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    Relief Analysis of South Koel River Basin

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    Relief Analysis of South Koel River Basin

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf
    13 views38 pages

    Relief Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Indrajit Pal
    Relief Analysis of South Koel River Basin

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter DI RELIEF ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction ‘The landscape features of Upper South Koel Basin expresses itself indifferent surface forms which range from granite-gneiss domes projecting over peneplained surfaces to peaks, hills, plateau, spurs and scarps-highly dissected and diversified by streams. In the present morphology of the region is resulted in fragmental. The study-area have conditioned by the interplay of the former surviving surfaces elevated during the Tertiary era, Its history indicates of many states involving erosion and deposition, folding, faulting, warping, uplifting and tilting. The varied forms of Upper South Koel Basin is remnant of basin region in the northwest undulating granite-gneiss plateaux of varying elevations dotted with residual hills, dissected scarps, described with gorges, patholes and many youthful features. The country steps from higher to lower surface demarcated by dissected terrain with bunches of drainage lines which feed lower South Koel, Khatwa and lower Paras. The analysis and its morphology is based upon the three elements of landscape. Structures that have been outline from Pre-Cambrian to the present time from of promise for enactment of various processes to produce landforms in different stages. Davis, W.M. (1954) state that, "hence all forms, however high and however resistance, must be laid low, and thus destructive process gains rank equal to that of structure in determining the shape of a land mass." Smith, G.H. (1935) states that, “relief is a concept intended to described the vertical extent of landscape feature, without reference to absolute or to slopes." There is no generally accepted definition of relief but its most common measure is the range in altitude. Spark, B.W. (1967) relates, "that the nature and arrangement of the rocks, are fundamental RELIEF ANALYSIS s7 in the development of landforms. The structure of the rocks in the narrower modern sense of the word, affects the general pattern of relief, while the lithology of individual beds influences the relief in detail. But there are areas where the relief does not seem to be affected by the rocks, so that a geological map is not the only requirement for a study of relief." The Upper South Koel Basin occupies the southeastern part of chtotanagpur highland. The present morphology of Upper South Koel Basin is the product of the sculpturing of various denudational cycles. The former covers of the Pre-Cambrian mountains have not been removed, but their roots have also been plained. 3.2 Absolute Relief ‘The relief analysis consist of the analysis of absolute relief, relative relief and dissection index. Absolute relief is the total elevation above sea level which is a function of constructive and distructive forces at work and forms a clue towards estimating the relative intensity of these forces. It is interpreted here with the help of contour map, altitudinal zones and area-height relations (ig 1.2, 1.3 & 3.2). 3.2.1 Al tudinal Zones In order to obtain the altitudinal zones, the base-map of Upper South Koel Basin has been gridded by a network of squares having an unit area of 9.0 km?, The absolute height of each squares has been noted by calculating the maximum elevation with the help of counters, spot heights , triangulated heights, etc. The absolute relief for a total of 297 squares has been obtained and analysed, and 5 classes of absolute relief, ranging from less than 700m to over 1000m, have been identified in the study-area (Fig. 3.1). The statistical results of the analysis have been put in Table III.1 UPPER SOUTH KOEL BASIN ABSOLUTE RELIEF (SMITH'’S METHOD) HN ah) hy i hy + Hi RELIEF ANALYSIS 58 Table U1 Areal Distribution Of Altitudinal Zones Over Upper South Koel Basin Height Group Frequency Area (m) ~ my) (um %) < 700 144 1296.0 48.50 48.50 700 - 800 124 1116.0 41.70 90.20 800 - 900 09 81.0 3.00 93.20 900 - 1000 10 