Chapter VIII

SETTLEMENT DENSITY AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH

MORPHOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES

8.1 Settlement Density

The settlement density in Auranga basin in generally lower than the
plains to the north. Its surface relief comprises upland with ridges and hillocks
projecting over its surface scarps valleys and badlands. Irregular distribution of
alluvium in valleys, general poverty of soils, seasonal regime of stream need for
ferraeing slopes for agriculture and interference of forests have given rise to
sparse settlements. The areal variation of the settlement density over the Auranga
basin is largely a factor of its topographic variations, and is related to the
supporting capacity of land and to level of resource utilization in the study-area
(Fig 8.1). Forested track are largely negative in respect of settlements for several
reasons, like in accessibility, restriction on settlements in reserved and protected
forests, poor water-supply and insecurity from wild animals.
Analysis of settlements in Auranga basin has been made from one-
cm. topographical maps and the results there of have been plotted on quarter cm.
scale. In the present analysis, the study-area has been gridded by a network of
squares with a unit-area of 9.0km2. The number of settlements with in each of the

total of 162 squares have been counted and analysed. Thus, five classes of
settlements, ranging from nil to over 16 settlements/km2, have been identified and

mapped (Fig 8.1&8.2). The statistical results of the analysis have been put in table
VIII. 1. It is noted that the rural settlements are generally small sized and so much
dispersed in nature that, at times, a settlement unit may comprise a couple of huts
only.
The settlements density in Auranga basin ranges from nil to over 16
settlements/km2. It varies with nature of available of food and water-supply,

terrain conditions, nature and character of occupation available and the need for
defence against wild animals. Recent development of communication lines and an
efficient system of mechanized transport has also influenced the settlement
patterns. A large part of the area is either uninhabited or thinly settled. The least
FIG. 8.1
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morohmetric Attributes...---------------------------------------— 161

settled parts, with a settlement density of (l-5settlements/km2) account for 53.70%

of the study-area. Very sparsely settled areas (6-10settlements/km2) account for a

one third - (32.72%) of the basin (Fig 8.2). Only 9.88% of the area, having
settlements density of over 16 settlement/km2 is densely settled.

Table VIII. 1
Area Distribution of Settlements Density over Auranga Basin

Number of Symbol Frequency Area

•y ............... y------
Settlements/km Km (%) (Cum %)

Nil Se 06 54.00 3.70 3.70

1-5 SI 87 783.00 53.70 57.40

6-10 Svs 53 477.00 32.72 90.12

11-15 Ss 13 117.00 8.03 98.15

16 > Sd 03 27.00 1.85 100.00

Total 162 1458.00 100.00

.n.. ':~TT7TT-
Mean:5.60settlements/km2, » 2
Median:4.45settlements/km2and Mode:3.82 settlements/km2

8.2 Areal Distribution of Settlements Density Categories

A description of the distribution of various density categories is

given as follows (Fig 8.2):

8.2.1 The Empty Spaces on Areas Without Any Settlements

(Se:NiI Settlements/Km2)
The vacant or uninhabitated areas occupy as much as 54.00 Ion2 or

3.70% of the study-area. These are mostly located on the southern and eastern
margins of the Auranga basin and include steep to very steep slopes (over 15°) and

very high relative relief (over 480m). This category also included dense and

inaccessible forests of the basin and their slopes, shelving banks of rivers in

danger of inundation, rocky and barren plains, deeply dissected ravines and

badlands. Topographically these are least suitable for the growth of settlements.

The largest patch devoid of settlements, occurs associated with

Dhajwa Tanr (554m), Chainri Tongri (547m) pahars, Balu scarp(562 m), Rajbar

upland (440m), Sabanu (560m), Nawadi (480m) ravinelands in the northeast; Kerh

(333m), Ranki(398m), Ponchi(300m) pahars, Satbarwa (382m), Pokhri (460m),

Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Momhmfitrfc Attributes----------------------------- — 162
Largari(440m) gorges, Putki upland(332m) in the northwest; Kharia (880m),
Khamar( 1000m), Mahua( 1068m) pahars in the southeast and Nawadih pahar
(472m), Haratu(500m), Budha(802m) scarps in the southwestern part of the study-

area.
8.2.2 The Least Settled Tracts(Sl:l-5 Settlements/Km2)
The least settled tracts, with the settlements density of 1-5
settlements/km2, occupy as much as 783.00km2 or 53.70% of the study-area. It is

the first largest category, in terms of areal coverages. It is characteristic of forest

