Chapter-4

Profile of Respondent
 Chapter-4
Profile of the Respondents
The present chapter provides the profile of the slum dwellers of the Lucknow District.
The portrayal of the slum dwellers covers the variables such as age, caste, literacy,
income level and occupation. The chapter consists on profile of the respondents is
expected to give a detail of the respondents who participated in the present study. The
details of the respondents will give the understanding of the age and sex distribution
of the respondents and their family occupation. In this section, the socio- economic
details of the respondents such as their age, sex, caste, religion, education of the
respondents, occupation of the respondents and type of residing area are studied. The
following tables depict the socio-economic profile of the respondents. The profile is
drawn on the basis of data collected from 300 slum dwelling households.

4.1 Background of the study

The present study was conducted within Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh state in
India. The Lucknow city for the administrative purpose is divided in 6 Zones and 110
Municipal Wards. Lucknow city has a total 787slums, where 609 are notified and the
remaining 178 are non-notified. According to Ward Wise List Of Slums And
Population as Per Rajiv Awas Yojana Report, zone 1 constitute 117 slum, zone 2
constitute 68, zone 3 constitute 117, zone 4 constitute 70, zone 5 constitute 124 and
zone 6 constitute 113 slums. This report reveals that the total number of slum
households are 1, 48,117 and total population in slums are 7, 72,807.

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AGE
Table 4.1: Age- wise distribution of the respondents
Age Number of Respondent Percentage
20-25 120 40
25-30 90 30
30-35 60 20
35-40 30 10
Total 300 100

Age is the length of time that a person has lived. Age is eminent determinant
which projects the mental as well as physical ability and capacity of the respondent.
Here, age is used as information of the respondent because it enunciates the level of
awareness and knowledge of the respondent.

Age of Respondent
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

In the present study, the researcher classifies the age-wise distribution of the
respondents into 4 classes. From the table it can be observed that the total number of
the respondents from Lucknow is 300. Out of which 40% respondents belong to the
age group of 20-25 years; 30% respondents belong to the age group of 25-30 years;
20% respondents belong to the age group of 30-35 years and 10% respondents belong
to the age group of 35-40 years.

The most of the respondent belong to the age group of 20-25 years and lest
respondents belong to age group of 30-35 years.

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SEX

Table 4.2: Sex of Respondent

Sex Number of Respondents Percentage

Male 170 56.7
Female 130 43.3
Total 300 100

Sex refers to the biological categories of male and female. It is basically the
properties that distinguish organism on the basis of reproductive roles. It is major
determinant in knowing the respondent belongs to which sex categories so that
physical, psychological as well as mental abilities can be understood.

Sex of the Respondent

Male Female

43%

57%

Classification of population by sex has considerable importance from socio-

economic and demographic point of view. To understand slum population under
reference, the study of its sex structure is necessary.

Out of 300 respondents 56% are males and 43.3% are females. This data
reveals that 43.3% households are headed by female respondents.

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RELIGION

Table 4.3: Religion of the respondent

Religion Number of Respondent Percentage

Hindu 140 46.7
Muslim 120 40
Christian 10 3.3
Sikh 30 10
Total 300 100

Religion is only the sentiment inspired by the group in its members, but projected
outside of the consciousness that experiences them and objectified. Mainly, religion is
a system of beliefs and practices by means of which a group of people struggle with
the ultimate problem of human life.

Religion of the Respondents

Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh

3%
10%

47%

40%

Religion is considered as eminent factor in determining the socio-economic and

demographic point of views of the respondent. The above collected data reveals that
46.7% respondent belongs to Hindu, 40% respondent belongs to Muslim, 3.3%
respondent belongs to Christian and 10% respondent belongs to Sikh religion. Out of
which maximum percentage of respondents belongs to Hindu religion while minimum
percentage of respondents belongs to Christian religion.

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CASTE

Table 4.4: Caste of the Respondent

Caste Number of Respondent Percentage

General 45 15
OBC 55 18.3
SC 180 60
ST 20 6.7
Total 300 100

Caste is the form of social stratification on the basis of endogamy, heredity

transmission of style of life which includes an occupation, ritual status in hierarchy,
and customary social interaction and exclusion on the basis of cultural notions of
purity and beliefs.

