The door to wisdom is knowing yourself

CONVERSATION TABLES
LINEAR = 220 yards

STATUE MILE = 5280 feet 1 CABLE LENGTH = 720 feet

= 1760 miles 1 FATHOM = 6 feet
1 NAUTICAL MILE = 6080 feet 1 SPAN = 9 inches
1 LEAGUE = 3 NAUTICAL MILES 1 VARA = 33.33 inches
= 18240 feet 1 MIL = 0.001 inch
1 YARD = 3 feet AREA
= 0.9144 m 1 HECTARE (ha) = 10,000 sq. m
1 METER = 100 cm = 11,960 sq. yards
= 1000 mm 1 ACRE = 43,560 sq. yards
= 3.281 feet = 4046.8 sq. m
= 1.093 yard = 6.4047 hectare
1 FOOT = 12 inches 1 SQUARE METER = 10.76 sq. feet
1 INCH = 2.54 cm = 1.195 sq. yards
= 25.4 mm VOLUME
1 ROD = 5.5 yards 1 QUART = 2 pints
= 16.5 feet 1 US GALLON = 231 cu. Inches
1 FURLONG = 40 rods = 3.7854 liters
 = 4 quarts REFRIGERATION
1 BRITISH GALLON = 277.42 cu. Inches 1 TOR = 12000 BTU/hr
1 CU. METER = 1000 liters = 3.5169 kw
= 35.31 cu. Feet FLUIDS
= 264.2 US gallon 1 POISE = 1 Dyne-sec/cm 2
1 CU. FEET = 7.48 US gallon = 0.1 Pa-s
= 28.32 liters 1 STROKE = 1 cm 2/sec
= 1728 cu. Inches = 0.001 m2/ssec.
1 GANTA = 3 liters 1 Ib-sec/ ft 2 = 478.7 Poises
= 8 chupas
1 ft 2/sec = 929 cm 2/ss.
1 CANVAS = 25 gantas
ANGLES 1 ft 3/s = 0.646 (mgd)
60 DEGREE = 2π 1KGF = 448.8 gal/min (gpm)
= 400 grads 1 m3/sec = 1000 lit/sec
= 6400 mils = 35.31 ft 3/sec
= 1 rev PROPERTIES OF AIR
90 DEG = 100 grads BTU
Cp = 0.24
1 DEG = 60 min Ib−℉
1 MIN = 60 se kcal
= 0.24
kg−℃
 KJ KJ BTU
= 1.0 = 335 = 144
kg−℃ kg Ib
BTU KJ
Cv = 0.171 Specific(sensible) heat = 2.093
Ib−℉ kg−℃
kcal BTU
= 0.171 of ice = 0.24
kg−℃ Ib−℉
KJ latent heat of vaporization (from and at 100℃ )
= 0.716
kg−℃ KJ BTU
= 2257 =970.3
ft −Ib kg Ib
R = 53.3
Ib−R Latent heat of water in air and flue gasses (average)
KJ KJ BTU
=. 0.287 = 2442 =1050
kg−K kg Ib
K = 1.4 TEMPERATURE
PROPERTIES OF WATER 5 5
℃ = (℉−32 ¿ ℃ = (℉ )
KJ 9 9
Cp = 4.187 =1.0
kg−℃ 9 9
℉ = (℃+32 ¿ ℉ = ( ℃)
BTU 5 5
Ib−℉ K = ℃+273 ℃ = K
L = latent heat of fussion R = ℉ +460 ℉ = R
 1 BTU = 778 ft-Ib
= 252 cal
= 0.252 kcal
= 1.055 kJ
= 1055.05585 J
1 KCAL = 4.187 kJ
MASS AND WEIGHT = 1000 calories
1 TON = 2000 pounds (Ibs) = 1.163 w
= 1000 kg 1 CAL = 4.187 Joules
1 LONG TON = 2240 Ibs 1 ERG = 1 Dyne-cm
1 METRIC TON = 1000 kg = 10−7 Joules
= 2200 Ibs 1 JOULE = 1 N-m
1 POUND = 16 ounces 1 KJ = 1000 Joule
1 KIP = 1000 Ibs 1 Centigrade Heat Unit(CHU)
1 KG = 2.22 lbs = 1.9004 Kj
1 KFG = 9.80665 Newtons = 1.8013 BTU
1 NEWTON = 0.1019 kg POWER
= 0.0459 lb 1 HORSEPOWER = 550 ft-Ib/sec
1 POUND (Ib) = 0.453592 kg = 33000 ft-Ib/min
= 0.138255 N = 2545 BTU/hr
WORK AND ENERGY = 42.4 BTU/min
 = 0.746 kw = 10.33 m H 2O
= 746 watts = 407 in H 2O
= 1.014 MHP 1 BAR = 100 kPa
1 KW = 3413 BTU/hr 1 Pa = 1 N/mm2
= kj/sec 1 kPa = 1 KN/m2
1 WATT = J/sec
= 1000 Pa
1 MHP = 0.736 kw
1 BOILER HP = 33,480 BTU/hr
= 35,322 kJ/hr
BTU kJ
1 = 2.236
Ib kg
kcal
= 0.5556
kg
PRESSURE
1 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (ATM)
= 101.325 Kpa
= 1.01325 bar
= 14.7 psi
= 760 mm Hg
= 29.92 in Hg
= 1.033 KG/cm 2
 NUMERICAL PREFIXES

−9
VALUE 0.000 000 000 001 10 d
1 000 000 000 000 0.000 000 000 000 001 10−12 c
000 EXPONENT −15 m
18
10
1 000 000 000 000 10 u
1018
000 10
15 n
1 000 000 000 000 10
12 p
1 000 000 000 9 f
10 SYMBOL
1 000 000 6 a
10 E
1 000
100 103 P
10
2 T
10 PREFIX
10
1 G
0.1 Exa
−1 M
0.01 10 Peta
K
0.001 10−2 h
Tera
0.000 001 10
−3
Giga
da
0.000 000 001 10
−6 Mega
 kilo centi pico
hector milli femto
deca micro atto
deci nano

Quantity Symbol SI Units English Units To Convert from English to

Si Units Multiply by
Length L m ft 0.3048
Mass m kg Ibm 0.4536
Time t s Sec _
Area A 2 2 0.0290
m ft
Volume V 3 3 0.02832
Velocity V
m ft 0.3048
m/s ft/sec
Acceleration a 0.3048
Angular velocity ꙍ m/ s2 ft/ sec 2 _
Force, weight F,W rad/s sec 4.448
Density ᵨ N Ibf 16.02
Specific weight ᵧ Kg/m 3 Ibm/ ft 3 157.1
Pressure, Stress p, N/m 3 Ibf/ ft 3 0.04788
Work, Energy W,E,U 1.356
kPa Ibf/ ft 2
Heat transfer Q 1055
J ft-Ibf
Power Ẇ 1.356
J Btu
Heat flux Q 1055
W Ft-Ibf/sec
Mass flux m 0.4536
W Btu/sec
Flow rate qf 0.02832
Kg/s Ibm/sec
Specific heat c 3 4.187
Specific entalphy h m /s 3
ft /sec 2.326
Specific entropy s kJ/kg.K Btu/Ibm-R 4.187
Specific volume u kJ/kg Btu/Ibm 0.06242
kJ/kg.K Btu/Ibm-R
3
m /kg 3
ft /Ibm

FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
Acceleration of free fall (g)
Avogadro constant (L, N A )
Boltzmann constant (k = R/ N A )
Electric constant (ε 0)
Electronic charge (e)
Electronic rest mass (me)
Faraday constant (F)
Universal gas constant (R)
Gravitational constant (G)
Loschmidt’s constant ( N L)
Magnetic constant ( μ0 )
Planck constant (h)
Speed of light (c)
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ )
9.80665 m/ ft 2
6.02252 x1023 mol−1
1.380622 x 10−23 J/K
8.85418782 x 10−12 F/m
1.60217662 x 10−19 C
9.10956 x 10−31 kg
9.648670 x 104 C/mol
8.31434 J/kg mol-K
6.664 10−11 N m2/kg 2
2.68719 1025 m−3
4 π 107H/m
6.626196 10−34 J-s
2.99792458 108 m/s 5.6697 10−8 W/m2 K 4
Name quantities in derives SI units
Quantity Name Symbol SI base unit Derived unit