90.0 34 96.60 1000. > 10 90.0 3.40 100.00 “Total 297 2673.0. ‘100.00 ‘Mean:848.72m; Median:704.03m and Mode:678.82m The elevation of the area varies from a maximum less than 700m in the lower part of South Koel valley in the south and to over 1000m in the upper part of the western escarpment zone in the study-area. Its general slope is towards the north to southeast. The mean, median and modal values of the elevation are 848.72m, 704,03m, and 678.82m respectively, thus indicating a highly dissected landscape in the area. Fig 3.1 shows the distribution of various altitudinal zones in the study-area, A maximum area lies in the altitudinal zones of less than 700m which covers as much as 1296,0km? or 48.5% of the total study-area. This zone cover most of the maximum part of the Upper South Koel Basin and it includes the Raghunathpar gorge (689m), Kakargarh isolated highland (689m), Lundri ravineland (676m) and lower Bambhani valley (600m) in the northeast; Doda (729m), Barwatoli (600m), Hirhi (646m), Waina (644m), Lohardaga (648m), Bhargaon (620m) tablelands, Rampur (679m), Hendloso (667m) penelains, Karak (667m), Nawadih (680m), Danru (680m) gorges, Manhe divide zone (672m), Sankh (646m), Sukari (646m), Doka (680m) Nadi and middle South RELIEF ANALYSIS Koel tough (650m) in the northwest; Bhamo tableland (640m), Kadili gorge (686m), and middle Bambhani river (670m) in the southeast and Jamira (600m), Bargaon (620m), Ghaghra (639m), Gunia (613m), Atkora (658m) peneplains, Sisai tableland (633m), Songro isolated highland (684m), Gamhariya (610m), Kugaon (639m), Arangi (689m), Basua (600m), Toto (674m) uplands, Duko (588m), East Anariya (692m) ravineland, middle Barki (681m), lower Barki (613m), West Anariya (639m), middle Khatwa (577m), lower Paras (610m) Nadi, Kans (600m), Kujrahat (69m) gorges, lower South Koel trough (622m), Baghni (650m) and Bhursu (692m) pahars in the southwestern part of the study- area, A second maximum altitudinal zone of 700m-800m covers a wide area of 1116.0km? or 41.7% of the study-area, It is represented by the Choria (707m), Bansjari (711m), Kharta (750m) pahars, Ratu (726m), Kullu (700m), Barainbe (700m) peneplains, Barkatole ravineland (700m), Mahuajari (700m), Mandar (703m) uplands, Nandani gorge (700m) and upper South Koel trough (788m) in the northeast; Salgi tableland (700m), Kentoli (743m), Bhal Tongri (791m) pahars and Bukata ravineland (700m) in the northwest; Bhandra pahar (783m), Itki (709m), Charma (750m), Nagari (749m) peneplains, Ujari (700m), Ghaghri (732m) ravinelands, Hetha gorge (714m), Dighiya scarp (700m), Soranda tableland (700m), Ita isolated highland (732m), Bambhani Nadi (709m) in the southeast and Adar (780m), Barri (703m) peneplains, Sirkot (780m), Halmat (760m) uplands, Masriya valley (771m), Chilam pahar (783m) and Puso tableland (700m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. The altitudianl zone of 800m-900m comprises 81.0km? or 3.0% of the study-area. It includes the heigher parts of Makandu (802m), Changhari (857m) pahars in the northeast; Chandwa gorge (860m) in the northwest; Gagho gorge (802m), Kans trough (800m) in the: southeast and Sehal (800m), Hetjori (800m) gorges in the southwestern part of the study-area. RELIEF ANALYSIS The height zone of 900m-1000m occupies an area of about 90. Okm? or 3.4% of the study-area. This category is represented by Huddu pahar (911m) in the northeast; Salaiya scarp (998m) in the northwest and Barka scarp (900m), Tergo valley (900m), Kulhi gorge (973m) and upper Khatwa Nadi (973m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. The highest altitudinal zone of over 1000m, occupies an area of about 90.0km? or 3.4% of the study-area. This category is represent Khamar (1068m), Rundi (1064m) pats, Bagru (1097m), Agariakhai (1057m) pahars in the northwest and Charma pahar (1031m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. 3.2.2 Area-Height Analysis Area-height relation shows the relative extent of highlands and lowlands in each altitudinal zone. Baulig, H. (1933) recognises that the area height analysis has successfully employed of erosional landforms. It measures the construction of area-height curve, hypsographic curve and altimetric frequency diagrams (Fig. 3.2). 