Caste of the Respondents

General OBC SC ST

7%
15%

18%

60%

The respondent under study represents different castes like General, OBC, SC and ST.
The above data reveals that there are 15% respondent belongs to General category,
18.3% respondent responds from OBC, 60% respondent responds from SC and 6.7%
respondent responds from ST category.

The above data reveals the fact that most of the slum dwellers are belongs to
SC caste while least slum dwellers belongs to ST category.

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OCCUPATIONS

Table 4.5: Father‟s Occupations

Father‟s Occupation Number of Respondent Percentage

Skilled 20 6.7
Unskilled 200 66.7
Retail Business 40 13.3
Service 00 00.0
Any other 40 13.3
Total 300 100

Occupational status is a fundamental measure of social standing that reflects the

distribution of power, privilege, and prestige associated with positions in the
occupational hierarchy and is a key measure of socioeconomic status. It reflects the
social position of respondent over the life course. Occupational status is the collective
term encompassing occupational performance components, occupational
performance, and occupational role performance.

Father's Occupations
Skilled Unskilled Retail Business Service Any other

0% 7%
13%

13%

67%

The above table depicts the respondent information regarding status of father
occupation, out of which 6.7% are skilled; 66.7 % are unskilled; 13.3% are retail
business; 13.3% are doing other and no one doing occupation as a service. Hence,
maximum number of respondent belongs to unskilled occupation and minimum
number of respondent not belongs to service field.

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Table 4.6: Mother‟s Occupations

Mother‟s Occupation Number of Respondent Percentage

Skilled 30 10
Unskilled 200 66.7
Retail Business 50 16.7
Service 00 00
Any other 20 6.6
Total 300 100

Occupational status is a fundamental measure of social standing that reflects the

distribution of power, privilege, and prestige associated with positions in the
occupational hierarchy and is a key measure of socioeconomic status. It reflects the
social position of respondent over the life course. Occupational status is the collective
term encompassing occupational performance components, occupational
performance, and occupational role performance.

Mother's Occupation

0%
6% 10%

17% Skilled
Unskilled
Retail Business
Service
Any other
67%

The above table depicts the respondent information regarding status of father
occupation, out of which 10 % are skilled; 66.7 % are unskilled; 16.7% are retail
business; 6.6% are doing any other and no one doing occupation as a service. Hence,
maximum number of respondent belongs to unskilled occupation and minimum
number of respondent not belongs to service field.

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Table 4.7: Illegal Means done by Father

Illegal means done by Father Number of Respondent Percentage

Pick Pocketing 40 13.3
Gambling 120 40
Theft 20 6.7
Liquor Shop 100 33.3
Prostitution 00 00.0
Any other 20 6.7
Total 300 100

Illegal means basically following wrong deeds for earning coins for their livelihood. It
is basically to face the challenge of inequality of economic discrimination in the
society and to overcome from hindrance created by poverty in their life. Most of the
times they follow illegal means for fulfilment of their basic necessities of life like pick
pocketing, gambling, theft, prostitution etc. This source of earnings done by parents
emerge the destructive thoughts in the minds of children.

Illegal Means done by Father

0%
7% Pick Pocketing
13%
Gambling
Theft
33%
Liquor Shop
40%
Prostitution
Any other
7%

Above table reveals the data about illegal means done by father that 13.3% follow
pick pocketing source of earning; 40% follow gambling source of earning; 6.7%
follow theft as source of earning; 33.3% follow liquor shop as source of earning; no
respondent follow prostitution as the source of earning and 6.7% follow other source
of earning.

The maximum respondent of father‘s illegal source of earning is in liquor shop

and no respondent belongs to prostitution source of earning.

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Table 4.8: Illegal Means done by Mother

Illegal means done by Mother Number of Respondent Percentage

Pick Pocketing 55 18.3
Gambling 15 5.0
Theft 30 10
Liquor Shop 20 6.7
Prostitution 135 45
Any other 45 15
Total 300 300

Illegal means basically following wrong deeds for earning coins for their livelihood. It
is basically to face the challenge of inequality of economic discrimination in the
society and to overcome from hindrance created by poverty in their life. Most of the
times they follow illegal means for fulfilment of their basic necessities of life like pick
pocketing, gambling, theft, prostitution etc. This source of earnings done by parents
emerge the destructive thoughts in the minds of children.

