SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 613

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

CHAPTER 7

7.6.3 ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx .

We choose constants A and B such that

d 
px + q = A  ( ax 2 + bx + c )  + B
 dx 
= A(2ax + b) + B
Comparing the coefficients of x and the constant terms on both sides, we get
2aA = p and Ab + B = q
Solving these equations, the values of A and B are obtained. Thus, the integral
reduces to

A ∫ (2ax + b ) ax 2 + bx + c dx + B ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx

= AI1 + BI2

where I1 = ∫ (2 a x + b ) ax2 + bx + c dx

Put ax2 + bx + c = t, then (2ax + b)dx = dt

3
2
So I1 = (ax + bx + c) 2 + C1
2

Similarly, I2 = ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx

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is found, using the integral formulae discussed in [7.6.2, Page 328 of the textbook].

Thus ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx is finally worked out.

Example 25 Find ∫x 1 + x − x 2 dx

Solution Following the procedure as indicated above, we write

 d 
x = A 
 dx
(1 + x − x 2 ) + B

= A (1 – 2x) + B

Equating the coefficients of x and constant terms on both sides,

We get – 2A = 1 and A + B = 0
1 1
Solving these equations, we get A = − and B = . Thus the integral
2 2
reduces to
1 1
∫ x 1 + x − x dx = − ∫ (1 − 2 x ) 1 + x − x 2 dx + ∫ 1 + x − x 2 dx
2
2 2

1 1
=− I1 + I 2 (1)
2 2

Consider I1 = ∫ (1 − 2 x) 1 + x − x 2 dx

Put 1 + x – x2 = t, then (1 – 2x)dx = dt

1
2 32
∫ (1 − 2 x ) 1 + x − x dx = ∫ t 2 dt = t + C1
2
Thus I1 =
3

=
2
3
(1 + x − x 2 ) 2 + C1 , where C1 is some constant.

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2
5  1
Further, consider I2 = ∫ 1 + x − x 2 dx = ∫ −  x −  dx
4  2

1
Put x − = t. Then dx = dt
2
2
 5 
∫  − t d t
2
Therefore, I2 = 
 2 

1 5 1 5 2t
= t − t2 + ⋅ s in − 1 + C2
2 4 2 4 5

1 (2 x − 1 ) 5 1 5  2x −1 
= − ( x − ) 2 + sin − 1   + C2
2 2 4 2 8  5 

1 5  2x −1
= ( 2 x − 1) 1 + x − x 2 + sin − 1   + C2 ,
4 8  5 

where C2 is some constant.

Putting values of I1 and I2 in (1), we get

3
1 1
∫ x 1 + x − x dx = − (1 + x − x 2 ) 2 +
2
(2 x − 1) 1 + x − x 2
3 8

5  2x −1 
+ s in − 1   + C,
16  5 

C1 + C 2
where C = − is another arbitrary constant.
2

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Insert the following exercises at the end of EXERCISE 7.7 as follows:

12. x x + x2 13. ( x + 1) 2 x 2 + 3 14. ( x + 3) 3 − 4 x − x 2

Answers

1 2 3
(2 x + 1) x 2 + x 1 1
12. (x + x)2 − + lo g | x + + x2 + x | + C
3 8 16 2

3
1 x 3 2 3
13. (2 x 2 + 3) 2 + 2x2 + 3 + lo g x + x2 + + C
6 2 4 2

1 3
7  x + 2  (x + 2) 3 − 4 x − x2
14. − (3 − 4 x − x 2 ) 2 + s in − 1  + +C
3 2  7  2

CHAPTER 10

10.7 Scalar Triple Product

Let be any three vectors. The scalar product of , i.e.,
is called the scalar triple product of in this order and is denoted by [ ]
(or [ ]). We thus have

[ ]=

Observations
   
1. Since ( b × c ) is a vector, a ⋅ ( b × c ) is a
scalar quantity, i.e. [ ] is a scalar
quantity.
2. Geometrically, the magnitude of the scalar
triple product is the volume of a parallelopiped
formed by adjacent sides given by the three
Fig. 10.28