3.2.2.1 Hypsometric Curve Fig 3.2 (B) gives the hypsometric curve for Upper South Koel Basin. It shows that a second maximum of 1116.0km? or 41.7% of the study-area lies in the height category of 700m-800m. The maximum area of 1296.0km? or 48.5% lies in the height group of less than 700m. It is noted that the elevations of less than 700m occupy a large in areas, The former category represent the ridges over the higher escarpment and the crests of hillocks in other area, which the latter include valley bottoms. The hypsographic curve shows the presence of uplifted peneplains in the height range of 800m-900m. Infact, the occurrence of two extensive peneplained surfaces, one to 900m in the west and the other at about 900m-1000m in the western escarpment zone, is confirmed by the serial profiles of the area. (Fig. 3.7). The curve shows distinct breaks in slope at 800m and 1000m, Nowd3ssia 40 luNsI1SIQ ADIN DIYS x3qN AONaNOBus NIL LHOISH Ua) Nt LHOIaH 8388 8 80 S28 se so o 0 o . : a 2 7 og . oe = oe? sed 0 os ganas 3AUTae 06 Have . 40 nonanoaes onusmeiy HHl,, Notnewusia AoNanOIs 9 a _ = (om tno wg EM BIND 83388 2° eeee ee ee ° o 2 oor ork 08 oe 06 oo ‘001 oe aoe 08 eee S3u130 ore.aWRs 3AsND—-d1BLSNOSd AH 8 v SNOILV134 LHOISH-VaeV NiSv6 730% HinoS w3acn RELIEF ANALYSIS: a 3.2.2.2 Altimetric Frequency Diagrams The data for altimetric frequency curve and graph has been obtained by noting the highest elevation within each square grid and tabulating their frequency at a height interval of 100m (Table III.1). Fig 3.2 (A,C) shows that the lowest height category, i.e., less than 700m, covers most of the alluvial plains of the upper South Koel river. A few residual hillocks stand 8m to 10m above the general elevation of the alluvial plains. The graph also shows occurrence of maximum frequencies in the height categories of less than 700m and 700m-800m, which confirms the presence of planation surfaces at the elevations of 650m and 750m in the eastern and central parts respectively. It is noted that maximum of 48.50% of the study- area lies in the height category of less than 700m, generally coinciding the Upper South Koel surface in the southern and eastern parts respectively. Another 41.70% of study-area lies in the height group of 700m-800m. Two breaks of slope, at 800m and 1000m, are also observed; these have been recognized earlier on the hypsographic curve. The upper break is due to an abrupt decrease in area above 1000m. This is so because the higher escarpment surface at 900m-1000m covers a small area, 3.3 Relative Relief A scientific and systematic study of relative relief was done by Smith, G.H. (1935). There has been frequent applications of relative relief concept since the time of smith, G.H. and its effect over the general landuse pattern has also been recognised for which the landform regions have proved much meaningful. Leads to the investigation of still comprehensive devices to express, the three dimensional forms with two-dimensional medium, the relief energy, (Dov Nir, 1957) is one of them ‘Relief Energy' method, based on the difference of highest and lowest altitude in a area, had been used as early as 1911 by Partsch, 1S. and later adopted by Krebs, N. (1972), Schrepfer, H. and H. Kallner (1930), RELIEF ANALYSIS: Weaver, G.D. (1965) others but with connotations as relative altitude of relative relief. It presents as better index of erosion along with the stage. But for being more precise and explicit, it need be correlated with the absolute relief or altitude. The correlation coefficient between two variable, in general, shows an increasing trend with the time hence the erosion initiated. A geomorphologist has been drawn towards the study of relative relief because absolute relief does not fully explain the processes and potentialities of erosion. Relative relief in general denotes the actual variation of height in a unit area with respect to its local base level. ‘Drainage relief,’ ‘topographic relief and ‘relative relief are expressed variously local relief. These are difference study among the highest and lowest altitudes in a limited area. Later, Dov Nir (1957) suggested that the ratio between relative and absolute relief con be considered as a measure of the‘dynamic potential’ of the area. Table. 11.2 Areal Distribution of Relative Relief Categories Over Upper South Koel Basin Relative Symbol Frequency ‘Area Relief (m) em) (%)——(oum.