Industrial Engineering And Quality

Control (22657)

Mechanical Engineering Department

MIT Polytechnic, Aurangabad
(431010)
 INTRODUCTION OF IEQC
• Mechanical engineering technologists needs to determine the
standardized process, time for its completion known as work
and time study, measuring the output in terms of productivity,
evaluation of jobs, workers and determining the wages and
incentives, measurement of quality of product.
• Total Quality Control is an effective system of integrating
quality development, quality maintenance and quality
improvement efforts of the various groups in industry, so as to
enable production and services at most economical level which
tends towards full customer satisfaction.
• Understanding of fundamental principles of industrial
engineering and quality control helps a technologists in
maximizing efficiency within a company by finding the best
use of people, equipment, and facilities..
 AIM OF LEARNING IEQC

• The aim of this course is to help the student to

attain the following industry identified
competency through various teaching learning
experiences:
– Apply Industrial Engineering and Quality
Control techniques for assuring
• quality of products and services.
 Course Outcomes (CO’S) of IEQC
• Apply work study techniques to optimize manufacturing
processes.

• Prepare the detailed sequence of operations for manufacturing

of components.

• Apply Ergonomic principle for designing simple mechanical

component.

• Interpret the data obtained from the different quality control

processes.

• Interpret control charts for variable and attribute data.

 IEQC Teaching & Exam Scheme

CREDENTIALS THEORY PRACTICAL

PA TOTAL
TOTAL ESE PRACTIC PRACTI
ESE TH PA TH TH PRCTICAL AL CAL

PAPER MA
L T P TOTAL HRS. X. MIN. MAX. MIN. MAX MIN. MAX. MIN. MAX. MIN. MAX. MIN.