Illegal means done by Mother

15% Pick Pocketing

18%
Gambling
5%
Theft
10% Liquor Shop

45% 7% Prostitution
Any other

Above table reveals the data about illegal means done by father that 18% follow pick
pocketing source of earning; 5% follow gambling source of earning; 10% follow theft
as source of earning; 7% follow liquor shop as source of earning; 45% respondent
follow prostitution source of earning and 15% follow other source of earning.

The maximum respondent of father‘s illegal source of earning is in liquor shop

and no respondent belongs to prostitution source of earning.

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INCOME

The term income refers to the money an individual receives usually in exchange for
giving a good or service or through investing money. It is used to fund day-to-day
expenditures. It is further classified as wage income and non-wage income.

Table 4.9: Father‟s Monthly Income

Father‟s Monthly Income Number of Respondent Percentage

100-500 90 30
500-1000 120 40
1000-1500 30 10
1500-2000 30 10
None 30 10
Total 300 100

Economic and social positioning of respondent are the prime indicators which are
directly related to incomes of the households. The economic stability and social well
being are determined by the income and consumption expenditure of household.
Economic deprivation of the household is measured by the income of the households.
So both income and consumption expenditure are used to measure the overall
conditioning of the households. Income is concerned as a good indicator of well being
for various reasons like housing, food, child care, health care and other necessities.
Father income is the determinant factor in the socio-economic of the respondent. It is
the parameter which clarify the amount of consumption in respect of income of the
family

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Father's Monthly Income

10%

10% 30% 100-500

500-1000
10% 1000-1500
1500-2000
None

40%

Above table presents the income level has been arranged into five sub groups for the
facilitation of analysis. The first group includes the income level from (100-500)
rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 30%, in second group we have
income range from (500-1000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is
40%, the third group we have income range from (1000-1500) rupees in which the
percentage of the respondent is 10%, the fourth group we have income range from
(1500-2000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 10% and the fifth
group we have none as income range in which the percentage of the respondents is
10%. The maximum number of respondent belongs to (500-1000) group range of
income while minimum respondents belongs to (1000-1500) group range of income
as well as (1500-2000) group range of income

Table 4.10: Mother‟s Monthly Income

Mother‟s Monthly Income Number of Respondent Percentage

100-500 150 50
500-1000 50 16.7
1000-1500 25 8.3
1500-2000 25 8.3
None 50 16.7
Total 300 100

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Economic and social positioning of respondent are the prime indicators which are
directly related to incomes of the households. The economic stability and social well
being are determined by the income and consumption expenditure of household.
Economic deprivation of the household is measured by the income of the households.
So both income and consumption expenditure are used to measure the overall
conditioning of the households. Income is concerned as a good indicator of well being
for various reasons like housing, food, child care, health care and other necessities.
Mother income is the determinant factor in the socio-economic of the respondent. It is
the parameter which clarifies the amount of consumption in respect of income of the
family.

Mother's Monthly Income

17%
100-500

8% 500-1000
50% 1000-1500
8% 1500-2000
None
17%

Above table presents the income level has been arranged into five sub groups for the
facilitation of analysis. The first group includes the income level from (100-500)
rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 50%, in second group we have
income range from (500-1000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is
16.7%, the third group we have income range from (1000-1500) rupees in which the
percentage of the respondent is 8.3%, the fourth group we have income range from
(1500-2000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 8.3% and the fifth
group we have none as income range in which the percentage of the respondents is
16.7%. The maximum number of respondent belongs to (100-500) group range of
income while minimum respondents belongs to (1000-1500) group range of income
as well as (1500-2000) group range of income

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Table 4.11: Other Member‟s Income

Other Member‟s Income Number of Respondent Percentage

100-500 90 30
500-1000 60 20
1000-1500 90 30
1500-2000 40 13.3
None 20 6.7
Total 300 100

In the family of slum dwellers, number of members in the family counted as number
of earning hands. Besides, parents other family members also play a vital role in
earning the coins in day-to-day life style. Each and every single persons contributes to
the earning of the family either elder people or their children.

Other Member's Income

7%
100-500
13% 30%
500-1000
1000-1500
1500-2000
30%
20% None

Above table presents the income level has been arranged into five sub groups for the
facilitation of analysis. The first group includes the income level from (100-500)
rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 30%, in second group we have
income range from (500-1000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is
20%, the third group we have income range from (1000-1500) rupees in which the
percentage of the respondent is 30%, the fourth group we have income range from
(1500-2000) rupees in which the percentage of the respondents is 13.3% and the fifth
group we have none as income range in which the percentage of the respondents is
6.7%. The maximum number of respondent belongs to (100-500) as well as (1000-
1500) group range of income while minimum respondent belongs to no source of
income.