%) < 15 Rel 24 216.0 8.10 8.10 15 - 30 RL 120 1080.0 40.40 48.50 30 - 60 Rm! 716 684.0 25.60 74.10 60 - 120 Rm 44 396.0 14.80 88.90 120 - 240 Rmh 15 135.0 5.00 93.90 240 > Rh 18 162.0 6.10 100.00 ‘Total 297 2673.0 100.00 ‘Mean: 65.45m; Median: 30.56m and Mode:25.28m. Choropleth maps (Fig. 3.4) outline the relative relief of different categories by straight boundary lines where as the isopleth map (Fig.3.3) shows Ww wi a iw ga g wy eae gE! 2 xt Sw Ba Su ag cc uw > ;: ) Rt ad ma ery rt Pu (a) onee, ol, (w) ony eaney ainjosqy seg [20 YInog Joddp JoAO JorOY OAL IY pure Jarfay ommjosqy wooMI0q UorEIaLIO; eT ray, Plate IV (A): A view of the dome shaped Huddu pahar (911m), 6.2 km east of Umari village Plate IV (B): A view of the meandering river of Sankh Nadi, 2.4 km west of Hirhi market RELIEF ANALYSIS upper Bambhani Nadi (709m) in the southeast and Puso tableland (700m, Sirkot (780), Toto (674m) uplands, Bargoan peneplain (620m), Songro solated highland (684m) and Paras Nadi in the southwestern part of the study-area, 3.3.1.3 Moderately Low Relative Relief (Rml: 30m-60m) Moderately low relative relief (30m-60m) occupies in area of about 76.0km? or 25.60% of the study-area. It is the second largest category, being next only to low relative relief, in terms of areal coverage. In the study-a-ea, it is represented by the granite-gneiss terrain of the basin that descends t> lower elevations along a fault line scarp. This is also evident from Table III.3 which shows that 61.8%, 36.8% and 1.4% of the area under moderately low relative relief lie in the height categories of less than 700m, 700m-800m ani above 1000m respectively. The moderately low relative relief is found in Choria (707m), Bansjari (711m) pahars, Umari peneplain (600m), Kakargarh isolated highland (689m) and Upper South Koel trough (788m) in the northeast; Barwatoli (600m), Salgi (700m), Hirhi (648m), Doda (692m) tableland, Salaiya scarp (998m), Sankh (646m), Banki (990m) and Phuljhar (959m) Nadi in the northwest; Nagari peneplain (744m), Hetha (714m), Ghagho (802m) gorges, Bharno tableland (640m) and middle Paras Nadi (700m) in the southeast and Baghni pahar (650m), East Anariya ravinland (692m), Gunia (613m), Shaghra (639m) peneplins, Kans gorge (600m) and middle Barki Nadi (681m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. 3.3.1.4 Moderate Relative Relief (Rm:60m-120m) The area under moderate relative relief (60m-120m) :s about 44.0km? or 14.80% of the study area. This category has the third larg2st areal coverage of the basin surface, generally obtaining an intermediate location between the flat-topped upper basin surface and the lower eroded urdulating terrains. It is also observed along the deep dissected flanks to the basia, where RELIEF ANALYSIS: or the rivers are deeply incised and the resistant rocks have contributed in producing higher relief. Thus, it shows greater altitudinal variation than the other relief categories. This is also evident from table III3 which shows that 36.4%, 61.4% and 2.2% area under moderate relative relief lie in the height categories of less than 700m, 700m-800m and 800m-900m respectively. The area of moderate relative relief is associated with Ratu peneplain (726m) in the northeast; Sukari (646m) and Doka (680m) Nadi in the northwest; Soranda tableland (700m), Kadali (686m), Binhipat (690m) gorges, Kans trough (800m) and Charma peneplain in the southeast and Atkora (658m), Thalmajira (622m) peneplins, Halmat (760m), Arangi (689m), Kugaon (639m), Basua (600m) uplands, Bhursu (692m) and Chilam (783m) pahars in the southwestern part of the study-area. In these broad upland, erosion has not advanced enough to destroy the former surface. Here settlements have down both over the basins as also along the valley bottoms. 3.3.1.5 Moderately High Relative Relief (Rmh:120m-240m) Moderately high relative relief (120m-240m) accounts for 15.0km* or 5.0% of the study-area. It is mostly characterizes the upper margins of risidual hills and highly dissected parts of the basin. Table I1I.3 shows that 40.0%, 53.3% and 6.7% area under moderately high relative relief lie in the height categories of 700m-800m, 800m-900m and 900m-1000m, respectively. Steep scarp along the northwest and southwestern margins of the rejuvenated South Koel Basin indicate the general pattern of uplift in the area. These scarps are indicated by the closer spacing of isopleths on the relative relief map (Fig. 3.3). The moderately high