MINI PROJECT REPORT

STREET LIGHTS THAT GLOW ON

DETECTION OF VEHICLE

LAFEEZ . P

1JB16EE019
 ABSTRACT
Electrically powered street lighting has brought a sense of wellbeing and freedom
from risk or danger but Street lights in town centers, traffic lights and pedestrian
crossings stay on all night. This amount of lighting is not required in that it adds
no benefit to the community. Continuous ON state of street light leds to power
wastage. In other case, it is getting very difficult to analyze the failure of street
lights in all places. In these kinds of situation effects of crime will be increasing.
In our proposed project work we have analyzed these problems.
This Project work consists of a group of measuring stations in the street (one
station located in each lamppost) and a base station located nearby. The
measuring stations are used to observe street conditions as the intensity of
daylight and, depending on the conditions they activate or off the lamps. For these
reasons every lamp is designed independent to decide about the activation of
light. The base station conjointly checks if any lamp is correctly operating and
sends the information using the wireless network to the operator who will act in
case of malfunction.
EXISTING SYSTEM
 Manually switching ON/OFF
 Not fully Energy Efficient systems
 Wired switching
 No monitoring system
PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Fully automated with monitoring base station
 Wireless systems
 Intelligent Energy efficient system
 1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, street lightning systems in industries or cities are growing rapidly.
The important considerations in the field of different technologies like electrical
and electronics are cost effective, automation and power consumption. There are
different street lighting systems are developed to maintain and control the lighting
systems. These lighting systems are used to control and decrease energy
consumption. This article illustrates the street light that glows on detecting
vehicle movement. Street light controlling is one of the most developing system
in India to conserve the energy.

Generally, street light controlling system is a simple concept which uses a

transistor to turn ON in the night time and turn OFF during the day time. The
entire process can be done by a using a sensor namely LDR(light independent
resistor). Nowadays conserving the energy is an essential part and day by day
energy resources are getting decreased. So our next generations may may face a
lot of problems due to this lack of resources. This system doesn’t need a manual
operation to turn ON/OFF the street lights. The street light system detects whether
there is need of light or not.

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The principle behind the working of the project lies in the functioning of IR
Sensor. We are going to use a Transmissive type IR Sensor in this project.
In Transmissive IR Sensor, the IR transmitter and receiver are placed facing
each other so that IR receiver always detects IR Rays emitted by the IR
Transmitter.

If there is an obstacle between the IR Transmitter and Receiver, the IR Rays are
blocked by the obstacle and the IR Receiver stops detecting the IR Rays.

This can be configured to turn ON or OFF the LEDs (or street lights) with the
help of microcontroller.

4. CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

 ATmega8 microcontroller or aurdino

 DS1307 IC
 PIR sensor
 LDR
 LCD
 LED array

5. CIRCUIT DESIGN
The proposed circuit consists of ATmega8 microcontroller, PIR sensor, light
dependent resistor and real time clock, Liquid Crystal Display.

Passive Infrared sensor, also called as PIR sensor is connected to the PD0 pin of
the microcontroller. PIR sensor senses the motion of the objects.
The PIR sensor internally will have an IR detector. Every object in the world
radiates some IR rays. These are invisible to the human eye but electronic
components can detect them. Different objects will emit IR rays of different
wavelength. These rays were detected by the PIR sensor. PIR is initially high and
is set to low automatically after sometime. Whenever it detects the motion of any
object, it becomes low.

LDR is connected to the ADC pin – ADC0 of the microcontroller as LDR will
produce analog value which is converted to digital by the ADC.

Light dependent resistors will have low resistance in light and high resistance in
dark. The resistance of Light dependent resistor in dark is in range of ohms and
in dark its resistance is in the range of mega ohms. When the light falls on LDR
it resistance is reduced to a great extent.

Real time clock IC used is DS1307, which is I2C compatible. Real time clock has
8 pins.1 and 2 pins are connected to the crystal oscillator.3rd pin is connected to a
battery.6th pin of RTC is connected to PC5 pin of microcontroller.5 th pin is
connected to PC4 pin of microcontroller.