3 - 2 5 3 70 28 30 0 100 40 25 10 25 10 50 20
 Basic concepts of quality
• The quality is defined as –
1) The fitness for use at the most economical
level .
2) The Fitness for purpose
3) Confirmens to requirements
4) Degree of preference
5) Degree of excellence
6) Measure of fulfilment of promises
 Product Requirements
• The product should have certain abilities to
perform satisfactorily in a stated application.
these abilities may be categorised into 10
factors as under :
1) Suitability – for specific application
2) Reliability – it should give efficient and
consistent performance
3) Durability –it should have desired life
4) Affordability – its should be economical
5) Maintainability – it should be easy to maintain
 Product Requirements
6) Aesthetic look – its should look attractive
7) Satisfaction to costumer
8) Economical – its should have reasonable
price
9) Versatility – it should serve number of
purposes
10) Safe and foolproof – workability
Quality ‘Type’
 Quality of Design
• Quality of design is defined as a fit between a product's
(service's) design and customer needs.
• When the producer is making the quality of design of the
product, he should take into consideration the customer's
requirements in order to satisfy them with fitness for use
of the product.
• If the quality of design does not reflect the customer's
requirements, the product which the producer offers him
would not probably satisfy the customer, even if it does
sufficiently conform to the design.
• Quality of design is usually indicated by completeness
and correctness of specifications, drawings, catalogues,
etc. and is measured with fitness for use.
 Quality of conformance
• Quality of conformance is the level of the quality of product
actually produced and delivered through the production or service
process of the organization as per the specifications or design.
When the quality of a product entirely conforms to the
specification (design), the quality of conformance is deemed
excellent.
• Targets are the ideal values for which production is expected to
strive; tolerances are acceptable deviations from these ideal values
recognizing that it is difficult to meet the exact targets all the time
due to variability in material, machine, men and process.
• For example, if an engineering component manufacturer specifies
the diameter of a steel pin as 2.525 + 0.005 mm, the value 2.525 is
the target value and + 0.005 is the tolerance.
• In a similar way, in case of an Airline service, if on time arrival of
a flight is specified as within 15 minutes of scheduled time, the
target is scheduled time and tolerance is + 15 minutes.
 Quality of conformance
• The measure most commonly used for expressing the quality of
conformance is fraction defective. A fraction of defect of 0 % implies
that the quality of a product wholly conforms to the quality of design.
• Even if the quality of a design is very good and quality of conformance
is poor, the product cannot give the intended service and is classified as
poor quality product.
• For example, in case of a service product like maintenance of law and
order by governmental agencies, the quality of design is reflected in the
relevant acts and rules, whereas quality of conformance depends upon
the extent to which these acts and rules are complied by the enforcement
agencies. In spite of having excellent rules and regulations, the quality of
law and order of society cannot be rated as good, if these rules and
regulations are not adhered to properly.
• Fitness for use (quality of design) and conformance to specification
(quality of conformance) provide the fundamental basis for managing
the processes to produce quality products. Good quality can be attained
only when both, quality of design and quality of conformance are good.
 Quality of performance
• Quality of performance is how well the product functions or
service performs when put to use.
It measures the degree to which the product or Service
satisfies the customer from the perspective of both quality of
design and the quality of conformance.
• Meeting customer expectation is the focus when we talk about
quality of performance.
• Automobile industry conduct test drive of vehicles to collect
information about mileage, oil consumption.
• Bulbs are life tested to understand its reliability during useful
life. Customer survey is conducted to find customer’s
perception about service delivered.
• If product or service does not live up to customer expectation,
then adjustments are needed in the design or conformance
phase.
 Quality Characteristics
• A physical or chemical property, a dimension , a temperature,
pressure, taste, smell or any other requirements used to
define the nature of the product or service, which contributes
to fitness for use is a Quality Characteristic.
• Thus a metal cylinder may be defined by stating the quality
characteristics such as the type of metal, the length, the
diameter, the thickness, the weight etc.
• Quality Characteristics can be classified as :