Area Square metre A m2 -

3
Volume Cubic metre V m -

Velocity Metre per second U m/s -

Acceleration Metre per second A m/ s2 -

square
Force Newton N kg m/ s2 J/m

Energy Joules J kg m2/ s2 Nm

Pressure or stress Pascal Pa kg m/ s2 N/m2

 Power Watt W kg m/ s3 J/s

Other quantities is derived SI units

Quantity SI base unit Derived unit

Mass density kg/m3 kg/m3

Specific volume ( v g) m3/kg m3/kg

Specific entalphy (h) m2/ s2 J/kg

Specific heat capacity (c p) m2/ s2K J/kg K

2 2
Specific entropy m /s K J/kg K

2 3
Heat flow rate m kg/ s J/s or W

Dynamic vescosity kg m/ s N s/m2

Length In x 25.4 =mm x 0.003937 =in
ft x 0.3048 =m x 3.2808 =ft
Area ¿
2
x 648.16 =mm2 x 0.00155 =¿2
ft 2 x 16387 =m2 x 10.764 = ft 2
Volume ¿3 x 16387 =mm3 x 0.000061 ¿ ¿3
ft 3 x 0.02832 =m3 x 35.31 ¿ ft 3
3 3
ft x 28.32 =litre x 0.0353 ¿ ft
Pints x 0.56825 =litre x 1.7598 =Pints
Imp. gal x 4.546 =litre x 0.22 =Imp. gal
Mass Ibs x 0.4536 =kg x 2.2046 =Ibs
Force Ibs x 4.448 =N x 0.22482 =Ibs
Velocity ft/min x 0.00508 =m/sec x 196.85 =ft/min
Volume flow Imp.gal/min x 0.07577 =litre/sec x 13.2 =Imp.gal/min
Imp.gal/h x 0.000125 =m3/sec x 7936.51 =Imp.gal/h
3
ft /min x 0.000472 =m3/sec x 2118.64 = ft 3/min
Mass flow Ib/h x 0.000126 =kg/sec x 7936.51 = Ib/h
Pressure Ib/¿2 x 0.0689 =bar x 14.50 = Ib/¿2
Ib/¿2 x 0.0703 = kg/cm 2 x 14.22 = Ib/¿2
 kg/cm 2 x 0.9807 =bar x 1.02 kg/cm 2
Density Ib/ ft 3 x 16.0185 = kg/m3 x 0.06243 = Ib/ ft 3
Heat flow rate Btu/h x 0.2931 =W x 3.4118 = Btu/h
Btu/h x 0.0002931 =Kw x 3411.8 = Btu/h
Refrigeration x 12000 =Btu/h x 0.000083 = Refrigeration
(TR) (TR)
Btu/h x 0.252 =Kcal/h x 3.968 = Btu/h
Kcal/h x 1.163 =W x 0.8598 = Kcal/h
Kcal/h x 0.001163 =kW x 859.845 =Kcal/h
Intensity of Btu/h ft 2 x 3.155 =w/m2 x 0.31696 = Btu/h ft 2
heat flow rate Kcal/h m2 x 1.163 = w/m2 x 0.8598 = Kcal/h m2
Btu/h ft 2 x 2.7128 = kcal/h m2 x 0.3686 = Btu/h ft 2
Themal Btu/ft h deg F x 1.731 =W/m deg C x 0.5777 = Btu/ft h deg F
conductivity (k) Kcal/h m2deg C x 1.163 = W/m deg C x 0.8598 = Kcal/h m2deg C
Btu/ft h deg F x 1.4884 =kcal/mh deg C x 0.67186 = Btu/ft h deg F
Thermal Btu/h ft 2 deg F x 5.678 = W/ m 2 deg C x 0.176118 = Btu/h ft 2 deg F
conductivity (U) Kcal/h m2deg C x 1.163 = W/ m 2 deg C x 0.8598 =Kcal/h m 2deg C
Btu/h ft 2 deg F x 4.8822 =kcal/h m 2 deg C x 0.20482 = Btu/h ft 2 deg F
 Quantity Imperial unit Metric ubit Convertion factors (approximate)
Imperial to metric to
Metric units imperial unit
Distance Inch (in) Centimeter (cm) 1 in = 204 cm 1 cm = 0.394 in
Foot (ft) Metre (m) 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 m = 3.281 ft
Mile (mile) Kilometer (km) 1 mile = 1.609 km 1 km = 0.6214 mile
Area Square inches (¿2 ) Square centimeters ( 1 ¿2 = 6.452 c m 2 1 cm 2 = 0.155 ¿2)
2
cm )
Square feet ( ft 2) square metres 1 ft 2 = 0.0 93m2 1 m2 = 10.75 ft 2
(Square kilometres (
m 2)
Square miles (mile 2) Square kilometres ( 1 mile 2 = 2.59 1 km 2 = 0.386 mile 2
2
km ) km
2
)
Weight Ounce (oz) Gramme (g) 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 g = 0.0353 oz
Pound (Ib) Kilogramme (kg) 1 Ib = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.205 Ib
Ton (ton) Kilogramme (kg) 1 ton = 907.2 kg 1 kg = 0.001 ton
capacity Fluid ounce (fl oz) Milliliter (ml) 1 fl oz = 28.4 ml 1 ml = 0.0352 fl oz
Pint (pt) Milliliter (ml) or litre 1 pt = 568 ml 1 litre = 1.76 pt
(L)
Gallon (gal) Litre (L) or cubic 1 gal = 4.55 litre 1 m3 = 0.22 gal.
 metre (m 3)
Acre foot Cubic metre (m 3) or 1 acre foot=1230 1 MI = 0.811 acre
3
megaliter (MI) m foot
=1.23MI
Force Pound-force (Ibf) Newton (N) 1 Inf = 4.45 N 1 N = 0.225 Ibf
Ton-force (tonf) Kilonewton (kN) 1 tonf = 9.96 kPa 1 kN = 0.100 tonf
Pressure Pound per square Kilopascal(kPa) 1 psi = 6.89 kPa 1 Kpa = 0.145 pasi
inch (psi)
Atmosphere (atm) Kilopascal(kPa) or 1 atm = 101 kPa 1 MPa = 9.87 atm
megapascal(Mpa)
Ton per square inch Megapascal (Mpa) 1 ton/¿2 = 15.4 1 MPa = 0.0647
(ton/¿2 ) for MPa ton/¿2
meteorology
Inch of mercury Millibar (mb) 1 in Hg = 33.9 mb 1 mb = 0.0295 mph
(inHg) 1mb = 100 Pa
Velocity mile per hour (mph) Kilometer per hour 1 mph = 1.61 1 km/h = 0.621 mph
(km/h) km/h
(for navigation) Knot (kn) 1kn = 1.85 kN/h
Temperature Degree fahrebheit ( Degree celsius (℃ ¿ 5 ℉=9 x ℃/5+32
℃= (℉−32 ¿
℉¿ 9
 Energy British thermal unit Kilojoules (kJ) 1 Btu = 1.06 kJ 1 Kj = 0.948 Btu
(Btu)
Therm Megsjouled (MJ) 1 therm = 106 MJ 1 MJ = 9.48 x 103
therm
(forelectrical Kilowatt hour (KWh) 1 kwh = 3.60 MJ
energy)
Power Horsepower (hp) Kilowatt (kw) 1 hp = 0.746 kw 1 kw = 1.34 hp

UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

kJ
Ru = 8.31447
kmol . K
kpa m3
= 8.31447
kmol . K
3
m̄
= 0.0831447
Ibmol . R
Btu
= 1.98588
Ibmol . R
Psia ft 3
= 10.7316
Ibmol . R
 ft
= 1545.31
Ibmol . R

ALGEBRA 01
IMAGINARY NUMBER 8. √
n
x = x 1/ n
ί = √ −1 2
ί = -1 9. √
n m
x = x m /n
ί 3 = -1 = -√−1 ί 4 = 1 10. √n
m √x = x = √x
1/ mn mn

11. √ x √ x = x
n m m+1 /mn
= mn√ x m +1
LAW OF EXPONENT
x √ x = x m+1 /mn = √ x m +1
mn
1. x m . x n = x m+n 12. √n m

m Note: in all cases division by zero is excluded

x LAW OF RADICALS
2. n = x m−n
x 1. √
n n
x =x
3. x m - y m = (xy )m 2. √ xy = √
n n
x √n xy

√
xm x m x = √x
n
4. m =( ¿ ¿ 3.
n
y y y √n y
1 4. a√ x +b√ x = (a + b)√ x
n n n
5. x−m = m
x 5. a√
n
x -b√ x = (a-b)√ x
n n

6. ( x ¿ = x mn
m n

7. x 0 = 1 (x≠0) SPECIAL PRODUCTS:

1. a (x + y) = ax + ay
2. (x - y) (x + y) = x 2 - y 2
3. (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab
4. (ax + b) (cx + d) = (a + b) + (bc + ad) x + bd
5. ( x + y ¿ ¿ 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
6. ( x− y ¿ ¿2 = x 2 – 2xy + y 2
7. ( x + y ¿ ¿ 3 = x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3x y 2 + y 3
8. ( x− y ¿ ¿3 = x 3 - 3 x 2 y + 3x y 2 - y 3
9. (x + y) ( x 2 - xy + y 2) = x 3 + y 3
10. (x - y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = x 3 - y 3
MULTIPLICATION BY GROUPING:
(x + y z + w)
=[( x + y)+( z +w)]2
= (x + y )2 + 2 (x + y) (z + w) +(z +w)2
= x 2 + y 2 z 2 + w 2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2xw + 2yz + 2yw +
2zw
FACTORING
1. a (x + y) = ax + ay
2. x 2 + 2xy + y 2 = ¿
3. x 2 – 2xy + y 2 = ¿
4. x 3 + 3 x 2y + 3x y 2 + y 3 = ¿
5. x 3 - 3 x 2y + 3x y 2 - y 3 = ¿
6. x 2 + (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)
7. ac x 2 + (bc + ad) x + bd = (ax + b) (cx + d)
8. x 2 - y 2 = (x – y) (x + y)
9. x 3 + y 3 = (x + y) ( x 2+ y 2 ¿
10. x 4 - y 4 = (x – y) (x + y) ( x 2+ y 2 ¿
11. x 4 - y 4 = (x – y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2)
12. x 5+ y 5 = (x + y) ( x 4 −x3 y + x 2 y 2−x y 3+ y 4 )
13. x 5- y 5 = (x – y) ( x 4 + x 3 y+ x 2 y 2 + x y 3 + y 4 )
14. x 6- y 6 = (x – y) (x + y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2)
15. x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 = ( x 2 + xy + y 2) ( x 2 - xy + y 2)
16. x 4 + 4 y 4 = ( x 2 + 2xy + 2 y 2) ( x 2 - 2xy + y 2)
GCF (Greatest Common Factor)
 the product of the smallest factor common
to both
  Cal tec!!!! 3. SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Larger number – smaller number press (=)
sign LOGARITHM
x
Press (ans) – the smaller number 1. log b N =x ⇾ N =b
Then take the smallest possible answer in 2. Log (x)(y) = log (x) + log (y)
your calculator 3. Log (x/y) = log (x) – log (y)
 Change the – sign to + sign if any 4. log n = n log x
5. log y x = log x/log y
LCM (Least Common Multiple)
6. Log 0 = −∞
 Highest number in factorization 7. Calog(x) = log (1/x) = -log (x)
 Cal tec!!! CHARACTERISTICS - The integral part of a common
PRODUCT OF THE NUMBER MANTISSA - The non-negative decimal part
GCF Note:characteristics + mantissa = logarithm of a number
ex. 1.608526034
1 = characteristic .608526034 = mantissa
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. FACTOR THEOREM
1. General equation
If (x – r) is a factor of f(x), the r is a root of f(x)=0
A x 2 + Bx + C = 0
Note: equate the divisor to zero
2. Quadratic formula
2. REMAINDER THEOREM
−b ± √b −4 ac
2
If f(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder is f(r) (MODE 5,3)
Note: equate the divisor to zero 2a
3. Nature of roots 4 . Sum of roots
2
B – 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal x 1 + x 2 = -B/A
2
B – 4ac > 0, roots are real and unequal 5. Product of roots
(Greater) x 1 x 2 = C/A
2
B – 4ac < 0, roots are imaginary or 6. One root is a negative of the other
complex If x 2 = - x 1, then B = 0
(less than)
ALGEBRA 02
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION BASIC FORMULA ¿
1. The first term is x n Term involving r th term = nC r−1 x
n−r +1 r −1
y
2. The last term is y n Term involving y r term = nC r x
n−r
y
r

3. The exponent of x decreases by 1 Sum of exponent = S = n (n + 1)

4. The exponent of y increases by 1 Sum of coefficient = substitute 1 to every variable in
5. The sum of exponents of each term is n each term
6. The number of term n + 1 =[coeff . . x+ coeff . . y]n
n SPECIAL CASE: if have binomial expansion with
7. Location of the middle term = +1
2 constant k
Note: if the exponent is even number
Note: if second term is constant “k”
8. The coefficient of terms is equidistant are
equal SC = (coefficient . x +k )n- (k )n
AGE PROBLEMS (time modifiers) Sum of unit work = total unit of work
(-) Past age: was, were, ago, last … verbs in past 1 1 1 1 1
± ± ……….. =
tense A B C X TOTAL
(=) Present age: is, are, am, now, being, …. verbs in CASE 3:
present tense Same to case 2 with individual rate

