ARBT04 - ASSIGNMENT NO.

Construction and
Estimation Methods
Cleofas, Keith Cyril
ARCH 303
 Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB), are
one of the most extensively used
walling materials in the Philippines.
Some of the reasons for this is their
relative low cost when compared to
other materials and speed of
installation by semi-skilled
CHB WALL labourers. CHB walls are very weak
against lateral loads (pushing or
pulling forces from typhoon or
earthquake). Adding steel
reinforcing bars vertically and
horizontally inside the CHBs can
increase their resistance to lateral
loads.
 CHB unit: pcs
MATERIALS REQUIRED

10mm dia. RSB unit:

pcs/length
#16 G.I Tie Wire unit: kg
Mortar unit: bags/cu.mtr
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE
QUANTITY OF CHB FOR
YOUR CONCRETE WALL:

The easiest way to estimate CHB quantity is by the

Area Method. A piece of standard concrete hollow
block (CHB) has a surface area of 0.08 m2. In
accordance to this, a one square meter area will
require 12.5 pcs of CHB.
 MORTAR JOINT AND FILLER

Filling the gaps between the masonry stones or bricks and leveling them with a trowel on the
upper parts reveals the joints. The material that fills these spaces is also joint filling.
A joint filling is also used to fill cracks on concrete that may occur over time. Various openings
can show up on concrete surfaces in time. These openings can arise as a result of climatic
What is a Joint Filler? conditions or impacts, as well as due to the aging of the material over time. A joint filling is used
to prevent these cracks from growing and damaging the concrete in such cases. The joint filler is
a material that will hold the two materials it sinks in between firmly together. Therefore, it is seen
as cement or plaster based.
 1. Determine the area of the wall:
HOW TO CALCULATE
Determine the area of your wall. The formula

STEEL BARS FOR A

FOR QUANTITY OF for a square wall is Length * Height.

CHB WALL:
2. Determine the specified vertical and
horizontal reinforcement spacing:

3. Get total required length of vertical

and horizontal steel bars:
 4. Get the total length of steel bars needed:
HOW TO CALCULATE

STEEL BARS FOR A

Add the vertical steel bar length and the horizontal
FOR QUANTITY OF steel bar length.
Total Steel Bar Length Needed = Vertical Steel Bar

CHB WALL:
Length + Horizontal Steel Bar Length

5. Determine the quantity of steel bars

needed to be ordered:

Determine the commercial length of the steel bar

to be ordered and divide it with the total steel bar
length to get the quantity of steel bars needed to
be ordered.
Total of Steel Bars to be ordered = Total Steel Bar
Length Needed / Steel Bar Commercial Length
 Plaster is a building material used
for the protective or decorative
PLASTERING coating of walls and ceilings and for
Fine Grain Sand (Binistay) moulding and casting decorative
elements.
 Materials Required:
Cement

Water
Sand
Classes of Plastering Mixture
CLASS A CLASS C
For exterior projects. For brickwork mortar and interior
walls.

CLASS B CLASS D
For ceiling and exterior projects. For interior projects.
 WWF consists of wires arranged in
WELDED WIRE a square or rectangular grid
configuration. The wires are welded
MESH together at each intersection for
strength and durability.
Welded mesh are screens built with
metal and wires. They are placed in a
crisscross way and made of stainless
steel to avoid rust and corrosion.
They are commonly used in the
construction of swimming pools,
manhole chambers, tunnels and
parking lots. They are used as a
protection against rodents and pests
that usually infest the house. Welded
mesh is also used for building road
and highway pavements. People use
this with some slabs to build
longlasting and sturdy concrete
floors.
Available Types:
• BI Welded Wire Mesh
• Stainless Welded Wire Mesh
 The painting work procedure is the
finishing item in any construction.
PAINTING Painting affects the total
appearance of a building from
WORKS inside and outside. Therefore, it
should be carried out with the great
skill of workmanship


TYPE OF PAINT USED

IN SPECIFIC ROOMS
 Step 1: Surface Contamination
Step 2: Remove any Loose, Peeling Paint and
Dents
Step 3: Rinse the Surface