relative relief is associated with the Makandu pahar (802m) in the northeast; Danaru (680m), Chandawa (860m) gorges and Bhal Tongri pahar (791m) in the northwest and Adar peneplain (780m), Sehal (800m), Hetlori gorges and Tergo valley (900m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. RELIEF ANALYSIS 3.3.1.6 High Relative Relief (Rh: over 240m) High relative relief (over 240m) covers 18.0km? or 6.1% of the 68 study-area. This category has the fifth largest coverage of the basin surface. Table III.3 shows that 50.0% area under the both high relative relief lie in the height categories of 900m-1000m and above the 1000m respectively. This category is mostly confined to the Huddu (911m),Changhari (857m) pahars in the northeast; Khamar (1097m), Rundi (1064m) pats, Bagru (1097m), Agariakhai (1057m) pahars in the northwest and Barka scarp (900m), Kulhi gorge (973m) and upper Khatwa (973m) Nadi in the southwestern part of the study-area, 3.4 Dissection Index Dissection index is the ratio between relative relief and absolute relief. The dissection index per square kilometre varies from 0.0 to over 0.3. Four categories of the dissection index have been plotted after calculation to draw choropleth map (Fig.3.6) and to interploted isopleths (Fig 3.5). Each category finds expression in the configuration of the land. The isopleath map shows the outline the trend of dissection index per square kilometre. A superimposition of dissection index map over relative relief map reveals the following: i) Areas of high relative relief have higher index of dissection, ii) Areas of intermediate relative relief have moderate to high index of dissection, and iii) Areas of low relative relief have a low index of dissection. Scarps, highlands and areas of high gradient have not organized bunches of drainage lines, but their incision is also well marked show a high index of dissection. Dov Nir (1957) states, "as a perfect criterion of relief expression, the concept of relative altitude is not entirely satisfactory. Equal relative altitudes are not always of equal importance since their absolute RELIEF ANALYSIS ro) altitudes may differ. The picture gained from relative altitudes only is static as it fails to take into account the vertical distance from the erosional base that is the dynamic potential of the areas studied.” Dov Nir called these values as, " indices of the degree to which dissection has advanced" or "dissection index” , which simply varies between 0 (complete absence of dissection) and 1.0 (vertical cliff at sea level). To obtain the dissection index, the area under study has been covered with a network of squares having a unit area of 9.0km? and ratio between relative relief and absolute relief have been calculated for each grid. The data has been consist into three broad categories, namely, low (0.0-0.1), moderate (0.1-0.3) and high (over 0.3) and five sub-categories as suggested by Singh, RL. (1967). Table III.4 Areal Distribution of Dissection Index values over Upper South Koel Basin Dissection Symbol Frequency ‘Area Index (am?) (%) ~~ (cum. %)— < 0.1 DI 238 2142.0 80.10 80.10 01-02 9 Dm a — 0.2-0.3 Dmh 14 CEM 95.30 0.30°> Dh 14 126.0 4.70 100.00 Total 297 2673.0 100.00 Mean: 0.044; Median: 0.062; Mode: 0.053 Table III.4 denotes that dissection has not progressed to aiy great extent because the area is still largely characterized by flat or gently undulating upland surfaces. Steep declivities occur only of the upland margins and along *DI=RRVAR,, Where RR. is the mazimum relative relief and A.R,, is the maximum absolute relief in an areal unit. Gt 0z Gl ol G 0 a Le So ie 7 pwr NS f 10 es) \ +0 ae Q — ~ ca ‘pe, KE Fe 7 X3QNI NOILOSSSIG FOWWaAY “Ney” NISVG& 130% HLNOS w3addN “aj 3p0 ge : apeye RELIEF ANALYSIS 7” flank of residual hills and ranges. The mean, median and modal values of dissection index have been found to be 0.044, 0.062 and 0.053 respectively. It is noted that the modal values of dissection index is more as compared to its median values. The modal value of 0.053 infact, indicates that the present topography is in inettlage of dissection. The lower median values of 0.062 are, however, typical of the late mature stage. Thus, the area is at present, experiencing some what accelerated erosion after its upliftment in the Late Tertiary times. There is a positive correlation between dissection index and absolute relief; the Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation is +0.180. It is also noted that the dissection index regions (Fig. 3.6) more or less coincide with the various altitudinal zones (Fig 3.1). This is clear from the following description of these three board categories and five sub-categories of dissection index. 