• 1) Technological e.g. Length, diameter, frequency, viscosity
etc.
• 2) Psychological e.g.( sensory) taste,oder,beuty etc.
• 3) Time oriented e.g. Reliability, Maintainability, life etc.
• 4) Contractual : Guarantee, Safety etc.
• 5) Ethical : Honesty, Integrity etc.
 Quality Control
• Control: Control can be defined as a process by means of which
we observe the actual performance and compare with some
standard. If there is a deviation between observed performance and
standard performance than it is necessary to take corrective action.
• The term Quality Control has variety of meanings:
• 1) Quality Control is the process through which we measure the
actual quality performance, compare it with the standards and take
corrective actions if there is a deviation.
• 2)It is a systematic control of various factors that affect the quality
of the product. It depends on Material, Tools, Machines, type of
Labour, Working Conditions, Measuring Instruments, etc.
• 3)Quality control can be defined as the entire collection of the
activities which ensure that the operation will produce the
optimum quality products at minimum cost.
• 4) It can also be defined as the tools, devices or skills through
which quality activities are carried out.
 Steps In Quality Control Programme
• 1) Formulate Quality Policy
• 2) Workout details of product requirements, set the standards
( specifications) on the basis of customers preference, cost
and profit.
• 3) Select inspection plan and set up procedure for checking.
• 4) Detect deviations from set standards or specifications.
• 5) Take corrective action through proper authority and make
necessary changes to achieve standards.
• 6) Decide on salvage method.
• 7) Co-ordination of quality problems.
• 8) Developing quality consciousness in the organization.
 Objectives of Quality Control
• 1)To Improve company’s income by making the product
more acceptable to the customers.
• 2)To reduce company’s cost through reduction of losses
due to defects.
• 3) To achieve interchangeability of manufacture in large
scale production.
• 4)To produce optimum quality at minimum price.
• 5) To ensure satisfaction of customer.
• 6) Developing procedure for good vendor- vendee
relations.
• 7) Developing quality consciousness in the organization.
 Concept of reliability
• Design of any component should be such that, the product
should have long service life with few failures.
• As product design becomes more and more complex,
chances of failures are more and more.
• To prevent failures a branch of engineering is generated
known as Reliability engineering.
• Definition of Reliability:
• “Thus Reliability of a system or device, is the probability
that it will give the satisfactory performance for a
specified period of time under specified conditions.”
 Need for a reliable product
• The reliability of a system, equipment or product is very important
aspect of quality for its consistent performance over its expected life
span.
• In fact uninterrupted service and hazard free operation is the essential
requirement of large complex systems like electrical power generation
and distribution plants or railways, aeroplanes, automobile vehicles etc.
In these cases a sudden failure of even a single component, assembly or
system results in a health hazard, accident, or interruption in continuity
in services.
• The problem of assuring and maintaining has many responsible factors,
including original equipment design, control of quality during
manufacture, acceptance inspection, field trials, life testing and design
modifications.
• Therefore, deficiencies in design and manufacture of products which go
to build such complex systems needs to be detected by elaborate testing
at the development stage and latter corrected by a planed programme of
maintenance.
 Methods of Improving Reliability
• Question the function of the unreliable parts with a view
of eliminating them entirely if the function is found to be
unnecessary.
• Review the selection of any parts which are relatively
new. Use the standard parts with proven reliability.
• Conduct a R & D programme for the unreliable parts so
as to increase their reliability.
• Specify corrective replacement times for unreliable parts
and replace the parts before they fail.
• Use higher factor of safety during design of the parts.
• Use stand by parts.(redundancy)
• Control the operating environment.
 Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic
approach that determines if a product meets
specific requirements and specifications. It also
focuses on improving processes, so the
organization can deliver better quality products
to its customers.
Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance
 What is quality assurance (QA)?
•Quality assurance is part of the ISO 9000 set of international
quality management standards that help companies meet
compliance requirements, satisfy customers, and continuously
improve processes and procedures.