( )
(+) Future age: will, shall, be, further, hence… verbs 1 1 1
in future tense [( ¿+ + ¿] T X + ( )T Y = 1
A B A
ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION ENGLISH WORD
Plus, the sum of, more than, total of, added to, Ty = time where A work done
+
increased by, Tx = time where A and B work together
- Minus, less than, take away, decreased by, difference
of, subtracted from, diminished by, reduced by
Times, multiply by, the product of MIXTURE PROBLEM
X,. ()
÷ Divided by, the quotient of
2 The square of x, x squared, the second power of x, x
x to the second power
√ Square root of + =
WORK PROBLEM Quantitative Analysis: A + B = C
CASE 1: Qualitative Analysis: Ax% + By% = Cz%
total man-hr to complete the work = sum of unit
CLOCK PROBLEM
man-hr
CASE 2:
 60
 For opposite: (time ± 6) ( ¿
π
Note: new time should not exceed 12
60
 For right angle: (time ± 2) ( ¿
Basis Analysis: π
For every x travel of minute hand
Your hour travels = x/12 minute MOTION PROBLEM
The second hand travels = 60x X = CONSTANT
→ x→v
Other modifiers of the position of hands of the
clock:
15 minutes spaces →hands at 90 degree DISTANCE
30 minutes spaces→ hands opposite each other
DIGIT PROBLEM
SHORTCUTS: FOR: 2-digit number
60 10t + u = original number
X( ¿ for 3 equation only 10u + t = reverse number
π
FOR: 3-digit number
60
 (Original time ± factor) ( ¿ 100h + 10t + u = original number
π 100u + 10t + u = reverse number
 For together: (time + 0) Where: u is the unit digit
t is the ten’s digit
 h is the hundred’s digit
COST AND INVESTMENT PROBLEM
Capital + profits = selling price – discount
where: profit = % of capital
discount = % of selling price
capital profit = selling price - discount

ALGEBRA 03
“n” different things taken “n” at a time
PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING n!
Two events “h” and “k” nPn =
( n−r ) !
Principle 1: simultaneous or successive events nPn = n!
Keyword: “and” N = h x k
Principle 2: mutually exclusive events “n” different things taken at “r” at a time
Keyword: “or” N = h + k, different ways n!
nPr =
( n−r ) !
PERMUTATION
Ordered arrangement (position)
“n” different things with some “alike”
Order is important
nPn = n!
 n! ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
nPn =
p! q!s! 1. nth term A.P
a n = a 1 + (n – 1) d a n = a 2 + (n – 1) d
CYCLIC OR RING PERMUTATION a n = a m + (n – m) d
nPn = (n – 1)! (people) 2. sum of A.P
S = n/2 (a 1+ an)
SPECIAL CASE: for bracelets, necklace etc. consider S = n/2 [(2a 1+¿ )d]
the possibility of minor image 3. common difference A.P
(n−1) ! d = a 2−a1 d = a 3−a2
nPn = (wearable)
2 4. relative between terms
a 3−a2 = a 2−a1
COMBINATION
5. arithmetic mean
Grouping arrangement
a1 +a3
Order is not important Am = a 2 =
2
“n” different things taken “r” at a time a
Where: 1 =first term
n! a 2=second term
nCr = a 3=third term
( n−r ) ! r !
nPr
= GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
r!
1. nth term of G.P
 a n=a1 r
n−1
a n=a m r
n−m
G.M = a 2 = √ a1 a3
a n=a2 r
n−2 INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
2. sum of G.P Sum of I.G.P
n
If r ¿ 1 a1 (1−r )
S=
a −r a n a1−(1−r n) 1−r
S= 1 S=
1−r 1−r When : r ¿ 1 and n = ∞ ; r n =0
an−¿a a1−(r n−1 ) r ¿ 1 and n = ∞ ; r n =0
S=r ¿ 1
S= HARMONIC PROGRESSION
r−1 r−1
reciprocal to the arithmetic progression
3. common ratio of G.P
EX. A.P = 2,4,6,8,10…..
a2 a3
r= = H.R = 1/2, 1/4 , 1/6 , 1/8, 1/10….
a1 a2
4. relation between terms THEORY OF SETS
a3 a2 an BASIC SET OPERATION
= =
a2 a1 an−1 Union difference
where: a 1=first term Intersection complement
a 2=second term
a 3=third term UNION(∪) combined
EX. A = (J, m, t)
5. geometric mean
B = (m, a, d)
AUB = (J, m,t,a,d)

INTERSECTION (∩) common

Ex. A = (J, m, t)
B = (m, a, d)
A∩B = (m)

DIFFERENCE (-) A INTERSECTION B (A∩B)

Ex. A = (J, m, t)
B = (m, a, d)
A-B = (J,t)
B-A = (a,d)

COMPLEMENT (C)
Ex. A = (2, 4, 6, 8)
Ac = (1, 3, 5, 7) A DIFFERENCE B (A−¿B)
c
A =A
VENN DIAGRAM
A UNION B (AUB)
COMPLIMENT ( AUB)c

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 01

RECTANGULAR OR CARTESIAN COORDINATE 1. distance between two points

SYSTEM D = √¿ ¿
D = √¿ ¿
A ( x A, y A )

5 ( x2 , y2 ¿ B¿, y B ¿

∆y r1 ( xP, y P ¿
-10 -5 0 5
r2
-5 ∆x
(x1 , y1 ¿
r 1 = distance B to P
r 2 = distance B to A
Coordinate of P
2. division of line segment
r 1 x B −x p Y B −Y p
= =
r 2 x B−x A Y −Y A

y 2− y 1
m= Ay
x 2−x 1
3. Slope of the line
m = tanθ 5
 rise A y m1=m2
tanθ = = -5 0 -5
run A X Parallel lines have
θ AX the same slope.
-5
Slope (m) Inclined
m1=2
m (+) To the right
m (-1) To the left m2=−1/ 2
m (0) Horizontal Perpendicular lines have
m (undefined) Vertical negative reciprocal slope
m1
4. slopes and equations of parallel lines
General formula: A X +B y + C=0 Distance point to a line: P(x,y)
x y A + B y 1+ C
Intercept form: + =1 d = X1 d
a b ± √¿ ¿ ¿
Slope intercept form: y = mx + b A X +B y + C=0
Point slope form: ( y− y1 ) = m ( x−x 1)
y 2− y 1
Two-point form: ( y− y1 ) = ( x−x 1) (0,0)
x 2−x 1
Note: ambiguous (± ¿ follows sign of B
 D is (+) if the point is above or to the right 1
A = [( x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y1 ¿−¿
of the line d is negative (-) if otherwise. 2
5. angle between two lines:
Determinants method:
x1 y1 1 6. area of polygon: of “n" sides
1
A = [ x 2 y 2 1] 1 x1 x2 x3 x4 xn x1
2 A= [ … … ….. ]
x3 y3 1 2 y1 y2 y3 y4 yn y1
1 1
A = [( x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y1 ¿−( x 2 y 1 + x 3 y 2 + x 1 y 3 ) ¿ A = [(
2 2
x 1 y 1 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y 4 … …… ..+¿ x y ¿ −( x2 y 1+ x3 y 2 + x 4 y 3 …… …… …
n n
p3 ¿
p1 ( x 1 y 1 ¿ STRAIGHT LINE
Normal form: xcosθ + ysinθ = P
B A
Where: sinθ = cosθ =
p2 ( x 2 y 2 ) ± √¿ ¿ ¿ ± √¿ ¿ ¿
(0,0) −C
P=
Coordinate method: ± √¿ ¿ ¿
1 x1 x2 x3 x1
A= [ ]
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY O2
1. General equation of conic section
A x 2 + Bxy + C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
If the axes are parallel to the x and y axes
respectively then B = 0
A x 2 + Bxy + C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Four ways of determining conics:

a. By cutting planes

b. By eccentricity
 e= B2−4 ac < 0 Ellipse (A ≠ C)
c →center ¿ focus ¿ vertex ¿ 2
Circle (A = C)
B −4 ac < 0
a →center ¿
e=1 Parabola
CIRCLE
e>1 Hyoerbola
e<1 Ellipse
e→0 circle
C(h,k)
c. by equation: General equation:
from: A x 2 + Bxy + C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 A x 2 + Bxy + C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
when: Or x 2 + y 2 + dx + cy + f = 0
A=C Circle Standard equation:
A≠C Same sign/ellipse
A & C opposite sign Hyperbola
Either A or C is zero parabola

d. by determinants:
B2−4 ac conic
2
B −4 ac = 0 parabola
B2−4 ac >0 Hyperbola
¿ e = c/a = a/d
Where:
Length of the major axis = 2a PARABOLA
Length of the minor axis = 2b
Distance between directrix = 2d
Distance between latus rectum = 2 b2/a
1. General equation:
A x 2 + Bxy + C y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2. Standard equation: center at (h,k) Where:
2
( x−h) ( y−k )
2 LR = latus rectum (4a)
2
+ 2
= 1 major axis horizontal F = focus
a b V = vertex
2 2
( x−h) ( y−k ) d1 = d2 d 3 =d 4
+ = 1 major axis vertical
b a
2 2
( y−k ) =4 a(x−h)
Note: a > b
3. abscissa & ordinate of the center (h,k)
h = -D/2A k = -E/2C ( y−k )2=−4 a( x−h)
4. Latus rectum’
LR = 2b 2/a
5. Focal distance(c)
C = √¿¿
 (x−h)2=4 a ( y−k ) LR = 4a

D. eccentricity (e)
e=1
2
( x−h) =−4 a( y−k)

A. Abscissa & ordinate of the vertex: v(h,k) HYPERBOLA

Axis vertical
h = -D/2A k = D 2−4 AF/4 AE
Axis horizontal
h = E2−4 CF /4 CD k = -E/2C

B. Focal distance (a)

Axis vertical: a = -E/4A
Axis horizontal: a = -b/4C

C. length of latus rectum (LR)

 2 2 2 2
( x−h) ( y −k ) (x) ( y) −b2 x
− = 1 horizontal + 2 =1 y= 2 → vertical
a2 b2 a2 b a m
2 2
( y−k ) ( x −h)
2
− 2
= 1 vertical
a b
Note: “a” is always the denominator of the positive
term; and a > b, a < b on a = b
Equation of diameter:
2 2 2
Abscissa & ordinate of the vertex: v(h,k) ( x) ( y ) −a x
+ 2 =1 y= 2 → horizontal
h = -D/2A k = -E/2C b a b m

latus rectum: LR = 2 b2 /a
Eccentricity: e = c/a= a/d
asymptote: y – k = m(x – h)
m = b/a → horizontal 2.Parabola Equation of diameter:
m = a/b → vertical 2a
( y )2 = 4ax y= → open to right
m
DIAMETER OF THE CONIC

