Indian J.Sci.Res.

1(2) : 165-172, 2014 ISSN:2250-0138(Online)

ISSN : 0976-2876 (Print)

ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

ALI ABASABAD ARAB1a, MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARABb

1ab
Msc of Mechanical Engineering, PayvaranParsian engineering co

ABSTRACT
Bearing clearance is one of the most important parameters in the operation of a bearing. Therefore, it’s important to determine the installed
clearance space along with the bore contour and concentricity to the outside fit diameter.A method of calculating the clearance space in a
tilting padjournal bearing is presented, together with supporting measureddata.Three distinct stages of journal position have been
identified. Inthe first stage, the journal can move outwards towards the gap between any two of the stationary, untitled pads until it makes
contact with their running surfaces. In the second stage, the shaft can move further outwards, as the pads tilt without sliding until the pad
pivot, the journal center and the contact point between pad and journal become collinear. In the third and final stage, the pads slide
circumferentially around the bearing homing without further tilting, until contacting their pad stops, thereby allowing further outward
motion of the journal. Any or all of these three stages can co-exist to provide the complete clearance space.At the heart of the method of
calculation is an expression for the clearance space as a linear combination of the pad tilting angle, pre-set and journal center coordinates.
For a large scale model of a typical bearing, the shaft excursion distance at the end of the second stage was calculated lo be 32 mm, which is
very close to the observed value of 33 mm. Comparitions are also made between predicted and measured clearance space for a 60 mm
diameter shaft in a tilting pad bearing. The ability of a pad to slide in the circumferential direction suggests that, if sufficiently large, pad-
stop clearance could have some influence on bearing performance.

KEYWORDS : Clearance Space, Tilting Pad Journal Bearing, Oil Film Thickness, Pad Tilt Angle

The measurement of the clearance space inside a tilting pad
journal bearing (TPJB) is more complex than that of its plain
counterpart. This is mainly because the pads can tilt about
their own pivots and, in the non-rotating condition. The shaft
can only attain a stable equilibrium position when it is in an
inter-pad gap. If a clearance circle is defined for a TPJB as one
with radius equal to the clearance (Cr) at the pivotal location,
then the shaft center can be moved beyond this circle in the
inter-pad gap direction by a certain fraction of Cr. As the
factors that affect the static and dynamic behavior of the
bearing, e.g. the maximum stress on a pivot, depend on the
pad tilt angle which in turn depends on the size of the shaft
excursion distance, it is desirable to be able to estimate it with
OIL FILM THICKNESS
Figure 1 shows a journal, whose center has translated a
distance Yj, i.e. from 0 to J in the direction (+Y) of an inter-pad
gap, whereas Xj remains zero at all times. Figure 1 also shows
the ith pad tilted to φi.
The vector JQ’, from J to any point Q' located by the angle α
+ β on the surface of the ith pad is given by:
a fair degree of accuracy. Armentrout and Paquette
(1)presented a very simple method of calculation for a TPJB
with non-sliding pads, but without taking into account the free
movement of the shaft before it touched the pads. This paper
presents details of a more rigorous method of calculation,
together with supporting measured data. The new method will
also be applicable to pads which can slide along the bearing
housing as well as tilting about their pivots.
Analysis of the clearance space is facilitated by separating
it into three stages of possible combinations of journal center
and pad positions. All three stages can co-exist in an
operational bearing.
Y2= Rp.cosγ – PA.cosα

Xi +X2 i -Xj
JQ' =
 (1) Figure 1.The geometry of two adjactment pads In a
Yi +Y2 i -Yj
tilting pad Journal bearing, showing the tilt angle of
Where:
X1= Rp.cosγ – OP.cosα the ith pad (exaggerated).
X2= PA.sinα – Rp.sinγ
Y1= Rp.sinγ – OP.sinα
__________________________________
1
Corresponding author
 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