•The QA role looks at the processes and procedures during a
product’s development or manufacturing to identify and address
possible problems before they happen.
•The idea is to find ways to improve processes and procedures
in an effort to prevent defects, bugs, and other problems from
being introduced into your products.
•The more you prevent errors, the happier your customers will
be.
•QA can be applied to everything from manufacturing to
construction to software development and to organizations of
any size.
What do quality assurance professionals
do?
• People working in QA are responsible for planning
and implementing the processes, procedures, and best
practices that your employees need to follow when
developing your products.
• The QA team also defines how and when to monitor
and audit processes to ensure that development runs
smoothly, problems are fixed quickly, and that
improvements and adjustments are made as needed.
What do quality assurance professionals
do?
As a QA professional, you may be asked to:
• Plan, develop, and implement quality assurance policies, processes,
and procedures.
• Document and update SOPs and best practices.
• Audit processes and procedures to make sure that regulations and
standards are met.
• Monitor current processes to look for ways to make improvements.
• Train production and engineering teams to ensure that established
processes and procedures are followed.
• Perform root cause analysis and implement solutions that address
problems found in current processes and procedures.
• Inspect raw materials used in manufacturing.
• Collect and evaluate feedback from customers.
• Ensure that your documented processes comply with industry
standards and regulations.
Quality Assurance
QC vs. QA
 QA vs. QC
Proactive vs. reactive
• Quality assurance is proactive. QA professionals
proactively monitor and audit existing processes and
procedures in an effort to eliminate errors and issues that
could become major problems.
• Quality control is reactive. QC professionals do their
work after the product is built and before it has shipped.
They look for defects in manufactured products and bugs
in software products. Then they report their findings so
the problems can be fixed.
• If QA is effective, the result should always be a high-
quality product. If QC finds issues, that should trigger a
QA review to look at where processes can be improved.
 QA vs. QC
Creation vs. verification
• Part of the role of QA is to plan and design a sort of roadmap
that includes everything that employees need to know and do
to create high-quality products. This includes defining and
documenting the policies, processes, and procedures that all
employees need to follow to create high-quality products. It
also should include things like product design standards,
packaging, manufacturing, coding, assembly, distribution,
sales—anything that should be included in the creation of the
product.
• The QC role is to verify the quality of all of these various
items to ensure that you can safely and confidently distribute
the product to your customers.
 QA vs. QC
Process vs. product
• Because QA focuses on preventing problems before they
happen, it is process-oriented. Because QC focuses on finding
defects in the product after the processes have completed, it is
product-oriented.
QA processes include:
• Documentation
• Audits
• Training
• Active process monitoring
QC procedures include:
• Inspection
• Product sampling
• Lab testing
 QA vs. QC
Full team vs. dedicated personnel
• The planning, designing, and process monitoring that QA
performs is a team effort. The whole team is responsible
for maintaining and updating SOPs, making sure that
employees are trained, giving employees the resources
they need, and following the processes and SOPs to
produce high-quality products.
• While there may be a team of QC professionals, they
generally work alone when testing products. Each QC
team member follows SOPs to test the specific products
they have been assigned or to test specific parts of a
product. They document what they find based on the
SOPs for product testing and validation.
 Advantages of Quality Assurance
• Quality assurance and quality control are important and
required parts of an effective quality management system.
QA and QC can help you:
• Consistently release high-quality products.
• Continuously improve processes and procedures to ensure
high-quality standards are met.
• Gain customer trust and loyalty, which will encourage them
to buy more of your products in the future.
• Optimize the use of existing resources and reduce costs.
• Proactively find and address issues before they become
major problems.
• Increase proficiency and shorter time to market.
 Advantages of Quality Assurance
• 1) Fewer defects.
• 2)Less scrap
• 3) Fewer complaints.
• 4)Saves Money
• 5) Saves Time
• 6)Better quality
• 7) Higher efficiency
• 8) Higher productivity.
• 9) Good customer relations.
 Inspection vs. Quality Control
Sr. No. Inspection Quality Control