1. Ellipse Equation of diameter:

Equation of diameter:
 2
( x) = 4ay x = 2am → open upward

r (r,θ ¿

3.Hyperbola Equation of diameter: θ

2
(x) ( y)
2 2
b x x
− 2 =1 y= → horizontal
a
2
b a2 m
let:
x= r cos θ
y = r sin θ
y
Equation of diameter: tanθ=
x
( y )2 (x )2 2
a x
2
+ 2 =1 y= 2 → vertical 2 2
r =x + y
2
a b b m Where:
x is the polar axis
θ is the polar angle
r is the radius vector
POLAR COORDINATES:
RADIAN, DEGREE AND MIL MEASURE:

1 revolution = 360 degree

= 2 π radians
= 400 grads
= 400 gons
= 6400 mils
STANDARD SIGN IN MEASUREMENTS:
Counterclockwise (+) angle
Clockwise (-) angle
NAME GIVEN TO ANGLE AND ITS EQUIVALENT
NAMES ANGLE EQUIVALENT
Zero (null) angle θ=0 °
Acute angle 0° <θ< 90°
Right angle θ=90 °
Obtuse angle 90 ° <θ<180 °
Straight angle θ=180°
Reflex angle 180 ° <θ<360 °
Full angle (dengon) θ=360°
SUM OF TWO ANGLE: adjacent b
cotθ= =
Complimentary angles:90 ° opposite a
Supplementary angles:180 ° hypothenuse c
secθ= =
Explementary angles:360 ° adjacent b
RECIPROCAL RELATION
INTERIOR ANGLE
1 1
Sides: sin θ= cotθ=
1. Isosceles triangle = 2 sides are equal
cscθ tan θ
2. Scalene triangle = no sides are equal 1 1
cos θ= secθ=
3. Equilateral triangle = all sides are equal secθ cos θ
1 1
tan θ= cscθ=
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: cot θ sin θ
opposite a TANGENT AND COTANGENT RELATION
sin θ = = csc
hypothenuse c 1 sinθ
hypothenuse c tan θ= tan θ=
θ= = cot θ cos θ
opposite a 1 cos θ
adjacent b cotθ= cotθ=
cosθ = = tan θ sin θ
hypothenuse c
COFUNCTION RELATION
opposite a
tan θ= = Sin (90-θ ) = cos θ
adjacent b
cos (90-θ ) = sin θ
tan (90-θ ) = cot θ
cot (90-θ ) = tan θ
sec (90-θ ) = csc θ
csc (90-θ ) = sec θ

PHYTHAGOREAN THEOREM OBLIQUE TRIAGLES

LAW OF SINE:
1 1 1
= =
2 2
c =a + b
2 sinα sinβ sinθ

SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLES LAW OF COSINE:

2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc cos α
2 2 2
b =a +c −2 ac cos β
c =a + b −2 ab cos θ
2 2 2
 2 2
LAW OF TANGENT: 1+ tan θ=sec θ
α−β β−θ 2 2
1+cot θ=csc θ
tan ⁡( ) tan ⁡( )
a−b 2 b−c 2
= = ADDITIONAL FORMULAS:
a+b α+β b+ c β +θ
tan ⁡( ) tan ⁡( ) Sin (α + β ¿=sinα cosβ + sinβ cosα
2 2
θ−α cos (α + β ¿=cosα cosβ−sinα cosβ
tan ⁡( ) tanα+tanβ
c−a 2 tan (α + β ¿=
= 1−tanα tanβ
c +a θ+ α
tan ⁡( ) cotα cotβ−1
2 cot (α + β ¿=
cotα+ cotβ

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES DOUBLE ANGELE FORMULAS:

NEGATIVE RELATIONS: Sin 2θ=2 sinθ cosθ cos 2θ=2 cos2 θ−1
Sin (-θ ) = -sin θ cot (-θ ) = -cot θ cos 2θ=cos2 θ−sin 2 θ cos 2θ=1−2 sin2 θ
cos (-θ ) = cos θ sec (-θ ) = sec θ 2 tanθ 1−tan θ
cos 2θ= 2 cot 2θ=
tan (-θ ) = -tan θ csc (-θ ) = -csc θ 1−tan θ 2 tanθ
PHYTAGOREAN RELATIONS: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION:
2 2
sin θ+cos θ=1 Definition: if x=sin y, then y = sin −1 x
Relation between inverse trigonometric functions: TRIANGLES
−1 −1
sin (−x )=−sin x 1.Medians of triangle:
1
cos−1 (−x ) =π −cos−1 x ha =
2
√ 2b 2+ 2c 2−a2
tan−1 (−x ) =−tan −1 x
1
cot−1 (−x )=π −cot−1 x h b = √ 2 a2+ 2c 2−b2
2
−1
cot (−x )=tan
−1 1
x [] −1
sec (−x )=π −sec
−1

hc =
1
√ 2 2
2 a + 2b −c
2

−1
sec (−x )=cos
−1
[]
1
x
−1 −1
csc (−x )=−csc x
2

[]
−1 1−1 −1 −1 π 2.angle bisector of the triangle:
csc (−x )=sin sin x +c os x= 2
x 2 ha = √bcs (s−a)
b+c
−1 −1 π −1 −1 π
tan x +c ot x= sec x +c sc x= 2
2 2 hb =
a+c
√ acs (s−b)
2
hc =
a+b
√|( s−c )|
 a+b+c
where: s = 4. length of lines joining the midpoint:
2
a, b & c are the length a
of the sides of the triangle La=¿
2
x b−x
= b
c a Lb=¿
2 2
h b =ac−x (b−x)
3.altitude of triangles: c
Lc =¿
2 AT 2
ha =
a
2 AT 5.areas of triangle:
hb =
b
1
2 AT A= bh
hc = 2
c

Note:the point of intersection of the altitude is called orthocenter

AT is the area of the triangle
Given 2 sides and included angle:
1
A= ab sin θ Given the three sides:hero formula
2
A = √ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c )
a+b+ c
Where: s =
2

Given the 2 angles & included side:

b2 sinα sinθ 6.circle circumscribing a triangle (circumcircle)
A=
2 sinβ abc
2 AT =
a sinθ sinβ 4r
A=
2 sinα ab
2 d= h
c sinα sinβ c
A=
2 sinθ where:
 r = radius of circle
AT = area of triangle
d = diameter of circle b
h c =altitide of the third sid e a+b+ c
Where: s =
2

8.circle escribed in a triangle (excircle)

A = r (s – a)
c

7. circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle). 9. perimeter of a triangle:

At =r P=a+b+c
Note: the sum of two sides is always greater than the third side

c a
10.exterior angle of a triangle
θ=∝+ β
 B
Where:
θ is the centarl angle and
Arc AB = arc in radians or in degrees

b. Inscribed angle and its arc:( β ¿

1
β= arc AB
2

CIRCLE:
1.theorems on circle
c. Central angle and inscribed angle: (θ ¿
a. Central angle and its arc: (θ ¿
θ = arc AB A
θ=2 β
 Where:
θ is the centarl angle f. Intersecting tangent and chord:
β is the inscribed angle 1
θ= arc AB
2
d. Intersection chords: A
1
θ = (arc AC + arc BD)
2

g. Intersecting secant:
1
Where: ab = cd θ= (arc AB - arc CD)
2
(PC)(PB) = (PD)( PA)

e. Intersecting tangents: h. Intersecting tangent and secant:

1 1
θ = (arc ABC - arc ADC) θ= (arc AB - arc AC)
2 2
PA2=( PC)(PB)
 where:
A = area
r = radius
2.areas and circumference of circle:
θ = included angle
A = π r2
π 2 1 2
A= d A= r ¿+sin β ¿
4 2
C = 2 πr
C = πd

3. Sector of a circle: (θ ¿ A = [rc ± L(r-h)]

1 2 Use: + if h > r
A= r θ - if h <r
2
C = rθ
Where:θ is in radians
C length of the arc substebded
r is the radius
4. segment of a circle:
1 2 OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
A= r ¿-sinθ ¿ sin law: cosine law:
2
 a b c
= = a 2 ≠ b2 +c 2−2 bCcosA
sinA sinB sinC

TRIGONOMETRY 02

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY 1. east longitude starts from the prime

a. The right spherical triangle:
the angle formed by the intersection of
latitude and longitude is 90°
b. the total angle of a spherical triangle:
the total angle of a spherical triangle is
greater the 180° but lesser than 540°
c. the latitude and longitude
meridian at 0° eastward to 180°
2. west longitude starts from the prime
meridian at 0° westwart to 180°
3. north latitude starts from the equator at
0° upward to 90°
4. south latitude starts from the equator at
equator at 0° downward to 90°
Note: sometime north latitude and south latitude will be SIN – TAN – AD RULE
expressed in positive and negative angle respectively.
I. RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
1. sin a = tan Bc tan b c
where: tan B = cot B
sin a = cot B tan b

2. sin b = tan Ac tan a where: tan Ac = cot A

Sin b = cot A tan a

NAPIERS CIRCLE 3. sin Ac = tan c c tan b where: sin Ac = cos A

c
Where: cos A = cot c tan b tanc = cot c
c
A =¿ compliment of A
c 4. sinc c = tan Ac tan Bc where: sin c c = cos c
B =¿ compliment of B c
c cos c = cot A cot B tan A = cot A
C =¿ compliment of C c
tan B = cot B

5. sin Bc = tan c c tan a where: sin Bc = cos B

BASIC FORMULA: c
cos B = cot c tan a tanc = cot c
Area of spherical triangle: A = π r 2 E /¿ 180°
Volume of spherical pyramid: V = π r 3E/540°
Spherical excess(E): E = (A + B + C) - 180°
Spherical defect(D): D = 360° - (a + b + c)
 Cos A = -cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
SIN – COS – OP RULE Cos B = -cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
Cos C = -cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
1. sin a = cos c c cos Ac sin a = sin c sin A D. LAW OF TANGENTS:
2. sin b = cos Bc cos c c sin b = sin B sin c A+ B a+b
tan ⁡( ) tan ⁡( )
3. sin Ac = tan Bc cos a cos A = sin B cos a 2 2
=
4. sinc c = cos a cos b cos c = cos a cos b A−B a−b
tan( ) tan( )
5. sin Bc = cos Ac cos b cos B = cos A cos b 2 2

OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

A. LAW OF SINE E. NAPIER’S ANALOGY:
sina sinb sinc A−B a−b
= = tan ⁡( ) tan ⁡( )
sinA sinB sinC 2 2
 =
A +B c
tan ( ) tan
B. LAW OF COSINE: (for the sides) 2 2
Cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A A−B a+ b
cos ⁡( ) tan ⁡( )
Cos b = cos a cos b + sin a sin c cos B 2 2
 =
Cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C A+B c
cos( ) tan
2 2
C. LAW OF COSINE: (for angles)
 √
a−b A−B sin ( s−a ) sin ⁡(s−b)
sin ⁡(
2
) tan ⁡(
2
)  sin C =
 = 2 sinasinb

√
a+b c sin s sin ⁡(s−c)
sin( ) cot C
2 2  sin =
2 sina sinb
a−b A+ B
cos ⁡( ) tan ⁡( ) a+ b+c
2 2 Where: s=
 a+ b
=
c
2
cos( ) cot A+ B+C
2 2 s=
2
 sin A =
2 √
sin ( s−b ) sin ⁡(s−c)
sinb sinc SPHERICAL EXCESS:

√
A sin s sin ⁡( s−c ) If three sides are known;

√
 sin =
2 sinb sinc tan
E
= tan () ( ) ( ) ( )
s
tan
s−a
tan
s−b
tan
s−c

√
sin ( S−B ) cos ⁡(S−C) 4 2 2 2 2
 cos a = If three angles are known;
2 sinB sinC
a+ b+c
B
 sin =
2 √
sin ( s−a ) cos ⁡( s−c)
sina sinc
E = A + B + C - 180° s=
2

B
 cos =
2 √
sin s sin ⁡( s−c )
sina sinc
TERRESTRIAL SPHERE:
1 minute = I nautical mile
1 nautical mile = 6050 feet
1 statue mile = 5280 feet
1 knot = 1 nautical mile / hour
1 deg = 60 nautical miles
Earth = 6400 km = 3959 miles

THERMODYNAMICS
 PROPERTIES ℉ = 9/5 (℃)+32
Celsius to Reamur (octogesimal division)
EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE B.P ° 80
Mass temperature ℃ = 1.25° Re
Height pressure Absolute “zero” temperature
Volume density 0° K = 0° R
Energy specific volume
Mole gravity ABSOLUTE VALUE TEMPERATURE
Mass flow rate specific weight Fahrenheit to Rankine
Volume flow rate specific gravity ° R = ℉ +460
Celsius to kelvin
Arbitrary temperature, t: ℃ = ° K + 273
℉ ,℃ , ° Re, ° Ro, ° N, ° De, ° L
Absolute temperature, T: INTENSIVE PROPERTY
° R, ° K m
Density = ρ=
v
LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE: Note: ρwater = 1000kg/m3 = 64.4lb/ ft 3
Celsius to Fahrenheit ρair = 1.2kg/m3 = 0.075 lb/ ft 3
℃ = 5/9 (℉−32 ¿ (if incompressible and STP)
Fahrenheit to Celsius Specific volume = v = v/m
= 1/ ρ
Gravity = g = 9.81 m/ s2 v
Volume flow rate = v̇=
g = 32.2 ft/ s2 time
specific weight = γ = w/v
= ρg = Av
Relative density/specific gravity Pabs = Patm + Pgage
ρsolid /liquid (vacuum pressure = - Pgage)
SG. = Where: Pabs = absolute pressure
ρwater
ρgas Pgage = gage pressure
SG. = Patm = atmospheric pressure
ρair
Patm = 101.325 Kpa
Note:
14.7 psi
SGwater = 1
1.032 kg/cm 2
SGair = 1
29.92 in. Hg
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY 760 mmHg
Mass and volume flow rate 1.013 bar
m 760 torr
Mass flow rate = ṁ= 10.33 m H 2 O
time
= ρ v̇
= ρAV ENERGY
Kinematic energy (KE) = KE ½ m v 2
Potential energy (PE) = PE mgh
Enthalpy (H) = H = U + PV P1 V 1
Heat (Q) = Qs = mC∆ T P1 V 1 = P2 V 2 =
P2 V 2
Note: Cwater = 1.0 cal gm.C° = 1.0 BTU/lb. F°
CHARLE’S LAW (p = c)
= 4.186 kj/kg K
Q L = mL V1 V2 V1 T2
= =
Latent heat of fussion of ice ( Lf ) T1 T2 V2 T2
Lf= 144 Btu/lb = 334 kJ/kg = 80 Cal/gm
GAY LUCASS’S LAW (v =c)
Latent heat of vaporization of boiling water P1 P2 P1 T1
= =
(L¿¿ v )¿ T2 T2 P2 T2
Lv = 970 Btu/lb = 2257 kJ/kg = 540 Cal/gm COMBINED GAS LAW (boyle’s and charle’s law)
Non flow work = Wn = P(V 2−V 1 ) P1V 1 P1V 2
=
Steady flow work = Ws = V( P1−P2 ¿ T1 T2
AVOGADRO’S LAW
RELATION BETWEEN Cp, Cv, k & R: V1 V2 V 1 n1
Cp = =
Cp – Cv = R =k n1 n2 V 2 n2
Cv
Avogadro’s no. = N A = 6.022x10
23
R kR mol−1
Cv = Cp = Boltzmann constant = K B = 1.38064910−23 J/k
k−1 k−1
BOYLE’S LAW (t = c)
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
PT = P1 + P2+ P3+ … … … … …+ Pn
V T = V 1=V 2 =… … … … …=V n Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 Btu/lb-R
Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg-K = 0.1714 Btu/Ib-R

IDEAL GAS LAW/ GENERAL EQUATION LAW

PV = mRT PV =nRT
R = NA KB
Where:
m = mass (kg, gm, & lb.)
M = molecular weight (kg/mol, lb/mol & gm/mol)
R = 8.314 kJ/mol-K = 1545 ft-lbf/lbmol-° R
R = 1.986 BTU/mol-° R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-° R
Ra = 0.287 kJ/kg-K = 53034 ft-Ibf/Ibm-R

PROPERTIES
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
Change in internal energy:
∆ U =mCv ∆ T (fixed formula) ISOBARIC PROCESS (p=c)
Change in enthalpy: V1 T2
= (charle’s law)
∆ H =mCp ∆ T (fixed formula) V2 T2
Change in entropy: Non flow work
∆ S=mCln (T ¿ ¿2 /T 1) ¿ W n = P (V 2 - V 1 )
Note: for air
Steady flow work
 Ws=0 Change in enthalpy:
Change in internal energy: ∆ H =mCp ∆ T
∆ U =mCp ∆T Heat transfer
Change in enthalpy: Q = mCv∆ T
∆ H =mCp ∆ T Chane in entropy:
Heat transfer ∆ S=mCvln(T ¿ ¿ 2/T 1)¿
Q = mCp∆ T
Chane in entropy: ISOTHERMAL PROCESS (T = c)
∆ S=mCpln(T ¿ ¿2 /T 1)¿ P1 V 1
P1 V 1 = P2 V 2 = (BOYLE’S LAW)
P2 V 2
ISOMETRIC PROCESS (v = c) Non flow work
P1 T1 V2
= (gay lucass’s law) W n = P1 V 1 ln ( ¿
P2 T2 V1
Steady flow work
Non flow work V2
Wn = 0 W s = P1 V 1 ln ( ¿
V1
Steady flow work
W s = Wn
W s = V ( P1 - P2)
Change in internal energy:
Change in internal energy:
∆ U =0
∆ U =mCv ∆ T
Change in enthalpy:
 ∆ H =0
Heat transfer Change in internal energy:
Q = Wn = W s ∆ U = mCp ∆ T
Q = T∆ S Change in enthalpy:
Chane in entropy: ∆ H =mCp ∆ T
∆ S=mRln(V ¿ ¿ 2/V 1)¿ Heat transfer
Q=0
ISENTROPIC PROCESS (∆ S=c ¿ Chane in entropy:
1−k
T1 V 1 ∆ S=0
k k
P1 V 1 = P2 V 2 =( )
T2 V 2 POLYTROPIC PROCESS ( PV n=c ¿
T1 1−n
=¿ ¿ n n T1 V 1
T2 P1 V 1 = P2 V 2 =( )
T2 V 2
Non flow work
T1
P 2 V 2−P1 V 1 =¿ ¿
Wn = T2
1−k
Steady flow work Non flow work
k ( P2 V 2−P1 V 1) P 2 V 2−P1 V 1
Ws= Wn =
1−k 1−n
Ws=kWn Steady flow work
 n( P2 V 2−P1 V 1 )
Ws=
1−n
W s = nWn
Change in internal energy:
∆ U = mCv ∆ T
Change in enthalpy:
∆ H =mCp ∆ T
Heat transfer
Q = mCn ∆T
Chane in entropy:
∆ S=mCnln(T ¿ ¿2 /T 1)¿
k−n
Cn = Cv ( ¿
1−n
FLUID MECHANICS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS w = kg
1. SPECIFIC WEIGHT g = m/ s2
γ = w/v 3. Density
2. MASS m
ρ=
m = w/g v
m = kg ρ = kg/m3
 m = kg μk=¿ m2 /s
3
v=m ρ = kg/m3
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 8. SURFACE TENSION,σ
ρsolid /liquid F
SG. = σ=
ρwater L
ρgas σ = N/m
SG. =
ρair σ = lb/ft
5. SPECIFIC VOLUME r ∆P
v = v/m σdroplets=
2
= 1/ ρ r∆P
σbubbles =
4
6. DYNAMIC VISCOSITY N
τ σ=
μd= m
dv R=m
dy N
μd=Pa−s P= /Pa
m2
τ =Pa Note:
dv = m/s
N
dy = m σ of water at 0 ℃=0.076
7. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY m
μk=μd /¿ ρ
 N
σ of water at 100 ℃=0.0059
m
∆ P = Pi - Po
9. CAPILLARITY FLUID STATICS
4 σcosθ
h= θ< 90 ( adhesion ) 1. FLUID PRESSURE
γd
θ> 90 ( cohersion ) F
P=
N A
σ= Where:
m P = pressure
h=m F = force
d=m A =area
10. BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E) 2. PASCAL’S LAW
∆P Pz = Py = Pz
E = −∆ V
V HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACE
Note: modulus of elasticity is temperature dependent F = γhA e = Ig/Ay
11. COMPRESIBILTY, β Yp = I/Ay y = h/sinθ
1 I O = Ig + A ( y ¿ ¿2
β=
E
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVE SURFACE
F = γV e = Ig/Ay
 F H = γhA h=y b
2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc .cos < A cosθ=
c
a
b 2=a2 +c 2−2 ac . cos< B tanθ=
b
PERIMETER AND AREA
c 2=a2+ c 2−2 ab . cos<C
Square rectangle
Egyptian triangle 60 triangle
s w
3 5 1 60° 2
perimeter: p¿4s perimeter: p¿ 2 l+ 2w
area: A¿ s2 area: A ¿ lw
60°
triangle right triangle
4 √3
a c a c 45 Triangle Parallelogram

