TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS

exponent

IMPORTANT NOTES

1.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

base

 This is the Exponential Function: Exponents have a few rules that we can use for
f(x) = a
x simplifying expressions:

a is any value greater than 0 am

1. n
 a mn
a
 This is the "Natural" Exponential Function:
x 2. am x an = am + n
f(x) = e
3. (am)n = am x n
where e is " Eulers Number "
4. a0 = 1 (anything to the power zero is
= 2.718281828459 (and more ...) just “1” )
1
5.  a n
an

1.2 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

x
If y =a then we introduce the inverse function
logarithmic and define loga y = x (read as log
 base a of y equals x ). In general

x
Graph of f(x) = e
y = ax log a y = x
 At the point (1,e) the gradient of the line
is e and the line is tangent to the curve. Logarithmic has a few rules that we can use for
simplifying expressions:
Exponents are shorthand for repeated
multiplication of the same thing by itself. For
3
example (4)(4)(4) = 4 1. loga MN = loga M + loga N
M
The "exponent", being 3 in this example, stands 2. loga = loga M – loga N
N
for however many times the value is being
multiplied and the number 4 is “base”. 3. loga Mn = n loga M

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

EXERCISE 1.0
Example1

Simplify exponent expressions below by using Simplify exponent expressions below :

laws of exponents :

1) (s 4t 3 ) 4 s 3

i) ( s 5 t 3 ) 3 s 2
= (s 5 ) 3 (t 3 ) 3 s 2
( 5 x 3)  2 3 ( 3 )
= s t
13 9
= s t

( y 4 q 2 ) 4
ii)
y 3 q 5
(2 y 4 q 2 ) 3
4 4 2 4 2)
( y ) (q ) 3 y  2 q 10
=
y 3 q 5
y 16 q 8
=
y 3 q 5
= y16( 3) q 85
= y19 q 13
y 19
= 13
q

( 2m 4 ) 5 (m 3 ) 6
iii) 3)
(m 2 p 6 ) 2 ( m 7 p 5 ) 3
32m 20
=
m 2( 2) p 6( 2)
32m 20
=
m  4 p 12
32m 20( 4)
=
p 12
32m 24
=
p 12

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

4) ( p 2 q 6 ) 3 p 5 7)
( s 9 p 6 ) 2
s 5 p 10

5) p11 (q 3 p 2 )  q 7 p 5

8)
(2q 3 r 4 ) 6
(q 7 r 5 )11

( y 3 q 5 ) 4
6)
y q 1

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

3 4 6
9) ( z y ) 2 n 3  8(4 n 1 )
11)
(3z 9 y 10 ) 4 2n

m4 m2

12 1 10 12) 3  29m(3 )

10) p (3q p )  12q
2
p 4
3

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

Example 2 Example 3

Simplify logarithmic expressions below by using 1) Given log3 p = 0.3452, find the value of
2
laws of logarithms : logp 9p

i) log 2 6  log 2 5
= log p 9 p 2
= log 2 (6  5)
= log 2 30 = log p 32  log p p 2

= 2 log p 3  2 log p p
ii) log 3 12  log 3 4
12 1
= log 3
4 = 2( )  2(1)
0.3452
= log 3 3
=1 = 7.7937

2) Given log 6 2  m, log 6 5  n and

iii) 2 log a 4  log a 4  log a 3
log 6 3  s . Express each of the following
42  3
= log a in term of m,n and/or s.
4
= log a 12 i) log 6 8  log 6 9

= log 6 23  log 6 32 Use

logarithmic
Note : i) logaa = 1 rules
= 3 log 6 2  2 log 6 3
ii) loga 1 =0
= 3m  2s
log a M
iii) logNM =
log a N
ii) log 6 10
1
iv) loga b =
log b a = log 6 (5x2)

= log 6 5  log 6 2

= nm

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

iv. log 4 4 p  log 4 5  log 4 p

EXERCISE 1.1

1. Simplify logarithmic expressions below :

i. log 2 13  log 2 6

log 2
v. log 2 4   3 log 2
3
ii. log 2 12  log 2 8

log 9 27
iii. 3 log 5 4  log 5 4 vi. 2 log 9 3   log 9 3
2

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

2 1
vii. log 5 25  log 5 125 x. log 2 p  log 2 24  log 2
3 4

3 2
viii. log 3 6  log 3 12  log 3 9 xi. log 5 10m  log 5 m  log 5
6 3

1
ix. log 2 2 p  log 2 4 p  log 2 xii.
3 6 15
log 5 m  log 5 m  log 5 m
3 5 15 10