1. It is part of Quality Control It is a broad term. It includes inspection of

product and correction of the defects

2. Inspection is the act of checking the Quality Control is the process through which
parts. we measure the actual quality performance,
compare it with the standards and take
corrective actions if there is a deviation.

3. Inspection is mainly the Quality Control is the responsibility of

responsibility of the inspectors. everyone working in an organization.

4. Inspection uses precision measuring Quality Control uses devices such as SPC,
instruments. SQC, Seven qc tools.
5 Inspection is concerned with Quality Control is concerned with future
Quality of past production production .
Quality circles
 Quality circles
• Quality circle is a participatory management technique that enlists
the help of employees in solving problems related to their own jobs.
• Circles are formed of employees working together in an operation
who meet at intervals to discuss problems of quality and to devise
solutions for improvements.
• Quality circles have an autonomous character, are usually small, and
are led by a supervisor or a senior worker.
• Employees who participate in quality circles usually receive training
in formal problem-solving methods—such as brain-storming, pareto
analysis, and cause-and-effect diagrams—and are then encouraged
to apply these methods either to specific or general company
problems.
• After completing an analysis, they often present their findings to
management and then handle implementation of approved solutions.
 Objectives of Quality Circles
• 1.To contribute towards the improvement and development of the
organization.
• 2.To overcome the barriers that may exist within the prevailing
organizational structure so as to foster an open exchange of ideas.
• 3.To develop a positive attitude and feel a sense of involvement in
the decision making processes of the services offered.
• 4.To respect humanity and to build a happy workplace worthwhile
to work.
• 5.To display human capabilities totally and in a long run to draw
out the infinite possibilities.
• 6.To improve the quality of products and services.
• 7.To improve competence, this is one of the goals of all
organizations.
• 8.To reduce cost and redundant efforts in the long run.
• 9.With improved efficiency, the lead time on convene of information
and its s
 Sequential Steps in Quality Circle
operation
• The operation of Quality Circle involves the
following sequential steps:
1.Identification of a problem.
2.Selection of the problem.
3.Analysis of the problem.
4.Generating alternative solutions.
5.Select the most appropriate solution.
6.Preparation of action plan.
7.Approval of the Management.
7 QC TOOLS (Problem solving tools)
 Problem solving Tools & Techniques
• Quality Circle has introduced simple problem solving
technique to identify, analyze and solve problems.
• These techniques work as follows:
• Brainstorming: It is used to generate ideas.
• Data Collection: It is carried out by using check sheets. The
data thus collected is presented diagrammatically using
graphical techniques such as bar diagrams, pie charts, etc.
• Stratification: The segregation of collected data is done in the
form of strata's and classes.
• Pareto Analysis: It is used for separating the important and
vital problems from minor and trivial ones.
• Cause and Effect Diagram: It is also called fishbone diagram
or Ishikawa diagram. It is used to understand symptoms,
causes and effects of the identified problem
 Problem solving Tools & Techniques
• Line graph/run Chart: It is used to understand that whether
the activity or process of problem being solved is within the
specified control limits.
• Scatter Diagram: It is used for working out correlation
between variables and knowing whether a positive or negative
correlation exists between these variables.
• Histogram: It is used to see the spread and magnitude of the
problem as per its frequencies in the given data. It is similar to
bar chart but is more statistical.
• Control Chart: It is used for advanced applications on data
used in run chart/ line graph to know whether the activity or
process related to the identified problem is under control and
operating within the specified control limits or is out of
control. Then efforts are made to bring it under control.
 Benefits of Quality circles
• Benefits of Quality circles The impacts and benefits of QCs
are as follows:
• (i) Improvement in human relations and work area morale.
• (ii) Promotion of a participative culture in organizations.
• (iii) Enhanced interest in jobs.
• (iv) Help in more effective teamwork in organizations.
• (v) Help in reducing defects and improving product/service
quality.
• (vi) Improved housekeeping, cost effectiveness and safety in
organizations.
 Benefits of Quality circles
• (vii) Help in improving the productivity.
• (viii) Enhancement member's problem solving capabilities.
• (ix) Encouraging an attitude of problem prevention.
• (x) Improved communication between employees and
management in organizations.
• (xi) Help in leadership development among members.
• (xii) Catalyzed attitudinal changes among employees towards
quality improvement.
Total Quality Management
 Total Quality Management
• TQM can be summarized as a management system for a
customer-focused organization that involves all employees in
continual improvement.
• It uses strategy, data, and effective communications to
integrate the quality discipline into the culture and activities of
the organization.
• Many of these concepts are present in modern quality
management systems, the successor to TQM.
• Here are the 8 principles of total quality management:
• Customer-focused: The customer ultimately determines the
level of quality. No matter what an organization does to foster
quality improvement—training employees, integrating quality
into the design process, or upgrading computers or software—
the customer determines whether the efforts were worthwhile.
 Total Quality Management
• Total employee involvement: All employees participate in
working toward common goals. Total employee commitment
can only be obtained after fear has been driven from the
workplace, when empowerment has occurred, and when
management has provided the proper environment. High-
performance work systems integrate continuous
improvement efforts with normal business operations. Self-
managed work teams are one form of empowerment.
• Process-centered: A fundamental part of TQM is a focus on
process thinking. A process is a series of steps that take inputs
from suppliers (internal or external) and transforms them into
outputs that are delivered to customers (internal or external).
The steps required to carry out the process are defined, and
performance measures are continuously monitored in order to
detect unexpected variation.
 Total Quality Management
• Integrated system: Although an organization may consist of many
different functional specialties often organized into vertically structured
departments, it is the horizontal processes interconnecting these functions
that are the focus of TQM.
• Micro-processes add up to larger processes, and all processes
aggregate into the business processes required for defining and
implementing strategy. Everyone must understand the vision,
mission, and guiding principles as well as the quality policies,
objectives, and critical processes of the organization. Business
performance must be monitored and communicated continuously.
• An integrated business system may be modeled after the Baldrige
Award criteria and/or incorporate the ISO 9000 standards. Every
organization has a unique work culture, and it is virtually
impossible to achieve excellence in its products and services unless
a good quality culture has been fostered. Thus, an integrated system
connects business improvement elements in an attempt to
continually improve and exceed the expectations of customers,
employees, and other stakeholders.
 Total Quality Management
• Strategic and systematic approach: A critical part of the
management of quality is the strategic and systematic
approach to achieving an organization’s vision, mission,
and goals. This process, called strategic planning or
strategic management, includes the formulation of a
strategic plan that integrates quality as a core component.

