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Polyvinyl Chloride: Prepared By: Supervisor by
Polyvinyl Chloride: Prepared By: Supervisor by
Polyvinyl Chloride: Prepared By: Supervisor by
FACULTY OF ENGINNRING
CHIMECAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
THIRD STAGE
SECOND SEMESTER
11/5/2022
Polyvinyl chloride
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Table of Contents
• Introduction
• Chemical Formula
• Basic Forms of PVC
• PVC Manufactured
• Suspension PVC (S-PVC) Process
• Bulk or Emulsion (E-PVC) Process
• Difference between S-PVC and E-PVC
• Additives
• Applications
• Properties of PVC Polymer
• Recyclability and Toxicity of PVC
• Conclusion
• Reference 2
Introduction
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Chemical Formula
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Basic Forms of PVC
• Polyvinyl Chloride is widely available in two broad categories: Flexible and Rigid. But there are
more types like CPVC, PVC-O and PVC-M.
• Flexible PVC : Flexible PVC is formed by the addition of compatible plasticizers to PVC which
lower the crystallinity. These plasticizers act like lubricants resulting in a much clearer and flexible
plastic. This type of PVC is sometimes called as PVC-P.
• Rigid PVC : Rigid PVC is a stiff and cost-effective plastic with high resistance to impact, water,
weather, chemicals and corrosive environments. This type of PVC is also known as UPVC, PVC-
U.
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• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride : It is prepared by chlorination of PVC resin. High chlorine
content imparts high durability, chemical stability and flame retardancy. CPVC can withstand a
wider range of temperatures.
• Modified PVC or PVC-M: It is an alloy of PVC formed by addition of modifying agents, resulting
in enhanced toughness and impact properties.
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PVC Manufactured
• Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is produced from the chlorination of ethylene and pyrolysis of
the resulting ethylene dichloride (EDC) in a cracking unit. PVC (glass transition temperature:
70-80°C) is produced by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM).
• In pressure-tight reactor, the monomer is introduced with polymerization initiator and other
additives. The content of the reaction vessel is mixed continuously to maintain suspension and
ensure uniform particle size of PVC resin.
• Typical suspension polymerized PVC has a mean particle size of 100-150 µm with a range of 50-
250 µm.
• S-PVC grades are formulated to meet an extensive range of requirements such as, high
plasticizer absorption for flexible products, or high bulk density and good powder flow required
for rigid extrusion.
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Bulk or Emulsion (E-PVC) Process
• In this process, surfactants (soaps) are used to disperse the vinyl chloride monomer in water. The
monomer is trapped inside soap micelles are protected by the soap and polymerization takes place
using water soluble initiators.
• The primary particles are solid, smooth surfaced spheres which are clustered into irregular shaped
aggregates with a typical mean particle size of 40-50 µm with a range of 0.1-100 µm.
• E-PVC resins are used in a wide range of specialty applications such as coating, dipping or
spreading.
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Difference between S-PVC and E-PVC
Lower flexible PVC formula costs Higher flexible PVC formula costs
PVC particles obtained are mixed with PVC powder obtained is mixed with
plasticizers & can be extruded in pellets plasticizers to produce a paste which is
which are further used for processing via further used for coatings, dipping,
extrusion, calendering, injection molding... spraying...
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Additives
The product of the polymerization process is unmodified PVC. Before PVC can be made into
finished products, it always requires conversion into a compound by the incorporation of additives
(but not necessarily all of the following) such as heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, plasticizers,
processing aids, impact modifiers, thermal modifiers, fillers, flame retardants, biocides, blowing
agents and smoke suppressors, and, optionally, pigments.
• Plasticizers : Most flexible vinyl products contain plasticizers which are used to make the
material softer and more flexible, and lower the glass transition temperature. Plasticizers work
by increasing the space and act as a lubricant between the PVC polymer chains. Higher levels of
plasticizer result in softer PVC compounds and decrease tensile strength.
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• Phthalate plasticizers : The most common class of plasticizers used in PVC is phthalates, which are
diesters of phthalic acid. Phthalates can be categorized as high and low, depending on their molecular
weight. Low phthalates such as DEHP and DBP have increased health risks and are generally being
phased out. High-molecular-weight phthalates such as DINP, DIDP are generally considered safer
• Heat stabilizers : One of the most crucial additives are heat stabilizers. These agents minimize loss of
HCl, a degradation process that starts above 70 °C (158 °F). Once dehydrochlorination starts, it is
autocatalytic. Many diverse agents have been used including, traditionally, derivatives of heavy
metals (lead, cadmium). Metallic soaps (metal "salts" of fatty acids) are common in flexible PVC
applications, species such as calcium stearate.
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Applications
• Clothing : PVC fabric is water-resistant, used for its weather-resistant qualities in coats, skiing
equipment, shoes, jackets, aprons, patches and sports bags.
• Healthcare : The two main application areas for single-use medically approved PVC compounds
are flexible containers and tubing: containers used for blood and blood components, for urine
collection or for ostomy products and tubing used for blood taking and blood giving sets,
catheters, heart-lung bypass sets, hemodialysis sets etc.
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Properties of PVC Polymer
• Electrical Properties: PVC is a good insulation material, thanks to its good dielectric strength.
• Durability: PVC is resistant to weathering, chemical rotting, corrosion, shock and abrasion. It
is therefore the preferred choice for many long-life and outdoor products.
• Cost/Performance Ratio: PVC has good physical as well as mechanical properties and provides
excellent cost-performance advantages. It has long life span and need low maintenance.
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Recyclability and Toxicity of PVC
Products made from PVC are 100% recyclable and can be identified as recycling code #3
Adopting an appropriate recycling pathway for PVC is of both an economic value and an
environmental benefit. Key methods for PVC recycling include:
• Feedstock Recycling – It involves (usually) thermal treatment of the PVC waste stream with
recovery of hydrogen chloride that can then be returned to the PVC production process or used in
other processes.
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conclusion
• PVC is unsustainable because it uses massive amounts of chlorine and dioxin, which are both toxic to
the environment, according to Greenpeace.
• PVC bad for animals The dioxins released by PVC accumulate in animals’ fat upon exposure. As a
result, they can disrupt the animal's hormones, causing birth defects, infertility, and developmental
problems with their young.
• PVC is non-toxic. It is a safe material and a socially valuable resource that has been used for more than
half a century. It meets all international standards for safety and health for both the products and
applications for which it is used.
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Reference
• http://pvcconstruct.org/en/p/material
• https://en.wikipedia.org/
• https://omnexus.specialchem.com/
• https://www.knowswhy.com/
• https://chemceed.com/
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