3.4.1 Areal Distribution of Dissection Index Categories and their Correlation with Absolute Relief 3.4.1.1 Low Dissection Index (DI:0.0-01) Under this category is included about 2142.0 km? or 80.1% of the study-area, It is the largest category in terms of areal coverage. It generally characterizes areas of lesser elevation (including alluvial flates) along the margins of the basin in the north, southeast and central part, and the less dissected parts of the basin. Table III.5 shows that the height categories of less than 700m and 700m-800m account for 58.8% and 41.2% of the area under low dissection index respectively. Low dissection index is found in Barainbe (700m), Kullu (700m) peneplains, Mandar (703m), Mahuajari (700m) uplands, Barkatoli (700m), Landri (761m) ravinelands, Raghunathpur (689m), Nandani (700m) gorges, Kharta (750m), Bansjari (711m) pahars, lower Bambhani valley (600m) and upper South Koel trough (788m) in the northeast; Rampur (679m), Hendlaso HOI A731 vaa00W aiva30oW 4 i de os & 0 oh NU v3aN XZGNI NOILDSSS NISv@ 130% HINOS w3ddN 390,58 ape.n8 i 1 i RELIEF ANALYSIS n (667m) peneplains, Hirhi (648m), Salgi (700m), Waina (644m), Lohardaga (648m), Barwatoli (600m) tablelands, Karak gorge (667m), Sankh (646m), Phuljhar (959) Nadi and middle south Koel trough (650m) in the northwest; Itki (709m), Nagari (749m) peneplains, Ujari revineland (700m), Narkopi (754m), Bharno (640m) tableland, Dighiya scarp (700m), It a isolated highland (732m), Hetha (714m), Kadali (686m) gorges, Upper Bambhani (709m), middle Paras (717m) Nadi in the southeast and Jamira (600m), Ghaghra (639m) peneplains, Gamharia (616m), Halmat (760m), Toto(674m), Basua (600m) uplands, Puso (700m), Sisai (633m) tablelands, West Anariya (639m), middle Barki (681m), lower Khatwa (577m), lower Paras (610m) Nadi, Bhursu (692m), Kentoli (743m) pahars and lower South Koel trough (622m) in the southwestern part of the study-area respectively. 3.4.1.2 Moderate Dissection Index (Dm: 0.1-0.2) Moderate dissection index characterized 279.0km? or 10.5% of the study-area, It is the second largest category interms of areal coverage. It appears to be associated mostly with areas of the low elevations (700m-800m), covering large parts of the dissected uplands. Nonetheless, it shows some diversity with respect to its altitudinal distribution. In this area, the rivers flow in differently over hattd crystalline Archaean rocks, namely the granites and gnéésses (including charnockites). However, the harder Dharwarian rocks (particularly quartzites, sandstone and conglomerates) stand above the undulating in basin surface, Table JII.5 shows that the height categories of less than 700m, 700m- 800m and 800m-900m account for 6.5%, 80.6% and 12.9% of the area under moderate dissection index respectively. Moderate dissection index covers large areas, including Ratu (726m), Umari (600m) peneplains, Kakargarh isolated highland (698m), Makandu (802m) and Mahuari (960m) pahars in the northeast; Nawadih gorge (680m), Bukata ravineland (700m), Sukari (646m), Barki (990m), Doka (680m) RELIEF ANALYSIS 00°00T oly oy 0s0r oros % oo00T ~~ L6z——S«O'OT oT O'°00T +1 oor Te O'00r BE TOL owe OF Tis 30 evr 70 A a - <~ 0007 one; = 01 9°87 v0 6% 90 a . . = 0001 - 006 ove 60 vl zo viz €0 671 0 : 2 006 - 008 Oh 21 . . ve 10 08 sz zlb 86 008 - 004 Osh bhT 7 : el zo s9 zo 385 ov oon > % PN % a % a % % a £0) €0-TO 010) (T0-00) ua yard wg Id (my) oa Tol, ‘SapOSa}eD XOpUy WONSSST: ainjosqy seg [oy TpHog Joddy, J9A0 Jory amnjosqy pur XpUT UONassiC[ usamog UONPIAL0D STG, RELIEF ANALYSIS B and Phuljhar (959m) Nadi in the northwest; Soranda tableland (700m), Arko isolated highland (695m), Ghagho (802m), Binhipat (690m) gorges and Ghaghri ravineland in the southeast and Adar (780m), Bargaon (620m), Jhalmajira (622m) penelains, Arangi (689m), Sirkot (780m), Kugaon (639m) uplands, Duko (588m), East Anariya (692m) ravinelands, Kujrahat gorge (690m) and Tergo valley (900m) in the southwestern part of the study-area respectively. Deep incision by streams, at several places, indicates that the areas is maturely dissected. 