• Continual improvement: A large aspect of TQM is

continual process improvement. Continual improvement
drives an organization to be both analytical and creative
in finding ways to become more competitive and more
effective at meeting stakeholder expectations.
 Total Quality Management
• Fact-based decision making: In order to know how
well an organization is performing, data on
performance measures are necessary. TQM requires
that an organization continually collect and analyze
data in order to improve decision making accuracy,
achieve consensus, and allow prediction based on past
history.

• Communications: During times of organizational

change, as well as part of day-to-day operation,
effective communications plays a large part in
maintaining morale and in motivating employees at all
levels. Communications involve strategies, method, and
timeliness.
 Total quality management benefits
Total quality management benefits and advantages:
• Strengthened competitive position
• Adaptability to changing or emerging market conditions
and to environmental and other government regulations
• Higher productivity
• Enhanced market image
• Elimination of defects and waste
• Reduced costs and better cost management
• Higher profitability
• Improved customer focus and satisfaction
• Increased customer loyalty and retention
• Increased job security
• Improved employee morale
• Enhanced shareholder and stakeholder value
• Improved and innovative processes
Six Sigma Methodology
Six Sigma Methodology
Six Sigma Methodology
Six Sigma Methodology
Six Sigma Methodology
Sigma Levels
Six Sigma Normal Curve
 Six Sigma Methodology
Define
• The main objective of this phase is to summarize the project plan.
This phase focuses on
• clearly specifying the problems;
• the goals of the process improvement project
• what is the scope of the project and
• identifying the customers (internal and external) along with their
requirements.
• An input to this phase comes from the voice of customer (VOC),
the voice of business (VOB) and/ or the voice of process (VOP).
• The main component of this phase is preparing Project Charter.
Charter is a document, which is an initial blueprint for any six sigma
project.
 Six Sigma Methodology
Measure
• The main objective of this phase is to collect the data
that is relevant to the scope of the project.
• This phase focuses on identifying the parameters that
need to be quantified, ways to measure them, collect
necessary data and carry out measurement by
different techniques.
• After data collection, data is analyzed to ascertain its
nature through frequency distributions.
 Six Sigma Methodology
• Analyze
• The main objective of this phase is to find the root cause of business
inefficiency.
• It identifies the gaps between actual and goal performance,
determine its causes and opportunities for its improvement.
• Analyze phase follows a drill down approach to reach exact root
causes from various potential causes identified initially.
• This phase starts with exploring all possible causes to the main
problem. Then, these causes are verified & validated though
hypothesis & statistical tools. The outcome of this phase is verified
root causes – which need to be acted upon to improve the process.
Analyze phase requires due care to identify & verify root causes.
Because the effectiveness of process improvement through six
sigma project lies on the correct identification of root causes.
• Commonly used tools in Analyze phase are Fishbone Diagram,
Brainstorming, Histogram, 5 Whys, Hypothesis testing, Time series
plots and Scatterplot.
 Six Sigma Methodology
• Improve
• This phase improves the process by determining
potential solutions, ways to implement them, test and
implement them for improvement.
• In this phase, process owners are consulted and
improvements are suggested. Action plan for the
improvement is circulated to relevant stakeholders.
• Tools used to eliminate the defects are Brainstorming,
Mistake-proofing (Poka Yoke), Simulation software,
Prototyping, Piloting and Pugh Matrix.
 Six Sigma Methodology
• Control
• The main objective of this phase is to generate a detailed
solution monitoring plan.
• This plan ensures that the required performance is maintained.
• It defines and validates the monitoring system, develops
standards and procedures, verifies benefits and profit growths,
and communicates to business. Hence, the main purpose of
Control phase is to ensure – Holding the gains.
• The most important part of this phase is to provide training on
new changes to all relevant stakeholders.
• Important tools used in control phase are Process sigma
calculation, Control charts, Cost saving calculations and
Control plan.
2 S – Set In Order
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 ISO 9000 - QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ISO 14000
 pre-production inspections
• As the name of this type of inspection suggests,
pre-production inspections are carried out before
production begins to assess the quality and
quantity of raw materials and components.
• This type of inspection is great for when you
begin a new relationship with a supplier.
• You can ensure they are using the right type of
materials for your production and implementing
the right processes to deliver the product you
expect.
 pre-production inspections
• But also, a pre-production inspection can help you
avoid delays in your supply chain and the delivery
of a production.
• After all, no one likes missing a deadline. Product
timelines and shipping dates are as important as
the product quality and communication with your
supplier is key.
• A pre-production inspection helps you to identify
issues at an early stage before it becomes too late.
During Production Inspection (DPI)

• During production inspections are also sometimes

known as DUPRO and these are conducted while
the production is in progress.
• They are meant for products that are in
continuous production and have strict
requirements for on-time shipments and as a
follow-up when quality issues are found prior to
manufacturing during pre-production inspection.
During Production Inspection (DPI)

• Only 10-15% of units are completed when this

inspection is carried out giving you a good idea of
the direction of your product at an early stage.
• Once problems have been rectified, checks are
made again to ensure everything is suitable and as
it should be prior to pre-shipment inspection.
• Inspectors will produce a full report together with
supporting imagery to provide you with
comprehensive information and data.
 Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI)

• In short, the meaning of a pre-shipment

inspection is that it is a method for checking
the quality of goods before they are shipped.
• This type of inspection’s purpose is to check
that a production aligns with the specifications
of the buyer or purchase order/letter of credit.
But at what point is a pre-shipment inspection
conducted exactly?
 Pre-Shipment Inspection (PSI)
• They are carried out on finished products when at
least 80% of the order has been packed to ship.
Samples are selected at random to take part and
the inspection is done according to standard
acceptable quality limits or customer
requirements.
• PSIs are especially good for overseas buyers to
stay on top of differing national standards and
requirements and an increase in fraudulent trade
conduct.
 Piece by Piece Inspection
• This kind of inspection involves thoroughly
checking each and every item to evaluate a range
of variables.
• These can be things such as general appearance,
workmanship, function, safety, etc. and
inspections can be done pre- or post-packaging.
• The Piece by Piece inspections are carried out on
100% of goods. Upon completion, all products
which pass inspection are then sealed and
certified with a sticker to ensure that every piece
included in the shipment meets your specified
quality requirements.