area where isolated hut type settlements occur infrequently. Included in this
category are the water-divides between rivers and deeply dissected riverrine
terrains.
Areas of least settlement density are found more concentrated in the
northeastern, south and southeastern part than the northwestern part (Fig 8.2). The
least settled tracts are found in the Hempur(800m), Chetag(992m), Hundi(562m),
Sohdag(581m) pahars, upper Sukri(500m), upper Ekchatia (560m), upper Tatta
(547m), upper Karkat(424m) valleys in the northeast; Bandua pahar(405m), Korid
scarp (424m), Karkat gorge (420m), Deobar upland (500m), Bakoria peneplain
(425m), middle Karkat valley(400m) in the northwest; Rampur (1011m),
Latdag(715m), Salaiya (998m), Pakhar( 1063m), Kelhari( 1067m), Semar Tanr
(529m) pahars, Saramjaga scarp (730m), Sasang (440m), Ghaghri (580m) gorges,
Kopia (504m), Saramjaga (560m) uplands, upper Khirkhir (579m), upper
Auranga(850m), upper Siramkhar (800m), upper Gala(820m), upper Gowa(630m)
valleys in the Southeast and Bahera Tanr (801m), Sarju (1021m), pahars, Barkadih
(691m), Kundpanitola (687m) scarps, Gala gorge(550m), upper Ranidah( 1029m),
upper Jalma(535m), upper Dhardhari(930m) valleys in the southwestern part of
the study-area.

8.2.3 The Very Sparsely Settled Tracts(Svs:6-10 Settlements /Km2)

The very sparsely settled tracts with settlements density of 6-10
settlement/km2 occupy an area of as much as 477.00 km2 or 23.72% of Auranga

basin. It is the second largest category in terms of areal coverage. The most of the
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes _ 163

settlement of this category are located either in the fertile valleys or less steep
spurs and flat-tops of the Auranga basin better agricultural soils.
There is greater concentration of very sparse settlements density in
the central parts of the study-area. It is mainly confined to the Latehar(608m),
Daria (668m) pahars, Nawada scarp (500m), Kura upland (424m), lower
Ekchatia(369m), middle Tatta(500m) valleys in the northeast; Siki (396m),
Chechendha(451m) pahars, Manika (392m), Chhipadohar(412m) scarps, Rewad
gorge(493m), Baridih upland(483m), Dumri(357m), Nadbelwa (337m),
Deobar(328m) peneplains, lower Jalma(395m), lower Karkat(350m), lower
Sukri(370m) valleys in the northwest; Ulgara upland(470m), Ghaghri
trough(425m), upper Bagdagga (500m), middle Gowa(560m) valleys in the
southeast and Nawagarh peneplain(602m), lower Ranidah(592m), middle
Khirkhir(500m), middle Gala(650m) valleys in the southwestern part of the study-
area. In the central part patches of very sparse settlement density occur in scattered
manner, generally associated with either inter stream divides or with upland
surface.

8.2.4 The Sparsely Settled Tracts (Ss: 11-15 Settlements/Km2)

This category covers an area of 117.00km2 or 8.03% of the study

area. It is the third largest category in terms of areal coverages. Most important
sparsely settlements are located near the nature of terrain and quantum of material
resources available in an area. Development of roads, extent of resources
utilization and introduction of advanced technology, besides historical factors, are
important considerations on the cultural side.
Sparse settlement density is aslo concentrated in the central and
northeastern part of the study-area. It occurs Murup gorge(554m), Masiatu
(580m), Sukri(554m) troughs, Sasang(400m), Ekchatia(402m), Rajbar(394m)
peneplains in the northeast; Uraontola trough(370m), Jorasemar peneplain(400m),
Garwat pahar(348m), Kechki ravineland(260m) in the northwest; Jagaldagga
gorge(520m), Richughutu(312m), Chandwa (525m) peneplains in the southeastern
part the study-area.
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morohmetric Attributes 164

8.2.5 Dense Settlements (Sd: Over 16 Settlements/Km2)

This Category covers an area of 27.00 km2 or 1.85% of the study-

area only. Some patches of Auranga basin are more favorably disposed for the
growth of dense settlements which cling to either mining or industrial nodes or
fertile agricultural tracts in alluvial valleys or national or state highways. This
category includes the Latehar(380m), Bendi(400m) peneplains, Hehegara
ravineland (335m), middle Auranga valley(500m) in the northwest; Mungar
upland(575m), lower Bagdagga (450m), lower Gowa(400m) valleys in the
southeast and Godna pahar(692m), lower Gala(550m), lower Khirkhir(450m)
valleys and middle Auranga valley in the southwestern part of study-area.

8.3 Correlation Between Settlements Density and

Morphometric Attributes
Physical and cultural factor influence the distribution, size and form
of settlements. Among the physical factors, the most important are the nature of
terrain and the quantum of material resource available in an area. Developments of
roads, extent of resource utilization and introduction of advanced technology,
besides historical factors, are important considerations on the cultural side.