Step 4: Environment Conditions

Step 5: Priming

SURFACE Step 6: Top Coat the surface

PREPARATION Step 7: Re-Coat the Surface, if

Necessary
TECHNIQUES

WHAT IS PRIMER
Primer is a base coat used to
help treat a surface before
applying a topcoat.
Accordingly, primer is
formulated to ensure
maximum adhesion. Better
PAINT?
paint adhesion means your
paint job lasts longer.
WHEN NOT TO USE PRIMER
You don’t need to use primer on previously
painted surfaces that are in good condition.
This goes for both interior and exterior
surfaces that are not peeling or chipping.
Likewise, most modern quality exterior and
interior paints are self-priming. This means
they are formulated to adhere to most
previously painted surfaces without the need
for a prime coat.
Typical flat or eggshell finishes found on walls
and ceilings don’t require primer if they are
smooth and clean. However, you should lightly
sand and prime before painting over certain
gloss finishes or if drywall repairs are required.
 1
Interior Walls With
4
Walls With Mildew
Stains Or Mold
WHEN TO USE A PRIMER
BEFORE PAINTING

Stucco Patch and

2
Major Color
Changes 5 New Stucco
Priming

Gloss Finishes and

6
New Drywall
3 Oil-Based Paint Priming
 Any unpainted surface,
including new plaster, drywall,
Closely related to primers,
and old woodwork that has
sealers are formulated to
been stripped
WHAT ARE PAINT
make a porous surface non-
Bare open-grained woods such
porous. They are also used to
as oak and maple
cover knots and mildew to
Bare woods, such as redwood,
keep them from showing
that bleed through or discolor
through the finish coats.
paint
You'll find oil-base sealers, as
SEALERS?

Large areas of wallboard joint

well as products with
compound or patching plaster
reactive resins and epoxies.
Masonry surfaces like
Most of these products clean
unglazed brick, cinder block,
up with strong petroleum
and concrete
solvents. Use sealers when
Metal surfaces (use an oil-
working with the following
based primer-sealer with rust
surfaces:
inhibitors to prevent corrosion)
Estimation method for Paints:
((height x width) / coverage)) x number of coats

This means that

((5 meters x 10 Since 1 gallon = 4
Sample for one coat, you
Calculation of a
meters) / 25 liters, you will be
would need 2
Wall square meters)) x needing 16 liters
gallons/coat. But
Let’s say your 2 coats to complete your
if you want to
ceiling height is 5 = (50 / 25) gallons project,
make two coats,
meters and the x 2 coats
then you would 4 gallons x 4 liters
width of the wall = 2 gallons x 2
be needing 4 = 16 liters
is 10 meters.
coats

gallons for the
= 4 gallons
whole DIY project.
 Typically waterproofing is done in
various layers and stages to create
multiple barriers so that water

WATERPROOFING cannot penetrate the structure. A

structure is waterproofed by the
WORKS use of membranes and coatings to
protect contents underneath or
within as well as protecting
structural integrity.
 CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING

Cementitious waterproofing is the easiest method of

waterproofing in construction. The materials for
cementitious waterproofing are easily available from
suppliers of masonry products, and they’re easy to mix and
apply.

This method is often used in the internal wet areas such as

toilets. This method is usually a rigid or semi-flexible type
waterproofing, but since it is used in internal areas such as
toilets, it is not exposed to sunlight and weathering. Thus
cementitious waterproofing does not go through contract
and expansion process.
 LIQUID MEMBRANES
Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually a
primer coat and two coats of top coats which are applied by
spray, roller, or trowel. It offers more flexibility than the
cementitious types of waterproofing. The liquid cures into a
rubbery coating on the wall. The elongation properties of the
coating can reach as high as 280%. The durability of the
waterproofing coating depends on what type of polymer the
manufacturer use for the making of the liquid waterproofing.
Liquid waterproofing membrane can be of spray-applied
liquid membrane composed of polymer-modified asphalt.
Polyurethane liquid membranes in separate grades for
trowel, roller, or spray are also available from various
manufacturers.
 TORCH-ON MEMBRANES

The two most common Torch-On Membranes in the market are known as Atactic
Polypropylene Plastic modified Bitumen (APP), and Styrene Butadiene Styrene
modified bitumen (SBS). Both are heat-sensitive materials that are widely used
internationally to cover flat roofs, floorings, car porch, and balcony areas.

How it works
The application of Torch-On Membranes involves two main layers to work, the
substrate layer laid out on the surface and the thermofusible film of the membrane
itself. The thermofusible film is a type of hot-melt plastic adhesive. Essentially, the
membrane is supposed to create a barrier on top of the surface that keeps water from
seeping through. However, poor workmanship can lead to these membranes to not
work as intended.
ESTIMATION
METHODS
This guide is a materials
breakdown per square meter
of waterproofing works. All
you have to do is to multiply
the factors below with your
computed total area (in
square meter). All in straight-
to-the-point calculations.
CLEOFAS, KEITH CYRIL
ARCH 303