3.4.1.3 Moderately High Dissection Index (Dmh:0.2-0.3) Moderately high dissection index (0.2-0.3) characterizes 126.0km? or 4.7% of the study-area. It is the third largest category, interms of areal coverage. It is generally associated with the deeply dissected flanks of residual hills, where the rivers are deeply incised and resistant rocks have been helpful in attaining a moderately high dissection. Table III.5 shows that 14.3%, 7.1%, 21.4%, 42.9% and 14.3% of the area under moderately high dissection index lie in the altitudinal zones of less than 700m, 700m-800m, 800m-900m, 900m- 1000m respectively. Moderately high dissection is found in Huddu (911m) and Changhari (857m) pahars in the northeast; Bhat Tongri pahar (791m), Tati (1068m), Danru (680m) gorges in the northwest and Mosriya valley (771m), Barka scarp (900m), Sehal (800m), Hetlori (800m) gorges and upper Khatwa ‘Nadi (973m) in the southwestern part of study-area. 3.4.1.4 High Dissection Index (Dh:over 0.3) About 126.0km? or 4.7% of the study-area falls under the category of high dissection index. It coincides with the highly dissected hills tops and the steeply sloping margins of the uplands. It is third largest category interms of areal coverage. Table III.5 shows that the altitudinal zone of 800m-900m, 900m- RELIEF ANALYSIS "4 1000m and over 1000 account for 14.3%, 28.6% and 57.1% of the study-area under high dissection index respectively. This category includes the Khamar (1068m), Rundi (1064m) pats, Bagru (1097m), Agarikhai (1057m) pahars and Chandwa gorge (860m) in the northwest and Charma pahar (1031m), Kulhi gorges (973m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. 3.5 Erosional Surfaces Altitudinal zone map (Fig 3.2) and contour map (Fig. 1.2). are helpful in the quantitative study of the landform and fail to depict the individual geomorphic forms and landscape assemblages. Therefore, serial profiles are essential to explain the relationship of slopes, correlation of terraces and topography with lithology and structure, From this purpose nearly 10 profile lines are drawn; five ranging from East-West and five profile in the North-South directions (Fig. 3.7). Another aspect of study involves the determination of erosion surfaces which are distiguished here with the help of superimposed, composite and projected profiles and area-height relations. Superimposed profile are drawn to know the morphological unity of landforms which is depicted by the gradual uniformity of levels of the various profiles. Surface history is essential to arrange the surface expressions of the past and present in relation to its structural framework and landscape cycles. Singh, R.P. (1958) states that, "the story of landscape evolution in Chhotanagpur may be said to consist of several chapters involving erosion and deposition and folding, faulting, warping and tilting. Volcanic outburst has also interrupted its history, while the imprint of some cycles has been preserved and can be deciphered, that of other has been obliterated by the ceaseless march of time." Davis, W.M. (1954) said, "however rare it may be to fined peneplains still holding today the altitude with respect to base level that they must have held RELIEF ANALYSIS 6 while they were slowly worn down, the facts of observation on partly dissected upland fined no explanation save that which covers them all un-interruptedly through the stages of short youth and longer maturity for into very old ages." The surface history can only be appreciated if stages of structural growth are kept in view in relation to drainage. Every chronology must have its bearing upon its anatomy in relation to denudation cycles. Singh, R.P. (1965) state that, "structure plays a dominant part in making of its morphology even though process has eliminated some of the chapters of its framework which explained its Palaeography." Landscape defines and distinguishes in each of the manifold chapters and later on obliterates to an extent to even its irregularities hardly leaving any residue either as a monodnock or unakas. An erosion surface is generally a product of sub-aerial denudation. It is distinct from both structural as well as from constructional surfaces and sometimes, may include even tops of hills, mountain slopes and sea cliffs. But usually, it is a level or