h θ 1 45° √2 a h
b b
perimeter: P ¿ a+b+c 2
c =a + b
2 2

1 a 45° b
Area: A¿ bh sinθ= Perimeter: P ¿ 2 a+2 b
2 c
1 Area: A ¿ bh
Trapezoid circle Surface Area: S ¿ 6 s2 Surface Area: S
b2 ¿ 2 lh+2 wh+2 wl
C r
d Sphere Cylinder

b1 Circumference: C
¿ 2 πr r
R
Perimeter: P ¿ a+ b1 +c +b2 ¿ πd h
1
Area: A ¿ ( b1 +b 2 ) h Area: A
2
4 3
¿πr
2
Volume: V ¿ πr volume: V ¿ π r 2 h
3
SOLID
Surface area: S ¿ 4 π r 2 Surface Area: S ¿ 2 πrh+2 π r 2
CUBE Rectangular Prism (box)

h Cone Square or Rectangle Prism

S
L
S
S w h h
Volume: V ¿ s3 Volume: V ¿lwh
r

w L
1 2
Volume: V ¿ πr h Volume: V ¿
3 3
Surface Area: S ¿ πr √ r 2 +h 2
FATHER OF BIOLOGY – Aristotle
FATHER OF PHYSICS – Albert Einstein
FATHER OF CHEMISTRY – Jabir Bin Haya
FATHER OF STATISTICS – Ronald Fisher
FATHER OF ZOOLOGY – Aristotle
FATHER OF HISTORY – Herodotus
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY – Louis Pasteur
FATHER OF BOTANY – Theophrastus
FATHER OF ALGEBRA – Diophantus
FATHER OF BLOOD GROUP – Lansteiner
1 FATHER OF ELECTRICITY – Benjamin Franklin
lwh
FATHER OF TRIGONOMETRY – Hipparchus
FATHER OF GEOMETRY – Euclid
FATHER OF ROBOTICS – Nicola Tesla
FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY – Antoine La
Voisier
FATHER OF ELECTRONICS – Ray Tomlinson
FATHER OF INTERNET – Vinton Cere
FATHER OF ECONOMICS – Adam Smith
FATHER OF VIDEO GAMES – Thomas T. Goldsmith
Jr.
FATHER OF ARCHITECTURE – Imhotep
FATHER OF GENETICS – Gregor Johann Mendel
FATHER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY – Richard
Smalley
FATHER OF C LANGUAGE – Dennis Richie
FATHER OF WWW – Tim Berners – Lee
FATHER OF SEARCH ENGINE – Alan Entage
FATHER OF THEORY & PROBABILITY –
Gerolamo Cardamo
DIESEL – Rudolph Christian Karl Diesel
BRAYTON – George Brailey Brayton
ERISCKSON – John Ericsson
RANKINE – William John Macquorn Rankine
° R = ° F + 460
CARNOT – Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
STIRLING – Robert Stirling
LENOIR – Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir
OTTO – Nikolaus August Otto
ATKINSON – James Atkinson
DUAL – Gustav Trinkler
CELCIUS – Anders Celcuis (1701-1744)
C = 5/9 (F -32)
= 1.25 Re
=° K + 273
FAHRENHEIT – Gabriel Daniel Fahenheit (1686 –
1736)
F = 9/5 C + 32
KELVIN – William Thompson (1824 – 1902)
LOGARITHM – John Napier ( 1550 – 1617)
COMPLEX NUMBER – Gaussian Integer
- Leonard Euler
- Argand Diagram
SYMMETRIC PRIME – Also called Euler Prime
DEFFECTIVE NUMBER – Also called Deficient
Number
 - INCREASE STRENGTH AND
HARDNESS, DECREASED DUCTILITY.

ANISOTROPY – the characteristic of

Exhibiting different properties when tested in different
direction.

BRITTLENESS – TENDENCY TO
FRACTURE
WITHOUT APPRECIABLE DEFORMATION.

CHARPY TEST – one in which the specimen,

supported at the both ends as a simple beam.

COLD SHORTNESS – BRITTLENESS OF METALS

MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES
AGE HARDENING – occurs in some metals, notably
certain STAINLESS STEEL, ALUMINUM and
COPPER ALLOYS at ambient temperature after
solution heat treatment.
AT
ORDINARY OR LOW
TEMPERATURE.
COLD WORKING – Process of DEFORMING A
METAL
PLASTICALLY AT A TEMPERATURE BELOW
THE RECRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE.
and at a rate to produce strain hardening.
 - COLD DRAWN-STEEL is
frequently used because IT INCREASES STRENGTH
AND MACHINABILITY, AND IMPROVES
SURFACE FINISH. IT REDUCES DUCTILITY.
- commercial amounts of cold working
of steel are of the order 10-20%.
DAMPING CAPACITY – ABILITY OF THE
MATERIAL TO ABSORB OR DAMP VIBRATION,
which is a process of absorbing kinetic energy of
vibration owing to hysteresis.
- at particular stress level, CAST IRON
is a much better damping material than STEEL.
DECARBURIZATION – LOSS OF CARBON FROM
THE SURFACE OF STEEL, occurring DURING HOT
ROLLING, FORGING AND HEAT TREATING,
when the surrounding medium reacts with the carbon (as
oxygen and carbon combining).
DUCTILITY - PROPERTY THAT
PERMITS PERMANENT DEFORMATION
BEFORE FRACTURE IN TENSION.
Ductile material – elongation greater than 5% in 2-in gage.
Brittle material – elongation less than 5% in 2 -in gage.
ELASTICITY – THE ABILITY OF THE
MATERIAL TO
BE DEFORMED AND TO RETURN TO THE
ORIGINAL SHAPE.
EMBRITTLENESS – Involves the LOSS OF
DUCTILITY BECAUSE OF A PHYSICAL OR
CHEMICAL CHANGE OF THE MATERIAL.
FREE CARBON – Part of the CARBON
CONTENT OF STEEL OR IRON THAT IS IN THE
FORM OF GRAPHITE OR TEMPER CARBON.
HARD DRAWN – is a TEMPER PRODUCED IN A
WIRE, ROD OR TUBE BY COLD DRAWING.
ISOTROPIC – Materials have the same properties in all
direction.
IZOD TEST – A TEST IN WHICH A SPECIMEN,
SUPPORTED AT ONE END AS A CANTILEVER
BEAM, is broken by the impact of a falling pendulum.
KILLED STEEL – STEEL HAS BEEN
DEOXIDIZED WITH A STRONG DEOXIDIZING
AGENT, SUCH AS SILICON OR ALUMINUM, in
order to eliminate a reaction between the carbon and the
oxygen during solidification.
- desirable characteristics FOR
FORGING, AND HEAVY ROLLED SECTION.
MACHINABILITY – is a somewhat indefinite property
that refers to the relative ease with which the
MATERIAL CAN BE CUT.
- in case of STEELS, cold-drawn AISI
B1112 being cut with a high-speed tool-steel tool and
with a PROPER CUTTING OIL IS USUALLY
TAKEN AS 100%.
MALLEABILITY – material susceptibility to
EXTREME DEFORMATION IN ROLLING OR
HAMMERING. The MORE MALLEABLE METAL,
THE THINNER THE SHEET into which it can be
formed (USUALLY COLD).
- GOLD AND ALUMINUM ARE QUITE
MALLEABLE.
PERCENTAGE ELONGATION – is the extension in
which the vicinity of the fracture of a tensile specimen
expressed as a percentage of the original gage length, as
20% IN 2 IN.
PLASTICITY – ABILITY OF A METAL TO BE
DEFORMED CONSIDERABLY WITHOUT
RUPTURE. The material does not return to its original
shape.
POISSON’S RATIO – ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain.
PROOF STRESS – STRESS WHICH CAUSES A
SPECIFIED PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF
THE MATERIAL, USUALLY 0.01% OR LESS.
RED SHORTNESS – BRITTLENESS IN STEEL
WHEN IT IS RED HOT.
RELAXATION – DECREASING STRESS AT A
CONSTANT STRAIN. Important for metals in high
temperature service.
RESIDUAL STRESSES – are those NOT DUE TO
APPLIED LOADS OR TEMPERATURE
GRADIENTS; they exist for various reasons, as un equal
cooling rates, cold working etc.
RIMMED STEEL - INCOMPLETE
DEOXIDIZED STEEL.
SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT – the process of
holding an alloy at a suitably high temperature long
enough to permit one or more constituents to pass into
solid solution and then cooling fast enough to hold the
constituents as a supersaturated solution.
STIFFNESS – ABILITY TO RESIST
DEFORMATION. Measured by the modulus of
elasticity. The higher the modulus the stiffness is the
material.
STRAIN HARDENING/WORK HARDENING –
INCREASING THE HARDNESS AND STRENGTH
BY PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT
TEMPERATURE LOWER THAN THE
RECRYSTALLIZATION RANGE.
TEMPER – is a condition produced in a non- ferrous
metal by mechanical or thermal treatment.
EX. Annealed temper (soft)
Hard temper
Spring temper
TOUGHNESS – THE CAPACITY OF THE
MATERIAL TO WITHSTAND A SHOCK LOAD
WITHOUT BREAKING.
TRASVERSE STRENGHT - refers to THE RESULT
OF A TRANSVERSE BEND TEST, the specimen being
mounted as a simple beam. Also called RUPTURE
MODULUS.
- FREQUENTLY APPLIED
TO BRITTLE MATERIALS, ESPECIALLY CAST
IRON.
WROUGHT STEEL – STEEL THAT HAS BEEN
HAMMERED, ROLLED OR DRAWN IN THE
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE; it MAY BE PLAIN
CARBON OR ALLOY STEEL.