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vectors (Fig. 10.28). Indeed, the area of the parallelogram forming

the base of the parallelopiped is . The height is the projection of along

the normal to the plane containing and which is the magnitude of the

component of in the direction of i.e., . So the required

volume of the parallelopiped is ,

3. If then

iˆ ˆj kˆ
= b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

= (b2c3 – b3c2) iˆ + (b3c1 – b1c3) ĵ + (b1c2 – b2c1) k̂

and so

a1 a2 a3
= b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
4. If be any three vectors, then
[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
(cyclic permutation of three vectors does not change the value of the scalar
triple product).
Let

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Then, just by observation above, we have

a1 a2 a3
[ ] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

= a1 (b2c3 – b3c2) + a2 (b3c1 – b1c3) + a3 (b1c2 – b2c1)

= b1 (a3c2 – a2c3) + b2 (a1c3 – a3c1) + b3 (a2c1 – a1c2)

b1 b2 b3
= c1 c2 c3
a1 a2 a3

=[ ]

Similarly, the reader may verify that

=[ ]=[ ]

Hence [ ]=[ ]=[ ]

5. In scalar triple product , the dot and cross can be interchanged.

Indeed,

=[ ]=[ ]=[ ]=

6. =[ ]=–[ ]. Indeed

=[ ]=

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7. = 0 Indeed

Note: The result in 7 above is true irrespective of the position of two equal vectors.

10.7.1 Coplanarity of Three Vectors

Theorem 1 Three vectors are coplanar if and only if .

Proof Suppose first that the vectors are coplanar.

If are parallel vectors, then, and so .

If are not parallel then, since are coplanar, is perpendicular

to .
So .

Conversely, suppose that . If and are both non-zero, then

we conclude that and are perpendicular vectors. But is perpendicular to

both . Therefore, and and must lie in the plane, i.e. they are coplanar.
If = 0, then is coplanar with any two vectors, in particular with . If
( ) = 0, then are parallel vectors and so, , and are coplanar since any
two vectors always lie in a plane determined by them and a vector which is parallel to
any one of it also lies in that plane.
Note: Coplanarity of four points can be discussed using coplanarity of three vectors.

Indeed, the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the vectors

are coplanar.

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Example 26 Find .

Solution We have

Example 27 Show that the vectors

are coplanar.

1 −2 3
r
Solution We have c ) = −2 3 − 4 = 0.
1 −3 5

Hence, in view of Theorem 1, are coplanar vectors.

Example 28 Find λ if the vectors
are coplanar.
Solution Since are coplanar vectors, we have , i.e.,

1 3 1
2 −1 −1 = 0.
λ 7 3
⇒ 1 (– 3 + 7) – 3 (6 + λ) + 1 ( 14 + λ) = 0
⇒ λ = 0.

Example 29 Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors
4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ, − ( ˆj + kˆ ), 3iˆ + 9 ˆj + 4kˆ and 4(–iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) , respectively are coplanar.
Solution We know that the four points A, B, C and D are coplanar if the three vectors
are coplanar, i.e., if

[ ]=0

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Now = – ( ˆj + kˆ ) – (4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ ) = – 4iˆ − 6 ˆj − 2kˆ )

= (3iˆ + 9 ˆj + 4kˆ ) – (4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ) = – iˆ + 4 ˆj + 3kˆ

and = 4( −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) – (4iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ) = – 8iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

−4 −6 −2
u
r
Thus [ ] = −1 4 3 = 0.
−8 −1 3
Hence A, B, C and D are coplanar.
Example 30 Prove that
Solution We have

(as )

(Why ?)
Example 31 Prove that
Solution We have

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Exercise 10.5
1. Find
(Ans. 24)
2. Show that the vectors
are coplanar.
3. Find λ if the vectors iˆ − ˆj + kˆ,3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ and iˆ + λˆj − 3kˆ are coplanar.
(Ans. λ = 15)
4. Let Then
(a) If c1 = 1 and c2 = 2, find c3 which makes coplanar (Ans. c3 = 2)
(b) If c2 = –1 and c3 = 1, show that no value of c1 can make coplanar.
5. Show that the four points with position vectors
4 iˆ + 8 ˆj + 12kˆ, 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ,3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 4kˆ and 5 iˆ + 8 ˆj + 5kˆ are coplanar.
6. Find x such that the four points A (3, 2, 1) B (4, x, 5), C (4, 2, –2) and
D (6, 5, –1) are coplanar. (Ans. x = 5)
7. Show that the vectors coplanar if are coplanar.

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