gently sloping surfaces of faint relief which is the end product of either complete or incomplete cycles of erosion. Though, the Upper South Koel Basin has been an ancient landsmass, it has experienced several phases of deposition, orogenic and subsidence in linear depressions during Gondwana times and successive upliftments of some its parts during the End- Tertiary and Pleistocene times has greatly effected its topography. The different structural patterns that form the essential basis for the genetic classification of landforms are the following: i) Archaean mountain system consisting of corrugated strata of complex character, ii) Dhanjori sandstone-conglomerate lying, unconformably over the denuded Archaean base, RELIEF ANALYSIS: 6 iii) Dalma and Dhanjori lova flows spreading over the denuded synelines of the Archaean mountains and the Dhanjori conglomerate beds, iv) Granite rocks injected with dykes forming rectangular ridges, v) Laterite capped plateaux with flat tops, vi) Tertiary gravels lying over the eroded Archaean base, and vii) Recent alluvium lying over the Archaean base. Each one of the structural unit builds a characteristic landscape. Topographic expressions are the product of the effectiveness of the forces of denudation upon different structural patterns and the relative resistance of their rocks in different cycles of their evolution. A resistant landmass takes a longer period for its complete denudation than a weak one. Southwest Chhotanagpur consists mostly of heterogeneous terrains, Valleys have been excavated along belts of weak country and ridges survive along out crops of resistant rocks producing uneven landscape. With an almost equal proportion of hills and plains, the country exhibits a variety of topography. Since the Archaean period, sub- aerial denudation has been responsible for its sculpturing. The basin provides evidences of polycycle topography. The sequence of events resulting in the formation of the present landscape. Evidences derived from the studies of its structure, relief and drainage in previous chapters along with profiles, and field investigations help in constructing its story. The Archaean uplift has resulted in folded structures still to be seen their denuded state on the northwestern and southwestern margins and in the small bits with in the whole area, The Archaean fold mountains were probably peneplianed during the early sub-aerial erosion cycle. The Archaean rivers, feed with numerous streams must have drained the entire basin region. This landscape may be termed the Pre-Dalma landscape for, extensive lava flows over the denuded surface, interrupted the Pre-Dalma erosion cycle. New streams must RELIEF ANALYSIS ” have been initiated from Dalma range and Upper South Koel alluvial regions to feed the surviving streams. The grain of the landscape bears the mark of the following events from the Cambrian to the Tertiary: i) A long period of erosion eventing out the irregularities of a gneissic and granitic Pre-Cambrian surface, ii) An Ice Age in the Upper Carboniferous times, iii) Major trough faulting in Permian times, iv) Uplift in the semi-arid condition of the Triassic days, when some three hundred fifty metres of unprotected Lower Gondwana sediments were stripped away and the massive sandstone of the Mahadeva Senes (Middle Gondwana) were formed, y) A volcanic outburst in the Triassic times, vi) Rajmahal lava flow on the northwestern upland, vii) Deccan lava flow on the western upland, and viii) The Permian Triassic cycle was interrupted by a volcanic outburst in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Pre-Tertiary landscape, peneplained more than once in previous erosion cycles, may be pictured as a low undulating plain of wide extent sloping gradually to the east to end in the Pre-Tertiary sea. The story of the Tertiary is described the elevation seems to have taken place mainly in the Early Miocene period to the extent of at least 700m in western Upper South Koel Basin, i.e., subsequent to the outpouring of the Deccan trap. The above mentioned sequence of events and analysis of various types of profiles reveal the existence of the following erosion surfaces in the study-area, (Fig. 3.7 & 3.8): 3.5.1 Over 1000m High Surface of Residual Hill-Tops UPPER SOUTH KOEL BASIN SERIAL PROFILES "Th _

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