8.3.1 Previous Studies

This chapter aims to evaluate the inter dependence of morphometric
attributes and settlement distributions quantitatively. Several workers have studied
the distribution of settlements with different approaches, mostly quantitative. For
instance, the study of Central Nayanza, Kenya has been made by Dackeyne, R.R
(1962), where in he analysed the pattern of the settlement and the nature of their
distribution as influenced by physical condition of the terrain. The pioneer study
of Rich, J. L. (1917), describes special attention where he analysis the relationship
between landform and cultural features and formulated certain concept expressing
these relationships. He has also examined the extent to which location and
distribution of cultural features are controlled by topography and degree to which
they can be correlated with the recognized stages in the former physical cycle.
Recently Zakerzewska,B.(1967), which reviewing the idea of American
geographers on the geographic landform analysis it and its relation to other
 ____I____
3 S'*! o’! 8
84° 15E
-24*0 O^N
AURANGA BASIN

SETTLEMENT DENSITY
AREA IN V .
0 50 100
=? . jz _J___I______ I
SE
Aw / Z. SL

ZA SVS

5 SS

23%5'N SD
SB
f NO.OF SETTLEMENTS/KM 2
NIL f~i
EMPTY SPACES

f
LEAST SETTLED
=d VERY SPARSE
6 10
10 15 SETTLEMENTS
11 15 SPARSESETTLEMENTS
r
15 > R ffl DENSE SETTLEMENTS

FIG. 0.2
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes _ 165

landform studies, summarises various relationships between landform and cultural

phenomena. Wooldridge, S. W. (1958), while emphasizing the importance of
terrain studied in urban and rural for planning purposes suggests that the study of
the physique of the region, preliminary to planning may be grouped under three
main headings, i.e. form, superficial constitution and structure. Mutton, A. F. A.
and A. E. Adams(1939), in their study in southern Allegan have mark the
different type of settlements and land utilization in different landforms. A
quantitative analysis of rural settlements in Somerset has been analysed by
Swainson M.B. (1944). He has summarised the frequency distribution of villages
with respect to geological regions and on the basis of this analysis, he has
suggested the favoured sites for the growth villages as well as factors effecting
the dispersed, mixed and agglomerated settlements.
The influence of altitudinal variations, drainage, soil, soil erosion
and deforestation on the distribution of settlements in Bokaro basin have been
considered by Sinha, N.K.P.(1967), he also observes that cultural factors like
development of roads, extent of resource utilization and introduction of advanced
technology have also guided the distribution of settlements in the area.
In the present study, a statistical approach has been adopted to find
out the quantitative, relationship between the distribution of settlements and their
patterns on the one hand and the morphometric elements on the other. This type of
the study was initiated by Singh, R.L.(1967), in India and some workers have
applied this technique in different region. Like morphometric attributes and the
settlements were counted gridwise and correlated with the morphometric
attributies, i.e., absolute and relative relief, dissection index, drainage density,
drainage frequency and average slope.

8.3.2 Settlement Vs Absolute Relief

Table VIII.2 shows the correlation between settlement density types
with absolute relief. Thus a lower degree of negative correlation is obtained
between the density types of settlements and absolute relief in the area, the Karl
Pearson coefficient of correlation is - 0.27 only
Table VIII.2 reveals that the absolute relief categories of less than
300m, 300m-450m, 450-600m, 600m-750m, 750m-900m, 900m-1050m and over
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes--------------------------------- ----- 166
1050m accounts for Nil, 26.9%, 30.1%, 16.1%, 12.9%, 9.7% and 4.3% of the area
under the least settled density type respectively. The least settled tract are more
concentrated in. the northeastern, south and southeastern part that the northwestern
part (Fig 8.2). The least settled tracts are found in the Dhajawa Tanr, Chainri-
Tongri, Hempur, Chetag, Hundi, Sohdag pahars, Balu scarp, Rajbar upland,
Sabanu, Nawadi ravinelands, upper Sukri, upper Ekchatia, upper Tatta, upper
Karkat valleys in the northeast; Kerh, Ranki, Ponchi, Bandua pahars, Satbarwa,
Pokhri, Largari, Karkat gorges, Korid scarp, Deobar, Putki uplands, Bakoria
peneplain, middle Karkat valley in the northwest; Kharia, Khamar, Mahua,
Rampur, Latdag, Saliya, Pakhar, Kelhari, Semar tanr pahars, Saramjaga scarp,
Sasang Ghaghri gorges, Kopia, Saramjaga uplands, Upper Gowa, Upper Auranga,
Upper Siramkhar, upper Gala, upper Khirkhir valleys in the southeast and
Nawadih, Sarju, Bahera Tanr pahars, Haratu, Budha, Barkadih, Kundpanitola
scarps, Gala gorge, upper Ranidah, upper Jalma, upper Dhardhari valleys in the
southwestern part of the study-area.
Area with elevation zone of less than 300m, 300m-450m, 450m-
600m, 600m-750m and 750m-900m accounts for 1.9%, 60.3%, 22.6%, 11.4% and
3.8% of the very sparse settlements. These are noted Latehar, Daria pahars, Nadwa
scarp, Kura upland, lower Ekchatia, middle Tatta valleys in the northeast; Siki,
Chechendha pahars, Manika, Chhipadohar scarps, Rewad gorge, Baridih upland,
Dumri, Nadbelwa, Deobar peneplains, lower Jalma, lower Karkat, lower Sukri
valleys in the northwest; Ulgara upland, Ghaghri trough, middle Gowa, upper
Bagdagga valleys in the southeast and Nawagarh peneplain, middle Khirkhir,
lower Ranidah, middle Gala valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
The height zones of 300m-450m, 450m-600m, 600m-750m, 900m-
1050m and over 1050m accounts for 61.5%, 15.4%, 7.7%, 7.7% and 7.7% of the
sparse settlements in the study-area respectively. It is confined Murup gorge,
Masiatu, Sukri troughs, Ekchatia, Rajbar peneplains, in the northeast; Uraontola
trough, Jorasemar peneplain, Garwat pahar, Kechki ravineland in the northwest;
Jagaldaga gorge, Richughata, Chandwa peneplains in the southeastern part of the
study-area.
 Table VHI.2
Correlation between Settlement Density Types and Absolute R elief over Auranga Basin