HEAT TREATMENT TERMS
AGING/AGE HARDENING – change of metals by
which is structure recover from an unstable or metastable
condition that has been PRODUCED BY QUENCHING
OR COLD WORKING.
ANNEALING – Is a HEATING AND SLOW
COOLING OF A SOLID METAL, usually done to
soften it.
- REMOVE INTERNAL STRESSES
(STRESS RELIEVING), AND REMOVING GASSES.
DRAWING – often used to MEAN TEMPERING, but
this usage conflicts with the meaning of the drawing of a
material through a die. And it is be avoided.
GRAPHITIZING – CAUSES THE COMBINED
CARBON TO TRANSFORMED WHOLLY OR IN
PART INTO GRAPHITIC OR FREE CARBON.
- APPLIED TO CAST IRON
SOMETIMES TO HIGH-CARBON STEEL.
HARDENING – HEATING OF A CERTAIN STEEL
ABOVE THE TRANSFORMATION RANGE AND
THEN QUENCHING, for the purpose of
INCREASING THE HARDNESS.
MALLEABLIZING - IS AN ANNEALING PROCESS
WHEREBY COMBINED CARBON IN WHITE
CAST IRON IS TRANSFORMED WHOLLY OR IN
PART TO TEMPER CARBON.
- TEMPER CARBON IS FREE
(GRAPHITIC) CARBON IN THE FORM OF
ROUNDED NODULES, characteristics forms in
graphitizing and malleablizing.
NORMALIZING – HEATING OF IRON BASE
ALLOY TO SOME 100℉ ABOVE THE
TRANSFORMATION RANGE with subsequent
cooling to below that range in still air at room
temperature.
- PURPOSE IS TO PRODUCE
UNIFORM STRUCTURE.

SPHERODIZING – ANY HEATING AND
COOLING OF STEEL THAT PRODUCES A
ROUNDED CARBON STEEL OR GLOBULAR
FORM OF CARBIDE. Typically, it is a PROLONGED
HEATING AT A TEMPERATURE SLIGHTLY
BELOW THE TEMPERATURE RANGE, USUALLY
FOLLOWED BY SLOW COOLING; OR FOR
SMALL OBJECTS OF HIGH
STRESS RELIEVING – IS THE HEATING OF
THERMAL BODY TO A SUITABLE
TEMPERATURE (GENERALLY JUST BELOW
THE TEMPERATURE RANGE FOR STEEL, SAY
(1100-1200℉ ) and HOLDING IT AT THAT
TEMPERATURE FOR A SUITABLE TIME (1 TO 3
HOURS FOR STEEL)
- purpose of REDUCING
INTERNAL RESIDUAL STRESSES.
- INTERNAL STRESSES
PRESENTED BECAUSE THE BODY HAS BEEN
CAST, QUENCHED, NORMALIZED, MACHINED,
COLD WORKED, OR WELD.
TEMPERING – REHEATING OF HARDENED OR
NORMALIZING STEAL TO A TEMPERATURE
BELOW THE TRANSFORMATION RANGE.
- QUENCHED STEEL IS TEMPERED
IN ORDER TO REDUCE INTERNAL STRESSES,
COOLING TO RESTORE A CERTAIN AMOUNT
OF DUCTILITY, AND TO IMPROVE
TOUGHNESS.
TRANSFORMATION RANGE/CRITICAL RANGE
– FOR FERROUS METALS is the temperature interval
during which austenite is formed during heating.
- THIS MAY OVERLAP BUT NEVER
COINCIDE. THE RANGE ON HEATING IS
HIGHER THAN THAT ON COOLING.
HARDNESS - increase the hardness number
indicate increasing hardness.
BHN – BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER.
Standard – 300 kg
Soft metal – 500 kg
ROCKWELL TESTER – FASTER THAN THE Load 15,30 or 45 kg.
BRINELL (15-N, 30-N, 45-N)
AND WIDELY USED T 1
COMMERCIALLY, measure the B – hard materials. in. ball with
16
depth of the penetration by the indenter. load.
Rockwell B ( 1 (15-T, 30-T, AND 45-T)
Rb ¿ in ball. 100 kg load for medium
16
soft metal as for many copper alloys VICKER TESTER – has a square base, diamond
and soft metals. pyramid indenter.
Rockwell C ( Diamond indenter, 150 kg. load, for
RC ¿ hard metals, as hard steel.
Rockwell A ( Diamond indenter, 60 kg. load for
RA ¿ extremely hard metals such as tungsten AISI AND SAE SPECIFICATION NUMBERS
carbide.
Rockwell D ( Diamond indenter, 100 kg. load, AISI x x x x
RD ¿ sometimes used for case hardened
metals. Carbon content.
Rockwell E ( 1 Specific alloy in the group
RE ¿ in. ball, 100 kg. load, for soft metals,
8 Alloy group: indicate major elements.
1 such as bearing metals and magnesium. AISI PREFIX
F (R F ¿ DIFFERET SIZES FOR PHOSPHOR Ex. AISI C1030
16 BRONZE. B – acid bassemer steel
C – basic open-hearth carbon steel
N C – hard materials. Diamond indenter. D – acid open-hearth carbon steel
E – electric furnace steel (usually alloy) Molybdenum-nickel 46XX
Molybdenum-chromium- 47XX
LETTER B OR L IN THE MIDDLEN OF THE nickel
NUMBER. Molybdenum-nickel 48XX
Indicate that BORON AND LEAD respectively, has been chromium 5XXX
added. (Ex. 94 B 40) Heat & corrosion resistant 514XX
515XX
H AT THE END Chromium-vanadium 6XXX
Indicate material can be bought on hardenability Nickel-chromium- 8XXX
specification. ( Ex. 9840H) molybdenum
Silicon-manganese 92XX
Nickel-chromium- 9XXX
STEEL SAE
molybdenum (except
Plain carbon 10XX 92XX)
Free cutting 11XX
Manganese 13XX ALLOY STEEL – wrought alloy steel is steel that
Boron 14XX contains significant quantities of recognize alloying
Nickel 2XXX metals, the most common being;
Nickel-chromium 3XXX ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COBALT, COPPER,
Heat & corrosion resistant 303XX MANGANESE, MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL,
molybdenum 4XXX PHOSPHORUS, SILICON, TITAIUM, TUNGSTEN,
Molybdenum-chromium 41XX AND VANADIUM.
Molybdenum-chromium- 43XX - Used to improve the hardenability of the
nickel steel, to reduce distortion from heat treatment, to increase
toughness, ductility, and tensile strength. And to improve
low-temperature or high-temperature properties.
(a) Low-alloy structure steel – develop for
structural uses where light weight is
important.
(b) Low-carbon alloy steel – (0.10-0.25%C)
uses chiefly for CARBURIZING.
(c) Medium-carbon alloy steel – (0.25-0.50%)
usually quenched and tempered to hardness
between 250 and 400 brinell.
(d) High-carbon alloy steel – (0.50-0.70 or
more) heat treated to hardness between 375
and 500 Brinell, for use as springs, wear
resisting parts.
(e) High alloy steel – such as stainless steel.
ALUMINUM (AL)– Efficient deoxidizer, an alloy in
nitriding steels, and it promotes fine grain size.
BORON (B) – very small amount (0.001% or less)
economical hardenability agent I low or medium
deoxidized steel.
CHROMIUM (Cr) – improves hardenability
economically, resistance to corrosion, strength at high
temperatures and wearing properties
COBALT (Co) – improves red hardness
COLUMNBIUM (Cb) – often used to stabilized stainless
steel
COPPER (Cu) – improves steel resistance to
atmospheric corrosion; up to 4% Cu, it increases the
fluidity of the melt.
LEAD (Pb) – improves machinability
MANGANESE (Mn) – improves strength and increases
hardenability moderately, become alloying elements when
exceed 0.6%.
MOLYBDENUM (Mo) – Increases hardenability
markedly and economically
NICKEL (Ni) – strengthens unquenched and annealed
steels, toughens steel and simplified heat treatment by
lessening distortion. At low temperature.
PHOSPORUS (P) - increase hardenability,
strengthens low-carbon steels, improves machinability of
free cutting steels, and improve resistance to corrosion.
SELENIUM (Se) – improves machinability of stainless
steel; also added to leaded resulfurized carbon steel for
the same purpose.
SILICON (Si) – strengthens low-alloy steels ad improves crankshaft, oil-well tool joints,
resistance to high-temperature oxidation. It is good spline shafts, axles, earth moving
general-purpose deoxidizer and promotes fine grain. equipment.
TANTALUM (Ta) – is a stabilizer AISI 3150 Wear’-resisting parts in excavating
TITANIUM (Ti) – used for deoxidation and for and farm machinery, gears, forging
stabilizing austenitic stainless steels. Increases the AISI 3240 Shafts, highly stressed pins and
hardness and strength of low-carbon steel and improve keys, gears
creep strength. AISI 3300 For heavy parts requiring deep
TUNGSTEN (W) – Increases hardenability markedly in penetration of the heat treatment
small amounts and improve hardness and strength at high (hardenability) and high fatigue
temperature. strength per unit of weight
VANADIUM (V) – promotes fine grain structure, AISI 4063 Leaf and coil spring
improves the ratio of endurance strength to ultimate AISI 4130,4140 Automotive connecting rods and
strength of medium carbon steel. axles, aircraft parts and tubing
AISI 4340 Crankshaft, axles, gears, landing
AISI 2330 Bolts, studs, tubing subjected to gear parts; perhaps the best general
torsional stresses. purpose AISI steel
AISI 2340 Quenched and tempered shafting, AISI 4640 Gears, splined shafts, hand tools,
connecting rods, very highly miscellaneous heavy-duty machine
stressed bolts, forging. parts
AISI 2350 High-capacity gears, shafts, heavy AISI 8630 Connecting rods, bolts, shapes; air
duty machine parts hardens after welding
AISI 3130 Shafts, bolts, steering knuckles AISI 8640,8740 Gears, propeller shafts, knuckles,
AISI 3140 Aircraft and truck engine shapes.
 Alloy with 10-20 points carbon are
widely carburized in producing
pins, bolts, gears (teeth), shaft (at
wearing surface), cams, and worm
thread.
CASE HARDENING – usually done in the material
surface. It is accomplished by carburizing, cyaniding,
nitriding, induction hardening or flame hardening.
CARBURIZING – is a process of adding carbon to the
surface of steel. Quenching, and usually tempering at 300-
450 ℉ for the purpose of relieving residual stresses.
CYANIDING – accomplish by immersing the part in a
hot (about 1550 ℉ ) liquid salt bath, sodium cyanide
(NaCN) being common medium in both processes.
NITRIDING – surface hardening accomplishes by
heating certain steel alloys immersed in ammonia fumes.
STAINLESS STEEL – contains minimum of 10.5%
chromium.
CAST IRON – most abundant and cheapest material. It
has four elements alloys contains IRON, CARBON,
SILICO, AND MANGANESE
GRAY IRON – kind of iron primed from carbon that is
precipitated in the form of graphite flakes.
DUCTILE IRON – it is an iron alloyed with magnesium
which causes the excess carbon to precipitate in the form
of small sphere or nodules.
WHITE IRON – a iron produced in outer portion of gray
and ductile iron casting by chilling selected surfaces of
the mold, thereby denying time for carbon precipitation.
MALLEABLE IRON – made from white iron by a two-
stage heating treating process.
NICKEL ALLOY – used in variety of structural
applications that usually required specific corrosion
resistance and strength and toughness at temperature
extremes as great as 2000℉ and as low as -400℉
TITANIUM ALLOY – non- magnetic and extreme
corrosion resistance alloys. These have low thermal
conductivity and outstanding in strength to weight ratio.
ZINC ALLOY – alloys whose melting temperature are
low. Its abundance made it more economical.
COPPER ALLOY – one of the oldest metals.
Brass alloyed with copper and zinc. Bronze alloyed with
copper and tin.
ALUMINUM ALLOY – the lighter alloys are especially
adapted for use where it is desired to reduce the inertia
forces of moving parts.
UFC – Uniform Fire Code
ASTM – American Society for Testing Materials
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASM – American Society of Metals
AWS – American Welding Society
ASLE – American Society of Lubrication Engineers
ASA – American Standard Association
AISI -American Iron and Steel Institute
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
AFBMA – Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers
Association
ALBA – American Leather Belting Association
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
SESA – Society for Experimental Stress Analysis.
 SECTION 1302 MECHANICAL REGULATIONS
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES PD 1096
2005 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. RA 8495 – (PME) Philippine mechanical Engineering

Law

2. Guarding of moving and dangerous parts

- all prime movers shall be guarded, shielded,
fenced or enloclosed to protect any person.

