≈ 0, or x ≈ x0 , f ( x ) is approximated by the tangent line to f at x0 .
y = f (x)
`
f (x)
f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
x0 x
Remarks
Remarks
The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

linear approximation of f ( x ) at x0 .
Remarks

The local linear approximation is the “best” linear approximation of f near x0 .
Remarks

If dx = ∆x = x − x0 ,
Remarks

If dx = ∆x = x − x0 , then x = x0 + dx.
Remarks

Since f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ), we have
Remarks

Since f ( x ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ), we have
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy
dy is easier to compute than ∆y
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy
∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0,
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0, then
dy = f 0 ( x )dx
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0, then
dy
dy = f 0 ( x )dx =⇒ = f 0 ( x ).
dx
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0, then
dy
dy = f 0 ( x )dx =⇒ = f 0 ( x ).
dx
dy
The symbol may be interpreted as:
dx
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0, then
dy
dy = f 0 ( x )dx =⇒ = f 0 ( x ).
dx
dy
dx
the derivative of y = f ( x ) with respect to x
Remarks
dx = ∆x ≈ 0 =⇒ ∆y ≈ dy

If dx 6= 0, then
dy
dy = f 0 ( x )dx =⇒ = f 0 ( x ).
dx
dy
dx
the derivative of y = f ( x ) with respect to x
the quotient of the differential of y by the differential of x
Example
√
3
Find the local linear approximation of f ( x ) = x at x0 = 8 and use this to
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
L( x )
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
L ( x ) = f (8)
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
L ( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8)
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 +
12
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 + ( x − 8).
12
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 + ( x − 8).
12
√
3
Thus, 8.03
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 + ( x − 8).
12
√
3
Thus, 8.03 = f (8.03)
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 + ( x − 8).
12
√
3 1
Thus, 8.03 = f (8.03) ≈ L(8.03) = 2 + (8.03 − 8)
12
Example
√
3
√
3
estimate 8.03.
Solution.
1
We have f 0 ( x ) = √
3
.
3 x2
L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 )
∴ At x0 = 8:
1
L( x ) = f (8) + f 0 (8)( x − 8) = 2 + ( x − 8).
12
√
3 1
Thus, 8.03 = f (8.03) ≈ L(8.03) = 2 + (8.03 − 8) = 2.0025.
12
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√
3
Let f ( x ) = x.
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
≈ f (27) + f 0 (27) · (0.027)
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
≈ f (27) + f 0 (27) · (0.027)
= 3
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
≈ f (27) + f 0 (27) · (0.027)
1
= 3+
3·9
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
≈ f (27) + f 0 (27) · (0.027)
1
= 3+ · (0.027)
3·9
Example
√
3
Approximate 27.027.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = 3
x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √
3 2
.
3 x
f ( x0 + dx ) ≈ f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )dx
Thus,
√
3
27.027 = f (27 + 0.027)
≈ f (27) + f 0 (27) · (0.027)
1
= 3+ · (0.027)
3·9
= 3.01.
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√
Let f ( x ) = x.
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
= 4
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
1
= 4+
2·4
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
1
= 4+ · (−0.04)
2·4
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
1
= 4+ · (−0.04)
2·4
= 4 − 0.005
Example
√
Approximate 15.96.
Solution.
√ 1
Let f ( x ) = x. Then f 0 ( x ) = √ .
2 x
Thus,
√
15.96 = f (16 − 0.04)
≈ f (16) + f 0 (16) · (−0.04)
1
= 4+ · (−0.04)
2·4
= 4 − 0.005
= 3.995.
Example
1
A ball 10 inches in diameter is to be covered by a rubber material which is 16 in
thick. Use differentials to estimate the volume of the rubber material that will be
used.
Example
1
used.
Solution.
Volume of a sphere with radius r:
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
Volume of a sphere with radius r: V (r ) = πr
3
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
Volume of a sphere with radius r: V (r ) = πr =⇒ dV
3
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
Volume of a sphere with radius r: V (r ) = πr =⇒ dV = 4πr2 dr
3
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
Volume of rubber material
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
Volume of rubber material = V (5 + 16 ) − V (5)
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V r = 5, dr = 1
16
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V r = 5, dr = 1
16
≈ dV
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V r = 5, dr = 1
16
≈ dV
= 4πr2 dr
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V r = 5, dr = 1
16
≈ dV
= 4πr2 dr
1
= 4π (5)2 · ( 16 )
Example
1
used.
Solution.
4 3
3
1
= ∆V r = 5, dr = 1
16
≈ dV
= 4πr2 dr
1
= 4π (5)2 · ( 16 )
25π
= 4 in3
Example
A metal rod 15 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is to be insulated, except for the
ends, with a material 0.001 cm thick. Use differentials to estimate the volume of
the insulation.
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the rod:
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the rod: V = πr2 h
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the rod: V = πr2 h = 15πr2
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the rod: V = πr2 h = 15πr2 =⇒ dV
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the rod: V = πr2 h = 15πr2 =⇒ dV = 30πr dr
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the insulation
Example
the insulation.
Solution.
Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)
Example
the insulation.
Solution.

= ∆V
Example
the insulation.
Solution.

= ∆V r = 4, dr = 0.001
Example
the insulation.
Solution.

= ∆V r = 4, dr = 0.001
≈ dV
Example
the insulation.
Solution.

= ∆V r = 4, dr = 0.001
≈ dV
= 30π (4) · (0.001)
Example
the insulation.
Solution.

= ∆V r = 4, dr = 0.001
≈ dV
= 30π (4) · (0.001)
= 0.12π cm3 .
Example
Suppose that the side of a square is measured with a ruler to be 8 inches with a
1
measurement error of at most ± 64 of an inch. Estimate the error in the computed
area of the square.
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
Area of square with side x:
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
Area of square with side x: A( x ) = x2
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
Area of square with side x: A( x ) = x2 =⇒ dA
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
Area of square with side x: A( x ) = x2 =⇒ dA = 2x dx
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1
Measurement error of at most ± 64
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
Measurement error of at most ± 64 =⇒ |dx | = 64
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
Error in the computed area
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
Error in the computed area = ∆A
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
We are computing error from A(8), so we take x = 8.
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A|
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA|
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx |
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

1
)
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

1
)= 1
4
Example
1
area of the square.
Solution.
1 1
|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

1
)= 1
4
∴ The propagated error in the computed area is at most ± 41 of a square inch.
Exercises
1 Determine Dx4 [ cos(4x ) ].
dy
2 Find if
dx
sin( x + y) = xy2 − 2x3 .
√
4
3 Approximate 16.08.

Lecture 8 Level 2

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Higher Order Derivatives

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1 Higher Order Derivatives

3 Local Linear Approximation and Differentials

If ∆x is small enough, then

If ∆x is small enough, then

If ∆x is small enough, then

2 The differential dy of the dependent variable y associated with x is given

Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):

Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):

Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):

Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):

Equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f ( x ) at the point ( x0 , f ( x0 )):

Thus, when dx ≈ 0, or x ≈ x0 , f ( x ) is approximated by the tangent line to f at x0 .

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

The tangent line L( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f 0 ( x0 )( x − x0 ) is also called the local

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

dy is easier to compute than ∆y

∴ dy is used to approximate ∆y when dx ≈ 0

the quotient of the differential of y by the differential of x

Volume of the insulation

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

Volume of the insulation = V (4 + 0.001) − V (4)

|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx |

|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)

|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

|∆A| ≈ |dA| = |2x | · |dx | = 2(8)( 64

∴ The propagated error in the computed area is at most ± 41 of a square inch.

1 Determine Dx4 [ cos(4x ) ].

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