Absolute

Q
C
<D
‘53
O
00
<u
*3
<D
<D
s
G
•*-*
Total
R elief

■c
Svs Ss

C/Q i
1

in
i

MD

?
O

V
/""S
A
or >o

tu
N°
Cl,
0s
{X
N?
0s
SA,
s 0s
NO
0s

Net

I
t
t

©
1
I
< 300

1
1.9 o
0.62

300-450 25 26.9

o
00
32 60.3

o
o
o
00

61.5
Os

03 68
roe
450-600

<N
28

1
1
22.6 02 15.4 42 25.93
1 l’

*n
600-750
9 90
•l

o
t

11.4 7.7 22 13.58

CN
750-900

1
•
12.9
1
02
•

3.8
2

8.64
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes

60

•
900-1050 9.7 L'L

o
t
'

LV9
©

-
•
1050 > 04 4.3 L'L
■

©
■
oo
©

05
IBIOT

«n
fo
93 100.0 100.0 fO
2

Z91
§
©

100.0 00‘00T

:
t>
i
■i
i

; ri
let
57.40
, *o•
;oo
i '

•t; vh

00001
167
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morohmetric Attrib.UtS.S_-------------------------------- - 168

Area with elevation zone of 300m-450m accounts for total of the

dense settlement in the study-area. It is associated with the Lather, Bendi
peneplain, Hehegara ravineland, middle Auranga valley in the northwest; lower
Gowa, lower Bagdagga valleys, Mungar upland in the southeast and Godna pahar,
lower Khirkhir, lower Gala valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.

8.3.3 Settlement Vs Relative Relief

Table VIII.3 shows correlation between settlement density types and
relative relief. Thus, a low degree of negative correlation is obtained between
relative relief and density type of settlements under study area; the Karl Pearson’s
coefficient of correlation is - 0.22 only.
Table VIII.3 reveals that relative relief height categories of less than
15m, 15m-30m, 30m-60m, 60m-120m, 120m-240m, 240m-480m and over 480m
accounts for 4.3%, 10.8%, 9.7%, 12.9%, 29.0%, 30.1% and 3.2% of the area under
least settlement density type. These are generally confined to the Chetag, Hempur,
Hundi, Sohdag, Chainri-Tongri, Dhajwa Tanr pahars, Balu scarp, Rajbar upland,
Nawadi, Sabanu ravinelands, upper Sukri, upper Ekchatia, upper Tatta, upper
Karkat valleys in the northeast; Bandua, Kerh, Ponchi, Ranki pahars Pokari,
Satbarwa, Largari, Karkat gorges, Korid scarp, Deobar, Putki uplands, Bakoria
peneplain, middle Karkat valley in the northwest; Mahua, Kharia, Pakhar,
Khamar, Rampur, Salaiya, Semar Tanr, Kelhari pahars Saramjaga scarp, Sasang,
Ghaghri gorges Sanamjaga, Kopia uplands, upper Khirkhir, upper Auranga, upper
Siramkhar, upper Gowa, upper Gala valleys in the southeast and Sarju, Bahera
tanr, Nawadih pahars, Budha, Haratu, Kundpanitola, Barkadih scarps, Gala gorge,
upper Ranidah, upper Jalma, upper Dhardhri valleys in the southwestern part of
the study-area.
Area with relative relief of less than 15m, 15m-30m, 30m-60m,
60m- 120m, 120m-240m and 240m-480m accounts for 3.8%, 22.6%, 17.0%,
35.8%, 11.4% and 9.4% of the area under very sparse settlement respectively.
This area is occur in the Daria, Latehar pahars, Kura upland, Nawada scarp, lower
Ekchatia, middle Tatta valleys in the northeast; Chechendha, Siki pahars,
Chhipadohar, Manika scarps, Baridih upland Rewad gorge, Nadbelwa, Dumri,
 CO
Table VIII.3 <D
ts
—
Correlation between Settlement Density Types and Relative Relief over Auranga Basin E
oc
Absolute Density of Settlements/Km 2 Total
O
u