3. CRANES
a. ladder, stairs or platform shall be provided for
Cranes having revolving Cabs. If a step – over is
provided, the gap must not exceed 300 mm.
b. Gong or other effective warning devices shall
be mounted on each Cab.
 c. Temporary Crane w/’o warning devices may
be allowed provided there is a flagman whose
duty is to warn those in path.
d. The maximum rated load of all Cranes shall
be plainly marked on each side of the Crane. If
more than 1 hoist unit, each shall have
marked, its rated capacity Clearly legible from
the ground or floor.
4. HOIST
a. Operation Control shall be plainly marked,
indicate the direction of travel w/ effective
warning devices.
b. Each hoist designed to lift its load vertically
shall have its rated load legible marked on the
host or load block.
c. stop,which shall operate automatically, shall
be provided at each switch.
d. Each electric hoist motor shall be provided
with electrically or mecanically operated brake.
5. ELEVATORS
a. Hoistway for elevators shall be enclosed
throughout their height, with no opening allowed
except for necessary doors, windows or
skylight.
b. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed
in hoistways, except when necessary for the
operation of the elevator.
c. hoistway pits shall be of such depth. a
clearance of not less than 600 mm remains
between the undeside of the car and the buttom
of the pit.
d. 4 or more elevators serve all or more portion
of the building they shall be located in not less
than 2 hoistways.
Note:no more than 4 elevators loated in 1
hoistway.
e. mahine rooms that provide top hoistways
shall condut sufficient room for repair and
inspection. Means of iron and ladder stairs when
the room is more than 600 mm above the
adjacent floor or roof surface. The angle of
inclination of ladder shall not exceed 60° from
the horizontal. Shall not used for living
quartes or depository of other materials
provide an adequate ventillation.
 f. minimum number of hoisting rope shall be
three 3 for traction elevator and 2 for drum
type elevator.
g. minimun diameter of hoisting and Counter
weight ropes shall be 30 mm.
h. Provide fall free safety device, overload
switch and reverse polarity relay.
i. Apartments or residential Condominium of
5 storey or more, atleast 1 passenger elevator
shall be kept in 24 hours.
6. ESCALATORS
a. angle shall not exceed 30° from the
horizontal.
b. width between balustrades shall not be less
than 560 mm nor more than 1.20 m. this width
shall not exceed the width of the steps by more
than 330 mm.
c. Solid balustrades of incombustible material
shall provided of each side of the moving steps.
If made of glass, it shall be of tempered type
glass.
d. Rated speed measured along the angle of
inclination, shall not be more than 38 m per
minute.
7. BOILERS AND PRESSURE VESSELS.
a. location and boilers
i. boilers shall be located inside the
buildings, provide that the building is
concrete or masonry. No parts of the
building shall be closer than 1.00 m
from any wall and shall have atleast 2
separate exits.
ii. in case the building is not made up of
fire resistive materials, boilers shall be
located outside at a distane of not less
than 3.00 m from the outside wall of
the main building. The building
housing the boiler shall be made up of
fire resistive materials.
b. Smokestacks, whether self supported or
guyed, shall be of sufficient capacity to handle
fuel gas. withstand the wind load of 175 km
per hour. Rise atleast 5 m above any building
within a radius of 50 m.
c.manufacturer/assembles of boilers/pressure
vessels/pressurized water heaters shall stamp
each vessels with the name of the
manufacturer, serial number, year of
manufacture maximum allowable working
pressure, heating surface in sq. M, and
thickness of shell.
d. more than 46 sq. m. heating surface shall
eah provide with 2 means of feeding water, 1
steam driven and 1 electrically driven or 1
pump and 1 injector.
e. provide 2 check valve between any feed
pump and the boiler in addition to the regular
shutt – off valve.
f. 2 or more boiler are connected in parallel.
Non-return valve and shut-off valve shall
provide in eah steam outlet.
g. no case shall the maximum pressure of an
existing boiler be inreased to a greater pressure
than would be allowed for a new boiler of same
construction.
h. each boiler have atleast 1 safety valve.
More than 46 sq. m of water heating surface
or a generating capacity exceed 910 km per
hr., 2 or more safety valve is required.
i. each boiler shall have a steam gauge with a
dial range of not less than one and one-half
times and not more than twice the axial
allowable workig pressure. May conneted to
the steam space or to the steam connected to the
water column.
j. repair and replacements.
k. conduct an inspection, if comply a certificate
of operation for a period nnot exceed of 1 year
shall be issued.
l. after permit has been granted periodic
inspection of building officials.
m. building offcial shall notify the owner of the
intended date of the annual inspection atleast 15
days in advance but not to exceed 30 days
from the intended date of inspection.
n. the owner shall prepare the boiler for
inspectionand provide all labor and equipment
required during said inspection.
8. REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING
a. effective temperature and relative humidity of
the air to be used for comfortable cooling shall
be maintained at 20℃ to 24℃ and 50% to
60% , respectively, w/ 4.60 to 7.60 m per
minute air movement within the living zone.
b. water from evaporator, condenser and other
machinery shall be properly collected into a
suitable water or drainage system.
c. duts shall be constructed entirely of non-
combustible materials such as steel, iron,
aluminum or other approved materials. Only
fire retardant lining shall be used on the inside
ducts.
d. access door shall be provided at all automatic
dampers, fire dampers, thermostats and other
apparatus requiring service and inspection in
the duct system.
e. space around the duct that passes thru walls,
floor or partition shall be sealed with fire
resistance materials to prevent passage of
smoke or flame.
f. outlet of inlet ducts pass through firewalls,
they shall be provided with automatic fire
dampers.
g. fire doors and fire dampers shall be arranged
to be closed automatically and remain tightly
closed. That may affet abnormal rise of
temperature in the duct.
h. each refrigerating system shall be provide
with legible metal sign permanently attached.
i. in refrigerating plants of more than 45 kg,
refrigerant mask and helmets shall ne used.
j. not more than 140 kg of refrigerant in
approved containers shall be stored in a mahine
room at any given time.
k. atleast 1 liter of water shall be provide for
every 120 gallons of ammonia in the system.
l. in a refrigerant system containing more than
9 kgs, stop valves shall be installed in inlets and
outlets of compressors, outlets of liquid
recievers, and in liquid and suction branch
header.
m. window type air conditioner shall be
provided with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
discharge condensate water into a suitable
container or discharge line.
 n. window type air conditioner shall be
provided with exhaust ducts. If the exhaust is
discharge into corridors and shall be installed at
not less than 2.10 m above the floor level.
9. WATER PUMPING FOR BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
a. installation of pumping equipment diretly to
water supply shall not be allowed.
b. to maintain water pressure in all floor in the
buildings:
i. overhead tank – installed above the
roof or on the separate tower.
(a) water tanks shall be provided with a
vent, and an overflow pipe leading to a
storm drain and shall be fully recover.
ii. pneumatic tank – unified pressure
vessels, initially full or air, into which
water from mains is pumped.
(a) A suitable pressure switch shall
stop the pump when pressure
required is attained.
(b) Tanks shall be designed for twice
the maximum total dynamic
pressure required.
(c) An air volume control device shall
be installed to maintain correct air
volume inside the tank.
10. PIPPING FOR FUEL. GAS AND STEAM
a. piping shall as much as possible, run parallel
to the building walls.
b. grouped piping shall be supported on racks, on
either horizontal or vertical planes.
c. piping on racks have sufficient space for pipe
of chain wrenches so that any single line can be
altered/repaired/’repla ce without disturbing
the rest.
d. pipping 100 mm in diameter and above shall
be flanged. Smaller pipe sized may be screwed.
e. piping subjected to varying temperature shall
be provided with expansion joints.
f. galvanized piping shall not be used for steam.
g. piping carying steam, hot water of hot
liquids shall not embedded in concrete walls or
floors and shall be properly insulated.
h. piping carying propane, butane and other
gas which are heavier than air, shall be provided
with automatic shut-off devices.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

SECTION 2001
GENERAL

2001.1 – SCOPE RA 9514 shall apply to the design,

installation, inspection, opeartion, testing and maintainace
of all fire protection.
2001.2 – CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS signed and
sealed by professional mechanical engineer.
2001.2.1 – STATEMENT OF COMPLIANCE
written staements.
2001.3 – PERMITS
2001.4 – INSTALLATION
2001.5 – INSPECTION, TESTING AND 2001.6 – SYSTEM OUT OF SERVICE. Fire code official
MAINTENACE fire detection, alarms and estinguisher must notified immediately.
system shall be maintain. 2001.6.1 – IMPAIRED COORDINATOR
2001.5.1 – STANDARDS 2001.6.2 – TAG REQUIRED shall be used
SYSTEMS STANDARD to indicate that the system, or portion thereof,
Portable fire extinguisher NFPA 10 has been removed from service.
Carbon dioxide fire NFPA 12 2001.6.3 – PLACEMENT OF TAG THE FIRE Code
extinguishing system official shall specify where the tag is to be
Halon 1301 fire NFPA 12A placed.
extinguishing system 2001.6.4 – PRE-PLANNED IMPAIRMENT
dry chemical NFPA 17 PROGRAMS
extinguishing system.
Wet chemical extinguising NPFA 17A
system
Water based fire NFPA 13A
protection system
Fire alarm system NFPA 72
Water-mist system NFPA 750
Clean agent extinguishing NFPA 2001
system

2001.5.2 – REORDS a logbook shall be

maintained within the premises.