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Table 4.12: Members in Family

Members in family Number of Respondent Percentage

1-5 180 60
5-10 90 30
10-15 30 10
No one 00 00
Total 300 300

Family size refers to the number of persons resides in the family. This is another
significance determinant of the individual child‘s environment and has been
considered as eminent factor in knowing the number of persons belongs to the family.
It is relevant factor so that the level of urban population and migration can be figure
out. It helps to depict the major pull consequences of people to urban areas.

Member's in Family
1-5 5-10 10-15 No one

0%

10%

30%
60%

Above table presents the family size has been arranged into four sub groups for the
facilitation of analysis. Table postulates the data that 60% respondents belongs to (1-
5) sub group of members in family; 30% respondents belongs to (5-10) sub group of
members in family; 10% respondents belongs to (10-15) sub group of members in
family and no respondents belongs to no members in the family.

From the analysis it can be interpreted that the most of the respondents i.e.
60% have a family in (1-5) size of sub-group and no respondents belongs to no one in
family size of sub-group.

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Table 4.13: Types of Family

Types of Family Number of Respondent Percentage

Nuclear Family 120 40
Joint Family 95 31.7
Divorced Family 45 15
Broken Family 40 13.3
Total 300 100

Family is a primary institution of the society. In our society, there are different types
of family exists such as nuclear family, joint family, divorced family and broken
family. There is different psychological impact on the children of the type of family
they live. If children live in nuclear type of family then their behaviour dependent and
solitary in nature. If children live in joint type of family then their behaviour is totally
interdependent, feeling of togetherness, fraternity and we feelings. If children live in
divorced and broken type of family then their behaviour towards others is not healthy.
These children projects I feeling, egoistic, destructive thoughts and selfishness.

Types of Family

13%

Nuclear Family
40%
15% Joint Family
Divorced Family
Broken Family

32%

Above table depicts the type of family the children belongs; out of which 40%
respondents belongs to nuclear type of family; 31.7% respondents belongs to joint
type of family; 15% respondents belongs to divorced type of family and 13.3%
respondents belongs to broken family. From the analysis it can be interpreted that the
most of the respondents i.e. 40% respondents belongs to nuclear type of family and
13.3% minimum respondents belongs to broken type of family.

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Table 4.14: Martial‟s Status of the Head of the Family

Marital status of the Head of the Family Number of the Percentage

Respondent
Married 190 63.3
Unmarried 25 8.3
Divorced 45 15
Widow 20 6.7
Widower 20 6.7
Total 300 100

Martial‘s status means the status of being married, unmarried, divorced, widow and
widower includes the status of living with a person in a conjugal relationship outside
marriage. Martial‘s status of the head of the family are further classified in different
sub-groups such as married, unmarried, divorced, widow and widower. With the help
of this table presumption of child nurturing and upbringing can be figure out. If the
nourishment of child is done by their original parents then their psychological,
emotional and social behaviour will be healthy. If the nourishment of child is done by
broken family or not by their step-parents then their psychological, emotional and
social behaviour will be distracted from the socially accepted nature.

Martial status of the head of the family

7%
7%
Married

15% Unmarried
Divorced
Widow
8% 63%
Widower

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Chapter- 4 Profile of the Respondents

Above table depicts the marital status of head of the family out of which 63.3%
respondents belongs married sub group of marital status; out of which 8.3%
respondents belongs to unmarried sub group of marital status; 15% respondents
belongs to divorced sub group of marital status; 6.7% respondents belongs to widow
sub group of marital status and 6.7% respondents belongs to widower sub group of
marital status.

From the analysis it can be interpreted that the most of the respondents i.e.
63.3% respondents belongs to married sub group of marital status and 6.7 %
minimum respondents belongs to widow and widower sub group of marital status.