C/D
Relief

OO
W
Svs Sd

i
t/D
i
(01-9)
(m)

■-—
VO
a"
co
c
F % F % F % F %
•o
Net % =T
.
2-n*
< 15 04 4.3 02 3.8 06 3.70 no
3
Q
15-30 10 10.8 12 22.6 03 23.1 01 33.3 26 16.05

30-60 09 9.7 09 17.0 02 15.4 20 12.35 O

B

60-120 12 12.9 19 35.8 04 30.7 01 33.3 36 22.22

>
120-240 27 29.0 06 11.4 02 15.4 01 33.4
£or
36 22.22 c

240-480 28 30.1 05 9.4 33 20.37

480 > 03 3.2 - - 02 15.4 05 3.09

Total 93 100.0 53 100.0 13 100.0 03 100.0 162 100.00
57 40 . 32.72 L
8.03 - “ 1.85 - ioO.OO.......... -

ON
NO
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetrie Attributes------------------------------------------_ 170

Deobar peneplains, lower Sukri, lower Karkat, lower Jalma valleys in the
northwest; Ghaghri trough, Ulgara upland, upper Bagdagga, middle Gowa valleys
in the southeast and Nawagarh peneplain, middle Khirkhir, middle Gala, lower
Ranidah valleys in the southeastern part of study-area.
Sparse settlements are generally confined to area near the confluence
of streams, narrow water-divides and crest of ridges. The area with relative relief
of less than 15m-30m, 30m-60m, 60m-120m, 120m-240m, and over 480m
accounts for 23.1%, 15.4%, 30.7%, 15.4% and 15.4% under the sparse settlement
respectively. These are confined to the Murup gorge, Masiatu, Sukri troughs
Rajbar, Ekchatia peneplains in the northeast; Jorasemar peneplain, Uraontola
troughs, Kechki ravineland, Garwat pahar in the northwest; Chandwa Richughutu
peneplains, Jagaldaga gorge in the southeastern part of the study area.
Dense settlement are generally confined to areas with relative relief
15m-30m, 60m-120m and 120m-240m accounts for 33.3%, 33.3%, and 33.4%
respectively. These occurs in small patches over the study-area. The area of dense
settlement occur in the Latehar, Bendi peneplain, middle Auranga valleys,
Hehegara ravineland in the northwest; lower Bagdagga, lower Gowa valleys,
Mungar upland in the southeast and Godna pahar, lower Gala, lower Khirkhir
valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.

8.3.4 Settlement Vs Dissection Index

Table VIII .4 show correlation between settlement density types and
dissection index. There is also low negative correlation is obtained between
settlement density type and dissection index the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of the
correlation is - 0.37. The settlement density is decreases than the increase in
dissection index.
Table VIII.4 reveals that the dissection index categories of less than
0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 and over than 0.4 accounts for -f-7.2%-, 17.2%, 31.2%,
12.9%, 21.5% and 21.5% under the area of least settled respectively. The least
settled tracts are confined to the Hempur, Chetag, Hundi, Sohdag, Chainri-Tongri,
Dhajwa, Tanr pahars, Baluscarps, Rajbar upland, Sabanu, Nawadi ravinelands,
upper Auranga, upper Siramkhar, upper Gala, upper Gowa, upper Khirkhir valleys
in the northeast; Pochi, Ranki, Bandua, Kerh pahars, Satbarwa, Largari, Karkat
 Plate VIII(A): A view of ruined Latehar Railway Station