I2C is inter integrated circuit. This is two wire interface protocol in which only
two signals were used to transmit the data between two devices.

LCD is used for displaying time. LCD interfacing in 4bit mode is shown in the
circuit diagram. Time from RTC is read and displayed on the LCD

The main components of the project are AT89C52 Microcontroller, IR Sensor

(IR Transmitter and IR Receiver) and LEDs.

The basic connections required for 8051 Microcontroller involve crystal, reset
and External Access.

In order to use the on-chip oscillator, the 8051 microcontroller requires an

external clock. This is provided by a crystal oscillator. An 11.0592MHz quartz
crystal is connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins with two 22pF ceramic
capacitors connected to it.

The reset circuit of the microcontroller consists of a 10K resistor, 10uF

capacitor and a push button. All the connections of the reset circuit are shown in
the circuit diagram.
External access Pin is used to access external memory when it is connected to
ground. Anyway, we are not going to use any external memory here. So,
connect this pin to Vcc via a 10K resistor.

The next hard ware we are going to connect is the IR Receiver. We are going to
connect the 8 IR receivers to port 0 pins of the microcontroller. In order to use
the PORT0 as I/O port, we need to connect external pullup resistors to the port 0
pins.

After that, connect the output of the IR receiver i.e. anode terminal of the photo
diode to port 0 pins. Cathode terminals of the photo diodes are connected to
supply. Also, a 3.3k Resistor is connected between the anode terminal and
ground.

The next part of the circuit is IR transmitter. IR transmitter is not a part of the
microcontroller connections as the only job of the IR transmitter is to
continuously emit infrared rays.

Hence, connect the 8 IR transmitters with corresponding 8 current limiting

resistors of 470 ohms with a power supply.

Finally, we need to connect the LEDs. We need to connect the LED’s with the
help of transistors to the PORT2 of the microcontroller. The base of the 8
2N2222 transistors is connected to the PORT 2 of the microcontroller while the
emitters of the transistors are connected to ground.

An LED along with a series current limiting resistor of 100 ohms is connected
to the each of the collector terminal of the transistor.

6. WORKING
The aim of this project is to design a street light control system using 8051
microcontroller, which automatically turns on or off the street lights by
detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the project is explained
here.

The IR transmitter is placed directly in line of sight with IR receiver, so that the
IR receiver continuously receives infrared rays. Once the IR receiver receives
infrared rays, the microcontroller will detect Logic 1. If the infrared rays are
blocked by some means, the microcontroller will detect logic 0.

So, the program for the microcontroller must be written in such a way that it
will turn ON the LEDs, which means here the street lamp, when it detects Logic
0 and it will turn OFF the LEDs, when it detects Logic 1.

Consider the two IR sensors i.e. IR Transmitter and IR Receiver are placed on
the either side of the road. As per the circuit diagram, the IR receivers are
connected to the PORT0 and the LEDs are connected to the PORT2 of the
microcontroller.

At the beginning, when there is no obstacle, the IR receiver continuously detects

IR light transmitted by the IR Transmitter. When a car or any other vehicle
blocks any of the IR sensor, the microcontroller will turn ON the immediate
three LEDs.

If the car blocks the first IR sensor, the first three LEDs are turned ON by the
microcontroller. As the car moves forward and blocks the second IR sensor, the
corresponding next three LEDs will be turned ON and the first LED of the
previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this way for all the IR
Sensors and LEDs.

8. APPLICATION
 The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways,
express ways etc.
 The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial
lighting, etc.

9. Advantages
 If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the
maintenance can be reduced as the life span and durability of LEDs is
higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street lights.
  As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy
can be saved.

9. CONCLUSION
Wireless is a buzz of the communication industry today. The field of wireless
communication is growing leaps and bounds day by day.  The main aim of this
project is to save the power. By using it effectively we can save more power. 
This can be used in long roadways between the cities.  Here we are saving lot
of power without any wastage; by this advanced technology we can design many
more systems. Street Light That Glows On Detecting Vehicle Movement