And the distance AA' is neglected because it is very small
compared to all 'the other dimensions involved, and iis
assumed to be small enough that putting
does not introduce significant errors. The oil film thickness H
at any point Q' is defined as:
This can be shown to have the following non
non-dimensional
form (2):
This equation is used in the following sections to
develop expressions and data for the three stages involved
in calculating the clearance space.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
First Stage of Journal Motion
As regards the motion of a journal towards an inter-pad
inter gap
starting from the concentric position, by symmetry it is only
necessary to concentrate on one of the two pads, the ith pad.
Assuming that, for this initial stage, i = 0 and that i remains
zero
ero throughout, during this first stage of journal translation
the oil film thickness is given by:

Using a typical value, f =1, corresponding to Pr= 1/2, film thickness profiles are obtained and shown in Fig.2 for a range of values
of yj. It can be seen that h is positive everywhere for yj ≤ 1.1. Moreover, h would become negative for some values of β when yj is
much greater than 1.1, which is clearly inadmissible. In fact
fact,, as shown below, the shaft comes into first contact with a pad at a point on
the pad given by β = 18.9" when yj = 1.103. Any further advancement of the shaft will cause the pad to tilt, i.e. i ≠ 0, and Eq. [4] will
no longer be applicable.
The condition for this initial contact is given by the minimization of y, under the constraints of h = 0 and i=0, i.e. when:

Figure2. Calculated clearance profiles (Stage 1).

Equating dy/dβ to zero gives:

Cos(α+β) = Prcosα [5a]
Hence:
β = β1 = arcos(Prcosα) - α [5b]
At this value of β:

Where:

Some results for β1 and γl are given in Table 1, obtained with a that Eq. [6] depends only upon the angle α and pre-set
pre ratio Pr
typical value of α = 54°, σ = 0.5 mm, RB= 42.0 mm and RG= Since:
38.0 mm, for various values of the pre-set.
set. It should be noted

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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

d 2 yJ cos β1 The value of yl given by Eq. [6] is, indeed, the minimum.
2
= γ1 + f >0 [6a] Table 1 shows that contact will occur at one edge of the
dβ sin γ1
pad, i.e. at β1= 30°, when:
Pr =P*r = cos (α+30°)/ cos α=0.1778

If Pr<P*r , then β1> 30°, and Eqs. [5a]-[6a] are no longer y3 in Table 1, for Pr=0.0 and 0.1, have been adjusted to allow
valid because the minimum occurs outside the range of β. In for this slight complication. For the sake of simplicity, the case
this case the journal can, in fact, move a little more towards of Pr<P*r will be omitted in the following analysis.
the pads before touching their surfaces. The results yl, y2 and

Table 1. Calculated results for a typical tilting pad Journal Bearing

α = 30° , Pr = ½ , RB = 42mm
Pr f β1 y1 y2 y3
0.0 0.00 30.00 1.006 1.166 1.168
0.1 0.11 30.00 1.020 1.199 1.201
0.1778 0.22 30.00 1.034 1.230 1.231
0.2 0.25 29.25 1.039 1.230 1.232
0.3 0.43 25.84 1.059 1.232 1.234
0.4 0.67 22.40 1.081 1.233 1.236
0.5 1.00 18.91 1.103 1.233 1.238
0.6 1.5 15.35 1.126 1.234 1.240
0.7 2.33 11.70 1.150 1.234 1.241
0.8 4.00 7.97 1.177 1.234 1.242
0.9 9.00 4.06 1.205 1.234 1.244

SECOND STAGE OF JOURNAL MOTION outward, it causes the pad to rotate, and hence the point of
For the next stage of the journal motion, i.e. for yJ>yl, and contact to shift to a new position given by the value of β at
i ≠ 0, Eq. [3] must be used. As the journal moves further which h = 0, i.e.
(f + yjsinα) cosβ = 1+f - (rB i + yJcosα)sinβ [7]

Putting  1     1  and substituting:

1 1
(cos β= cos β1 -ξ sin β1 - ξ2 cos β1 +… ( sin β= sin β1 -ξ cos β1 - ξ2 sin β1 +…) Into Eq.[7] then gives:
2 2
1
fcos β1 +y1 sinαcos β1 -η sinαcos β1 -ξ(f+y1 sinα )sinβ1 - ξf+y1 sinα cos β1 -ηξ sin α sin β1 +…
2
1
=1+f-y1 cosα sin β1 -rB i sin β1 -η cos α sin β1 -ξ i rB cos β1 + ξ2 y1 cos α sin β1 -ηξ cos α cos β1 +…
2
Equating zeroth order terms gives:

y1 = 1+1- cos β1 f
sin γ1 9

Which is exactly the same as Eq[6]. Equating first order terms -2η sin α
ξ= [10]
gives: 1+f sin β1
rB i = -Cη [9a]
Again, for the same typical bearing, the above becomes ξ=
Where C is a constant. Here, for the same typical example, -2.5η for the ithpad. Hence ξmust be negative, i.e. the point of
given that α = 54°, Pr = 18.9° and P, = 0.5, then since C > contact moves towards the pivot. Under this condition, the
and η > 0, one has i< 0, i.e. the ith pad tilts in the clockwise clearance space is therefore given by:
direction as expected. Equating second order terms gives:
h=1+[1- cos β-ξ f-yJ sin α+β-ξ+Cη sin (β-ξ) [11]

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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE
Where the transformation β
β - ξ has been made to
allow for the shift of the contact point, thus ensuring that,
when β = β1 + ξ, then h = 0. Some typical clearance profiles
for a range of values of q are shown in Fig. 3 for the same
bearing with Pr = ½.
Thus the pad can be made to tilt in a manner depicted
above to accommodate the further radial movement of the
journal toward an inter-pad
pad gap. Clearly, however, there is a
limit beyond which the pad cannot be made to tilt any more.
It is observed that, as q increases, increases, as
illustrated by Eq. [9]. The pad pivot moves away from the line
AP', whereas the contact
act point between the journal and the pad
shifts toward it, as shown in Fig. 1. Eventually the journal
center, contact point and pad pivot become collinear. When
this happens, the transverse components of the applied forces
on the ith and (i+1)th pads cancel el out, while the radial
components pass through the pad pivots. Further tilting of the
pads is then impossible. Figure 4 shows the condition at the
end of this second stage, in which:
Figure 1. Calculated clearance profiles (Stage 2).
And the point of contact between journal and pad is
almost back to being adjacent to the pivot point, i.e. β=0.
THIRD STAGE OF SHAFT MOTION
In a typical TPJB there is a pad-stop stop between each
adjacent pair of pads. To allow free play of the pads, there is
some circumferential clearance (σ) of the order of 10 Cr. It
follows that a pad can slide circumferentially around the
bearing housing, thus enabling the journal to travel further
outwards. This is the characteristic feature of Stage 3.
A large scale model comprising two pads, a journal and
bearing outer ring, was constructed to facilitate understanding
of the possible
ble stages of journal motion within the clearance
space. For Stage 3, the observations are that:
Indian J.Sci.Res.1(2) : 165-172, 2014
Since , ξ is very small compared with β1. Thus, ξ
can be neglected with only a small loss of accuracy. Assuming
that the ith and (i + 1)th pads can roll along the bearing housing
without sliding, then:
θi = S i [13]
Where:
S = RG /(RB - RG)
Equations [9], [10], [12] and [13] then give:
Results for y1= y2= y1+ η2 are shown in Table 1 for a = 54°.
In particular, when Pr= 1/2, one has:
- Pads i and i + 1 can only slide circumferentially outwards
- There is very little additional tilting of the pads
- The shaft remains in contact with each pad very near the pad
center, i.e. β = 0
- The axis of the ith pad moves clockwise (α decreases),
whereas that of the (i + l)th pad moves counterclockwise (α
increases)
- there is a very short transitional stage during which the
contact point between the shaft, t, and the pad moves from β ≈
2° to p ≈ 0°, and this transitional stage can be neglected with
only a small loss of accuracy.
Considering the ith pad and using the above observations, it
follows that the clearance profile should be basically the same
as it was at the end of the second stage, except that α should be
modified to become K + α, where K is to be found by the
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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