Plate VIII(B): A view of semi-compact settlement of Latehar village on

the beside of Khirkhir river
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with MfllPhmetric Attributes------------------------------------------ =• 171

gorges, Korid scarp, Deobar, Putki uplands, Bakoria peneplain, middle Karkat
valley in the northwest; Mahua, Kharia, Pakhar, Khamar, Rampur, Semar Tanr,
Salaiya, Kelhari pahars, Saramjaga scarp, Sasang, Ghaghri gorges, Saramjaga,
Kopia uplands in the southeast and Bahera Tanr, Saiju, Nawadih pahars, Budha,
Haratu, Barkadih, Kundpanitola scarps, Gala gorge, upper Ranidah, upper Jalma,
upper Dhardhari valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
Very sparse settlement density types is of windspread occurance
areas near confluence of streams, narrow water-divides and crest of ridges. In area
with dissection index of less than 0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 and over 0.4
accounts for 35.9% , 26.4%, 20.8%, 9.4% and 7.5% under the area of very sparse
settled respectively. This area occurs to the Latehar, Daria pahars, Kura upland,
Nawada scarp, lower Ekchatia middle Tatta valleys in the northeast; Siki
Chechendha pahars, Chhipadohar, Manika Scarps, Baridih upland, Rewad gorge,
Nadbelwa, Dumri, Deobar peneplains, lower Jalma, lower Karkat, lower Sukri
valleys in the northwest; Ghaghri trough, Ulgara upland, upper Bagdagga, middle
Gowa valleys in the southeast and Nawagarh peneplain, middle Khirkhir, middle
Gala, lower Ranidah valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
The sparse settlements density types occur in the areas with
dissection index of the less than 0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3 and over than 0.4 accounts
for 30.7%, 15.4%, 38.5%, and 15.4% respectively. The sparse settlements are
confined to the Murup gorge, Masiatu, Sukri troughs, Rajbar, Ekchatia peneplains
in the northeast; Jorasemar peneplain, Uraontola trough, Kechki ravineland,
Garwat pahar in the northwest and Chandwa, Richughutu peneplains, Jagaldaga
gorge in the southwestern part of the study area.
Dense settlement occur in the dissection index categories of less than
0.1, 0.2-0.3 and 0.3-0.4 accounts for 33.3%, 33.3%, and 33.4% of the settlements
in the study-area. It is associated with the Latehar, Bendi peneplains, Hehegara
ravineland, middle Auranga valleys in the northwest; Mungar upland, lower
Bagdagga, lower Gowa valleys in the southeast and Godna pahar, lower Gala,
lower Khirkhir valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
 Table Vm.4
Correlation between Settlemen^Density Types and Dissection Index over Auranga Basin

Dissection Density o f Settlements/Km 2 Total

on
Index Svs Ss Sd

i
i

o
s£>
/—s
w
/0m\.
(16 >)
F % F % F % F %
Net %

< 0.1 16 17.2 19 35.9 04 30.7 01 33.3 40 24.69

0 . 1- 0.2 16 17.2 14 26.4 02 15.4 32 19.75

0.2-0.3 29 31.2 11 20.8 05 38.5 01 33.3 46 28.40

0.3-0.4 12 12.9 05 9.4 01 33.4 18 11.11

Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes

0.4 > 20 21.5 04 7.5 02 15.4 26 16.05

£1
Total 93 100.0 S3 100.0 100.0 03
0001
162 100.00
£0*8
57.40 - ........ 32.72 1.85
00001
172
 4^
o

54.94
o

14.19

25.31
5.56
1 ©
o
1
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oN 1
1
Total
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OS
o
CO
00 so ©
u ' CN ©
£
Correlation between Settlements Density Types and Drainage density over Auranga Basin

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(< 91)

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Density of Settlements/Km"

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Table VIIL5

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Drainage Density

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Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes _ 175

Mump gorge, Masiatu, Sukri troughs, Ekchatia, Rajbar peneplains in the

northeast; Uraontola trough, Jorasemar peneplain, Garwat pahar, Kechki
ravineland in the northwest and Jagaldaga gorge. Chandwa, Richughutu
peneplains in the southeastern part of the study-area.
Dense settlement density types in the area having drainage density of
l-2km/km2, 2-3 km/km2 and over 4 km/km2 accounts for 33.3%, 33.3% and 33.4%
respectively. These are occur the Latehar, Bendi peneplains, Hehegara
ravinelands, middle Auranga in the northwest; lower Bagdagga, lower Gowa
valleys, Mungar upland in the southeast and Godna pahar, lower Khirkhir, lower
Gala valley in the southwestern part of the study area.