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

2. Find the value for : 3. Given log 4 3  0.7925 and

i. log 3 4 log 4 6  1.2925, calculate the value
of:

i. log 4 6  log 4 6  log 4 27

1
ii. log 4  log 5  log( )
2

ii. log 4 36  log 3 4  log 3 27

iii. log 5 10 + log 6

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

1.3 SOLVE EQUATIONS INVOLVING 3) Solve the following logarithmic

EXPONENT AND LOGARITHM expression below :
EXPRESSIONS
a) log 6 ( y  3)  2 log 6 4
1) Given r  log 3 x . Show that
y  3  16
4
log x 81  . y  16  3
r
y  13
log x 81  log x 34
4 log x 3 b) log 4 5  log 4 x  2
=
log 4 5x  2 log 4 4
1
= 4( ) log 4 5x  log 4 16
log 3 x
5x  16
4
log x 81 = is proven. 16
r x
5
2) Solve the following exponential
expression below : c) log x  1  log( 3x  1)

i) 9 x  81x2 log 5x  log 10  log( 3x  1)

(32 ) x  (34 ) ( x2) 10
log x  log
(3) 2 x  (3) 4 x8 3x  1
2x  4x  8 10
x
2x  4x  8 Use
3x  1
exponential
 2x  8 rules
x  4 3x 2  x  10  0

(3x  5)( x  2)  0
x2 4 x 3
ii) 16  x
8
5
4 ( x 2) ( 2 2 ) ( x  3) x , x  2
(2 )  3
(2 3 ) x
4 x 8 2 2 x 6
2  x
23 Always refer the rules of exponential and
logarithmic each time you do an exercises.
2 4 x8  2 2 x63 x
GOOD LUCK!!
4x  8  x  6
5x  14
14
x
5

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

EXERCISE 1.2
iv) 2 p3 x 4 p  83 p1
1. Solve the following exponential
expression below :

i) 5 x  25 x3

v) 8 p 5 x 64 p  256 p 9

8 2 x  16 x
2

ii)

64 x 5
vi) 4 x 3 x 2 x 
16 5 x

2 x 3
iii) 4 x 2 
16 x

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

2) Solve the following logarithmic iv) log 5 6  log 5 p  2

expression below :

i)
log 6 ( x  5)  3 log 6 5

v) log y  2  log( 3 y  2)

ii)
log 3 ( y  6)  2 log 3 2  log 3 4

vi) log 3 4  log 3 (2  x)  3

iii) log 4 3  log 4 y  3

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

vii) log (m  1)  log m  log 2 3) Given log 6 2  m, log 6 5  n and

log 6 3  s . Express each of the following

in term of m,n and/or s.

i) log 6 30

ii) log 5 36

viii) log 3 4m  log 3 (m  1)  log 3 2  log 3 m

iii) log 6 16  log 6 81

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

iv) log 3 36  log 6 27

v) log 5 30  log 6 9

4) Given 2 log 10 p 2 q 3  3  3 log 10 q  2 log10 p,

where p and q are positive integer. Show
that p 2 q  10 .

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TOPIC 1 : EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

5) Find the value of x and y from the given 2

equations below :
16 x
log 3 x  log 3 y  2 and  4096
4y

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ANSWER FOR TOPIC EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS DBM2013

ANSWER SHEET

EXERCISE 1.0

s 13 8 10 16 m 39 p 11 p 17 y 13
1. 2. y q 3. 4. 5. 6.
t 12 3 p 15 q 18 q 10 q 19

p2 64q 95 81z 18  36 p 9

7. 23 8. 9. 10. 11. 2 2 n 5 12. 1
s r 79 y 64 98

EXERCISE 1.1

20 5
1. i. log 2 78 ii. log 2 96 iii. log 5 256 iv. log 4 20 v. log 2 vi. log 3
3 2

1 40 9m
vii. -1 viii. log 3 8 ix. log 2 x. 6  log 2 p xi. log 5 xii. log 5
6 3 4
2. i. 1.262 ii. 1.602 iii. 2.2088

3. i. -0.1002 ii. 4.323

EXERCISE 1.2

3 7  36
1) 1. x  6 2. x  3. x  4. p  1 5. p  87 6. x 
2 5 23

3 25 200 19
2) i. x  130 ii. y  5 iii. y  iv. p  v. y  vi. x 
64 6 299 4

vii. m  1, m  2 viii. m 1

2 2 1
3) i. n 1 ii. iii. 4m  4s iv.  3s v. 1   2s
n s n

5) x  4.098, x  1.098

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