condition that RBK is the circumferential

rcumferential sliding distance. If λ For ease of observation, the clearance ratio Cr/RJ was chosen
is the extra non-dimensional
dimensional excursion distance starting from as 0.1 which is approximately 100 times that of a typical
y2, then: bearing. However, the bearing housing radius, RB, is
approximately 10 times a typical value. In the case of the large
scale model, it was possible to deliberately put the journal and
padss into the conditions defined by each of Stages 1, 2 and 3, a
circumstance which may not be readily obtainable in an
operational bearing.
Figures 5 and 6 show comparisons between measured and
calculated film thickness profiles for two values (η=0.04 and
0.07) of the non-dimensional
dimensional journal center translation in
Stage 2. There is particularly good agreement for the upper
half of the pad (β > 0), but the calculated values for the lower
half are consistently smaller by up to 0.15 Cr. Together, Figs.
5 and 6 show the increase in corresponding to increase in q
in accordance with Eq. [10].

Figure 2. Condition at the end of Stage 2 (not to scale).

When λ = 0, one has K=

= 0, and Eq. [15] becomes:

Which is simply Eq. [11] evaluated at the end of Stage 2. Figure 3. Compartion of meusred
eusred and calculated clearance
From observation (c), one has h = 0 at β= 0, and Eq. [15] profile at λ=0.04 in stage 2, λ<λmax
therefore becomes:

From the zeroth order terms, Eq. [16] for h = 0, β = 0 is

reproduced, whereas when allowing for λ <<y2, the first order
terms give:

The end of Stage 3 is determined by the magnitude of σ σ,

the circumferential clearance of the pads. Taking a typical
Figure 4.Compartion
Compartion of meusred and calculated clearance
value of σas 0.5 mm, for the hitherto used example, gives:
profile at λ=0.07 instage 2, λ <λmax

Then, for the case of Pr =1/2 and RB=42 mm:

Results for y3 = y2+ λmax are shown in Table 1 for a range of

Prvalues, where RBand σ are the same as before.

VALIDATION
Large Scale Model

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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

the journal and pad contact point deviates little from β = 0 in

Stage 3, for either value of λ. Very good agreement is shown
between the calculated and measured values in the upper half
of the pad (β > 0). Again, as in Stage 2, the calculated
calcula values
are up to 0.075 Cr less than their measured counterparts in the
lower half of the pad (β < 0).

Figure 5.Compartion
Compartion of meusred and calculated clearance
profile at λ=0.04 in stage 3, λ <λmax

Figures 7 and 8 show comparisons for the two values of

the non-dimensional
dimensional journal center translation in Stage 3(λ=
0.04, 0.07 with σ/Cr > 0.07). Both Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate that Figure 6.. Comparison of measured and calculated
clearance profile at λ=0.07 in stage 3, λ <λmax