8.3.6 Settlement Vs Drainage Frequency

Table VIII.6 shows that the correlation between settlements density
types with drainage frequency. Thus, a low degree of negative correlation is
obtained between the density types of settlements and drainage frequency in the
area, the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is - 0.10 only.
Table VIII.6 reveals that the drainage frequency categories of
1-2 streams/km2, 3-4 streams/km2 and over 5 streams/km2 accounts for 8.6%,
88.1% and 3.3% of the area under least settlement density type respectively. These
area confined to the Hempur, Chetag, Hundi, Sohdag, Chainri-Tongri, Dhajwa
Tanr pahars, Balu scarps, Rajbar upland, Sabanu, Nawadi ravinelands, upper
Sukri, upper Ekchatia, upper Tatta, upper Karkat in the northeast; Ponchi, Ranki,
Bandua, Kerh pahars, Satbarwa, Largari, Karkat gorges, Korid scarp, Deobar,
Putki uplands, Bakoria peneplain, middle Karkat valley in the northwest; Mohua,
Kharia, Khamar, Pakhar, Semar Tanr, Salaiya, Kelhari pahars, Saramjaga scarp
Sasang, Ghaghri gorges, Kopia, Sarmajaga uplands, upper Auranga, upper Gowa,
upper Siramakhar, upper Gala, upper Khirkhir valleys in the southeast and Bahera
Tanr, Sarju Nawadih pahars, Budha, Haratu, Barkadih, Kundpanitola scarps, Gala
gorge upper Ranidah, upper Jalma, upper Dhardhari valleys in the southwestern
part of the study-area
Similarity, about 9.4%, 88.7% and 1.9% of very sparse settlements
occur in areas having drainage frequency of 1-2 streams/km , 3-4 streams/km
a

and over 5 streams/km respectively. These are confined to Latehar, Daria pahars,
 Table VIII.6
Correlation between Settlement Density Types and Drainage Frequency over Auranga Basin

Drainage !
C
cc
+"

Density of Settlements/Km^

i(
Ih
«
3
4>
O
c
C/3

CT
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cr
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VO
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No. of Streams /

'w'
(SI - II)

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08 8.6 05 9.4

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03 23.1
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82 88.1 47 88.7 09 69.2 02 66.7 140 86.48

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Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetrie Attributes

0001
Total

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_ 176
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes , 177

Kura upland, Nawada scarp, middle Tatta, lower Ekchatia valleys in the northeast;
Chechendha, Siki pahars, Manika, Chhipadohar scarps, Baridih uplands, Rewad
gorge, Dumri, Nadbelwa, Deobar peneplain, lower Karkat, lower Sukri, lower
Jalma valleys in the northwest; Ghaghri trough, Ulgara upland, upper Bagdagga,
middle Gowa valleys in the Southeast and Nawagarh peneplain, middle Khirkhir,
lower Gala, lower Ranidah valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
The area having drainage frequency of 1-2 streams/km2, 3-4
streams/km2 and over 5 stream/km2 accounts for 23.1%, 69.2% and 7.7% of sparse
settlement density types respectively. There are occur in the Masiatu, Sukri
troughs, Mump gorge, Rajbar, Ekchatia peneplains in the northeast; Garwat
Pahar, Uraontola trough, Jorasemar peneplain, Kechki ravineland in the northwest
and Chandwa, Richughutu peneplains, Jagaldaga gorges in the southeastern part of
the study-area.
Dense settlements occur in the drainage frequency category of 1-2
stream /km2 and 3-4 stream/km2 accounts for 33.3% and 66.7% of settlements in
the study-area. It is associated with the Latehar, Bendi peneplains the Hehegara
ravineland, middle Auranga valley in the northwest; lower Bagdagga, lower Gowa
valleys, Mungar upland in the southeast and Godna pahar, lower Khirkhir, lower
Gala valleys in the southeastern part of the study-area.

8.3.7 Settlement Vs Average Slope

Table VIII.7 shows the correlation between settlement density types
i

with average slope. A low degree of negative correlation in found between the
density types of settlements and average slope the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
correlation is as low as - 0.31 only.
Table VIII.7 is reveals that the average slope categories of less than
2°, 2°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°-15° and over than 15° accounts for 9.7%, 37.6%., 26.9%,
21.5%, and 4.3% of the area under least settlement density types respectively.
These are confined to the Hempur, Chetag, Hundi, Sohdag, Chainri-Tongri
Dhajawa Tanr pahars, Balu scarp, Rajbar upland, Sabanu, Nawadi ravinelands,
upper Karkat, upper Sukri, upper Ekchatia, upper Tatta, upper Karkat- valleys in
the northeast; Kerh, Bandua, Ranki, Ponchi pahars, Karkat, Satbarwa, Largari,
gorges, Korid scarp, Deobar, Pukti uplands, Bakoria peneplain, middle Karkat
 Table VIII.7
Correlation between Settlement Density Types and Average Slope over Auranga Basin

i
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1
Total

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£

w
A % (16 >1
F % F % F % %
Net
< 2 09 9.7 11 20.8 04 30.8 01 33.3 25 15.43

2-5 35 37.6 29 54.7 06 46.1 02 66.7 72 44.44

5-10 25 26.9 12 22.6 01 7.7 38 23.46

10-15 20 21.5 0.1 1.9 02 15.4 23 14.20

SgttlsPiMJQsnsity anj ThgiLCoiig.l3tifiojlh-MgtE!hm£trtf Attributg^.