Table 4.15: Nature of the House

Nature of the House Frequency Percentage

Ordinary Hut 30 10
Thatched Hut 50 16.7
Tin-shed 20 6.7
Semi-pucca House 70 23.3
KatchaHouse”jhupri” 30 10
Rent House 20 6.7
Tent House 30 10
Cement-shed House 50 16.6
Total 300 100

The nature of house is taken as eminent determinant in collecting data from the
respondent family as it helps in figuring out the environment conditions in which
children live and survive. It figures out the availability of facilities in respondent
house and in which environment and surroundings the children of the respondents
live. It conceptualised the atmosphere in which up bring and nurturing of child being
carried out. If child belongs to thatched, tin-shed and katcha house then availability of
basic amenities is not up to their basic necessities. If child belongs to cemented and
well furnished house then availability of basic amenities is remarkable.

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Nature of House

Ordinary Hut
10%
16% Thatched Hut
Tin-shed
17%
10% Semi-pucca House
KatchaHouse”jhupri”
7% 7%
Rent House
10% Tent House
23%
Cement-shed House

Above table depicts the nature of the house of respondent family out of which 10%
respondents respond that they live in ordinary hut; 17% respondents respond they live
in thatched hut; 7% respondents respond they live in tin-shed; 23% respondents
respond they live in semi-pucca house; 10% respondents respond they live in Katcha
house ―jhupri‖; and 7% respondents respond they live in rent house; 10% respondents
respond they live tent house and 16% respondents respond they live cement-shed
house.

From the analysis it can be interpreted that the most of the respondents i.e.
23% respondents respond they live in semi-pucca house and 7 % minimum
respondents respond they live in tin-shed house and rent house.

Table 4.16: Atmosphere in the Family

Atmosphere in the family Frequency Percentage

Peaceful 50 16.7
Quarrelsome 35 11.7
Noise 75 25
Alcoholic Person 80 26.6
Gambling 35 11.7
Any other 25 8.3
Total 300 100

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Atmosphere in the family is a vital factor in discussing the condition and environment
of the children in which they live. The atmosphere in which nurturing and upbringing
of children is done projects the mental abilities, intelligence, cognition, social well
being and emotional ability of the child. If children live in peaceful and healthy
environment then their mental ability and cognition level is socially acceptable. If
children live in quarrelsome and unhealthy environment then behaviour and
personality of children is not socially accepted. It coins the concept that if atmosphere
of children are healthy and friendly then psychosocial behaviour of children are
appreciable and socially acceptable.

Atmosphere in the family

8%
17%
Peaceful
12%
Quarrelsome
12% Noise
Alcoholic Person
26% Gambling
Any other
25%

Above pie-chart depicts the atmosphere of respondent family out of which 17%
respondents respond that they live in peaceful atmosphere; 12% respondents respond
they live in quarrelsome atmosphere; 25% respondents respond they live in noise full
environment; 26% respondents respond they live in alcoholic persons surroundings;
12% respondents respond they live in surroundings where gambling is practiced and
8% respondent responds they live in any other type of atmosphere.

From the analysis it can be interpreted that the most of the respondents i.e.
26% respondents respond they live in the surroundings of alcoholic persons and 8 %
minimum respondents respond they live in any other type of surroundings.

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Table 4.17: Major Expenditure in Family

Major Expenditure in Family Frequency Percentage

Purchasing goods & basic necessities 120 40
Education 30 10
Health 30 10
Alcohol 50 16.7
Gambling 40 13.3
Any other 30 10
Total 300 100

Expenditure means the activities in which major amount of money that is spent. It is
relevant to study major expenditure in family as a valuable determinant as it helps in
conceptualising sectional interest of area and need of the respondent family. The most
of the money spends in that section which is necessities of life and family. This
determinant helps in projecting the area in which most of the money invested like
purchasing basic necessities, education, health, alcohol, gambling and any other. The
section in which most of the money invested reveals most centric area of expenditure.

Major expenditure in Family

Purchasing goods & basic
necessities
10%
Education

13% Health
40%

Alcohol
17%
Gambling
10% 10%
Any other

Above pie-chart depicts the major expenditure in respondent family out of which 40%
respondents respond that they spent their money in purchasing goods and basic
necessities; 10% respondents respond they spent their money in education sector;
10% respondents respond they spent their money in health sector; 17% respondents

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respond they spent their money in alcohol consumption; 13% respondents respond
they spent their money in gambling and 10% respondent responds they spent in other
section.

From the analysis it can be interpreted that the most of the respondents i.e.
40% respondents respond they spent their money in purchasing goods and basic
necessities and 10 % minimum respondents respond they spent their money in
education, health and other section.

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