Table 22. Comparison Calculated Measured Values

Stages Parameters Calculated Measured
β1 18.9° 20.0°
End of Stage 1 y1 1.103 1.10
y1cr 30.10 mm 30.0 mm
η2 0.070 mm 0.10 mm
End of Stage 2 y2 1.233 1.20
y2cr 32.0 mm 33.0 mm
This test facility allows static forces to be exerted onto the
Data for the conditions at the end of Stages 1 and 2 were also non-rotating
rotating shaft in almost any desired direction. Thus, by
measured and compared with the calculated values in Table 2. forcing the non-rotating
rotating journal radially to contact the pad
Very good agreements are obtained. In particular, the shaft surface in a large number of different radial directions,
excursion distance at the end of Stage 2 is predicted to be 32 readingss of shaft center coordinates, to an accuracy of ± 2µm,
mm, whichh differs from the observed value by just over three provide evidence of the clearance space(4).
percent. Due to the thing freedom of the pads, it was found to be
8, the different data points shown for a given β
In Figs. 5-8, almost impossible to obtain a sufficiently stable journal
represent independent measurements which can differ by as position other than in an intr-pad
pad gap. Moreover,
M in such a real
much as 2 mm, particularly along the lower half of the pad. situation, the separate pad positions specified in Stages 2 and 3
This can be explained by the fact that the various components cannot be guaranteed. It follows that in the circumstances
of the test apparatus are made of plywood to a nominal arising in such a test, pad tilting will occur and some pad
accuracy of ± 0.5 mm, but the lower half of the pad is found to sliding of Stage 3 (i.e. K ≠0) will almost certainly exist,
have manufacturing errors twice this amount. However, this although K may not be the same for the two adjacent pads, and
uncertainty in the film thickness
hickness of up to 2 mm, which occurs neither be at Kmax.
at locations far from the pivot, does not appear to be Figure 9 shows the results of such a test, wherein nearly all
significant, as far as the shaft excursion distance is concerned, the data points lie within the range of 1.0 to 1.3 Cr. The
as shown in Table 2. measured value of Cr = 46µm agrees well with the value of Cr
= 45 µm supplied by the bearing designers. The five groups of
data points represent results of independent observations. Each
TYPICAL TPJB group is found to lie close to the central axis of the pad-stop,
pad
Attempts to measure the clearance space in a typical TPJB except for the upper er left pad, where the much greater scatter
were made using an installation in a test rig that has been along both the radial and transverse directions arises from the
extensively described elsewhere (3). difficulty of pulling the shaft in that particular direction

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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

because of the configuration of the test rig which was built
several years ago for completely
letely different purposes.
In compartion, the range predicted for this typical bearing,
with α = 54° and Pr = ½, is 1.0 to 1.238 Cr, as listed in Table 1.
Assessment of the quality of this agreement must take account
of the fact that the difference between
etween 1.3 and 1.238 Cr is only
2.8 pm. possible effects which are not incorporated in the
theoretical treatment, e.g. manufacturing imperfections and
distortion of the various elements under load, become
significant at this order of magnitude.
aximum possible journal center translation, y3,
The maximum
depends on the pad-stop stop clearance. In the typical bearing
examined, this pad-stop
stop clearance is relatively small, and its
contribution to the third stage translation is therefore rather
insignificant. However, designers should note that if a larger
pad-stop
stop clearance is employed, then a correspondingly larger
Stage 3 contribution would arise, and so would have a greater
influence on the bearing characteristics.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER PUBLISHED
DATA
Armentrout
out and Paquette (1) describe a TPJB wherein the
pads are supported on flexural pivots. Their paper contains a
short section in which the largest possible pad tilt angle is
evaluated in order to determine the maximum stress on the
pivot. They give a very simple
imple geometrical derivation of the
maximum pad tilt angle and journal translation distance. The
free movement of the shaft before it touches the pads has not
been taken into account.
The new method can be applied to the situation in Ref. (1)
except that Stage 3 does not exist, and there is no movement
of the pivot point as the pad tilts, i.e. K = 0, and S=0.
Applying these conditions, a comparison between the
results calculated by the two different methods, where
possible, is shown in Table 3. Goodagreement is shown for Y2
(or y2). However, Eq. [9] in the present method, when
evaluated at η = η2, gives a much lower pad tilt angle than that
given in Ref. (1).

Table 3.. Comparison of different Calculation method

Parameters Present Method Ref (4)

Y2 0.10 mm 0.10 mm
y2 1.97 2.00
0.35° 0.53°

Application of the new technique to the situation Ref. (1) demonstrates the versatility engendered by the incorporation there in of a
multi-stage approach.