15 > 04 4.3
04 2.47
Total 93 100.0 53 100.0 13 100.0 00 001
03 100.0 162
57.40 32.72 ...... '8.03 1.85 - 100.00
- 178
Settlement Density and Their Correlation with Morohmetric Attributes -------------------------------- - 179

valleys in the northwest; Kharia, Khamar, Pakhar, Mahua, Semar Tanr, Rampur,
Salaiya, Kelhari pahars, Saramjaga scarp, Sasang, Ghaghri gorges, Saramjaga,
Kopia uplands, upper Auranga, upper Siramkhar, upper Gala, upper Gowa, upper
Khirkhir valleys in the southeast and Sarju, Bahera Tanr, Nawadih pahars,
Barkadih, Budha, Haratu, Kundpanitola scarps, Gala gorge, upper Ranidah, upper
Dhardhari, upper Jalma valleys in the southwestern part of the study-area.
The average slope areas of less than 2°, 2°-5°, 5°-10°, 10°- 15° and
over than 15° accounts for 20.8%, 54.7%, 22.6% and 1.9% of the area under very
sparse settlement density types respectively. These area occur in the Latehar,
Daria Pahars, Nawada scarps, Kura upland, middle Tatta, lower Ekchatia valleys
in the northeast; Chhipadohar, Manika scarps, Siki, Chechendha pahars, Rewad
gorge, Baridih upland, Deobar, Dumri, Nadbelwa peneplains in the northwest;
ulgara upland, Ghaghri trough, upper Bagdagga, middle Gowa valleys in the
southeast and Nawagarh peneplains, lower Sukri, lower Karkat, lower Jalma
valleys middle Khirkhir, middle Gala, lower Ranidah valleys in the southwestern
part of the study-area.
Areas with average slopes of less than 2°, 2°-5°, 5°-10°and 10°-15°
accounts for 30.8%, 46.1%, 7.7% and 15.4% of the sparse settlements. There are
noted on the Masiatu, Sukri troughs, Murup gorge, Rajbar, Ekchatia peneplains in
the northeast; Uraontola trough, Kechki ravineland, Jorasemar peneplain, Garwat
pahar in the northwest and Jagldaga gorge, Richughutu, Chandwa peneplains in
the southeastern part of the study area.
, About 33.3% and 66.7% of dense settlements are found in the area a
with a average slope of less than 2° and 2°-5° respectively. These are associated
with the Latehar, Bendi peneplains, Hehegara ravineland, middle Auranga valley
in the northwest; lower Bagdagga, lower Gowa valleys, Mungar upland in
southeast and Godna pahar, lower Khirkhir, lower Gala valleys in the
southwestern part of the study-area.
8.4 Summary and Conclusion
A statistical approach has been adopted to find out the relationship
between the distribution of settlements and their patterns on the one hand and the
morphometric attributes of terrain on the other. The density of settlements ranges
Settlement Density: and Their Correlation with Morphmetric Attributes - 180

from one settlements/km2 to over 16 settlements/km2. It varies with the nature of

availability of food and water-supply, terrain conditions, nature and character of

occupations, available and the need for defence against wild animals. Recent
development of communication lines and an efficient system of mechanized
transport has also influenced the settlement patterns. The settlement density
categories of nil(Se), 1-5 settlements/km2(Sl), 6-10 settlements/km2 (Svs), 11-15
settlements/km2 (Ss) and over 16 settlements/km2(Sd) accounts for 3.70%,

53.70%, 32.72%, 8.03% and 1.85% of the study-area respectively. The least and
very sparse densities of settlements characterize over 86.42% of the study-area.
Also moderate and low degree of negative correlation in found between the
settlement density types on the one hand and absolute and relative relief,
dissection index, drainage density, drainage stream frequency and average slope
on the other, the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation are -0.27, -0.22, -0.37, -
0,31, -0.10 and -0.31 respectively.

8.5 Reference
Dackeyne, R.R. (1962): The pattern of settlements in Central Nayanza, Kenya.
Australian Geographers, 8:180-190

Mutton, A.E.A.& A.E. Adams (1939): Landforms, settlements and land utilization
in southern Allegan. Economic Geography, 15:169-178

Rich, J.L. (1917): Cultural features and the physiographic cycle. Geographical
Review, 4:297-308

Singh, R.L. (1967): Morphometric analysis of terrain, Presidential Address, Proc.,

54th Indian Science Congress Part II, Geography and Geology Section
(Hyderabad): 115 -13 5

Sinha, N.K.P. (1967): Geomorphic Evolution of Northern Rupununi, British

Guiana, Me Gill university, Montrial, Canada

Swaminson, M.B. (1944): Disperson and agglomention of rural settlements in the

problem. Geography, 29:1-8

Wooldridge, S.W. (1958): Town and rural planning, the physical factors in the
problem. Geography, 23:90-93

Zakerzewska, B. (1967): Trend and methods in landform geography: A Review

Article. Annals Association ofAmerican Geographers, 57:128-165