.The measured clearance space in a typical TPJB with five pa

Figure 7.The pads (RB=42mm, Cr=45µm, Pr=0.5)

possible stages of journal radial motion have been identified

and characterized. They are:
CONCLUSION
• Stage 1-pads
pads remain stationary.
Amethod for calculating the clearance space in a tilting • Stage 2-pads
pads tilt but do not slidecircumferentially.
pad journal bearing has been presented. In doing so, three
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 ALI ABASABAD ARAB AND MOHAMMAD ABASABAD ARAB : ANALYSIS OF A TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING'S CLEARANCE

• Stage 3-pads slide circumferentially without
further tilting.
The validity and accuracy of the quantities provided by the
theoretical method were specifically checked against readings
taken from a large two-dimensional scale model. Furthermore,
results obtained from a typical bearing mounted in a test rig
also supported the findings of the mathematical treatment.
The pad circumferential sliding clearance could, if sufficiently
large, have an influence on the between-pad performance.
Designers could usefully incorporate Eqs. [6], [14] and
those leading to λmax to quickly determine the maximum
increase in magnitude of the clearance space beyond
Cr(nominal clearance radius in the inter-pad direction),
thecorresponding maximum pad tilt, and hence the
maximumstress likely to act on a pad pivot.

Table 4. Nomenclature
point of contact between pad and outer
A, A' Rp radius, pad machined running surface
ring, i = 0, i ≠ 0 respectively
clearance at pad pivot point = RP - OP
Cr RG radius, pad outer surface
– RJ
f Pr/(1 - Pr) S RG/ (RB – RG)
non-dimensional oil film thickness= H xJ , non-dimensional coordinates of J , xJ =
h
/ Cr yJ XJ/Cr, yJ = YJ/Cr
H oil film thickness XJ,YJ coordinates of J
J Journal center α angular coordinate, pad central axis
K modification to a in Stage 3 β angle subtended at P by A and Q
Pr pre-set ratio = (Rp - Rj - Cr)/(Rp - Rj) γ α+β
center, pad machined running surface, non-dimensional journal translation in
P, P' η
i = 0, i ≠ 0 respectively Stage 2
arbitrary point on pad running surface, angular change in pad pivot point during
Q, Q' θ
i = 0, i ≠ 0 respectively Stage 2
non-dimensional bearing housing non-dimensional journal translation in
rB λ
radius= RB/Cr Stage 3
RB radius, bearing housing σ pad-stop clearance
RJ radius, journal i tilt angle of ith pad
Hasanzadehbecause of selfless effortsand for their support and
encouragement and also all the my staff in PayvaranParsian
Acknowledgements.First of all,I must my gratitudefor my Engineering co (PTEDco) and their valuable comments.
parents and family for their efforts against me. I would like to
express my appreciation for our direct management Mr.Jafar
Maher and our Technical managementMr.Ahmad
Characteristics of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings," Proc. of
REFERENCES the Intl. Conf. on Hydrodynamic Bearing Rotor System
Dynamics,
ArmentroutR. W. and Paquette. D. J., 1993. Rotor Dynamic Fouad Y., Zeidan and Bernard S., Herbage.; 1994. Fluid Film
Characteristics of Flexure Pivot tilting Pad Journal Bearing," Fundamental and Failure Analysis", Proceedings of the
Trib. Trans, 36,3:443-451. twenty-third turbomachinery symposium, Dallas, Texas, USA.
[FuW. B. and ParkinsD. W.; 1992. Mathematical Analysis of Nicols J. C and Kirk R.G. 1982. Four Pad Tilting pad Bearing
the Performance of Tilting Pad Journal Rearing under Static Design and Application for Multi-Stage Axial Compressors"
Load" Institute of Physic. Journal of Physic, D: Appl. Phys., ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, 104(4):523-
25:A108-A115. 532(October 1982).
ParkinsD. W. 1979. Theoretical and Experimental BrockwellK., DmochowskiW. and DeCamillo S.; 2004. An
Determination of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Investigation of the Steady-State Performance of a Pivoted
Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings," ASME Journal of Shoe Journal Bearing with ISO VG 32 and VG 68 Oils,” STLE
Lubrication Technology, 101, P129. Tribology Transactions, 47:480-488.
ParkinsD. W. 1990. Description and Appraisal of some
Techniques for the Measurement of the Static and Dynamic

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