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Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly

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Chapter · November 2020

DOI: 10.30954/NDP-PCSA.2020.15

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Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels. In: Protected Cultivation and Smart
Agriculture edited by Sagar Maitra, Dinkar J Gaikwad and Tanmoy Shankar © New Delhi Publishers,
New Delhi: 2020, (pp. 146-160). ISBN: 978-81-948993-2-7, DOI: 10.30954/NDP-PCSA.2020.15

Chapter

15
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in
Poly Tunnels
Lalichetti Sagar*
Centre for Smart Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi,
Odisha- 761211
*Corresponding author: lalichetti.sagar@cutm.ac.in

Abstract
Addressing the global food security is the growing concern under this changing climatic
scenario. The degrading potential of native vegetables under climate change marked the
need for growing vegetables under controlled environmental conditions. The primary
reason for variability in yield is its responsiveness towards its growing climate. Artificial
control over this factor ensures stability within the yield of those high valued crops.
Further,controlling the climate and modifying the climate as per the requirement of the
crop requires involves high managerial skills and Investment hence in this context, the
raising of high valued exotic vegetables which were usually not cultivated if taken in
poly tunnels under controlled conditions was preferred due to their higher market demand
expected to fetch higher net profits when cultivated as per the recommendations. This
present chapter involves the recommended package of practices of several exotic and
uncommon vegetables viz. Broccoli, Brussels sprout, Red cabbage, Parsley, Lettuce,
Celery and Pakchoi for proper cultivation of these crops under poly tunnels aiming in
minimizing the losses.
Keywords: Protected cultivation, poly-tummel, broccoli, Brussels sprout, red cabbage,
lettuce, celery, pakchoi

1. Introduction
Protected cultivation of different high value crops like cut-flowers, some fruits and a
number of uncommon and exotic vegetables is profitable and acreage of these crops
under protected cultivation is increasing in India (Maitra et al. 2020). The Exotic
vegetable production is a practice of cultivating of non native species introduced from
other demographic areas, considering their adaptiveness and market opportunities
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 147

(Shelef et al. 2017). The introduction of exotic vegetables cut short the imports which
would otherwise contribute for the growth of GDP. Primarily, this introduction was
started to meet the needs of foreign visitors but now-a-days they are finding great
demand in domestic markets too. Identifying the opportunities several introduction
of vegetables were made. In past several vegetables like tomato, potato etc., were
introduced which were now transformed to be one of the most important cuisines in
Indian society. The vegetable adaptation to new environment is the major constraint
for introduction of exotic vegetables which is now overcome by the introduction of
Hi-tech agriculture (Abewoy 2017).
Polytunnels are usually made up of polyethylene which traps the short wave radiation
and at the same time it is well equipped for automation of temperature and humidity
regulation within the poly tunnel (Engel et al. 2017). This system facilitates to grow
the vegetables in a polytunnel under a controlled climatic condition overcoming the
major constraint for the successful introduction of high quality vegetables. At the
same time this would raise the diversity in vegetable production aiming to supplement
the demand for native vegetables in combating malnutrition (Fig. 1).
There are several high valued exotic crops which were not usually cultivated in our
Indian climatic scenario. The major reason for not cultivating these exotic species
commonly in our region is due lack of readymade availability of package of practices
for these exotic and uncommon vegetative production (Nair and Barche 2014).

Fig. 1: Exotic vegetables cultivation in low-cost poly-tunnel

148 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

Here in this chapter an attempt has been made to provide package of package of
practices for several exotic and uncommon vegetable under polytunnel. The crops
included in this chapter are Broccoli, Brussels sprout, Red cabbage, Parsley, Lettuce,
Celery and Pakchoi as a step to promote their cultivation.

2. Broccoli
Scientific Name: Brassica oleraceavaritalic
Family: Brassicaceae
Origin: Italy
Broccoli (Brassica oleraceavar italic) is a high valued hardy biennial crop grown
as a cool-season annual belonging to family Brassicaceae, originated from Italy
was gaining popularity in Indian scenario. In broccoli flowering head, stalk and
associated leaves are usually consumed. Brocolli is rich in Vitamin A and C.

2.1 Selection and Treatment of soil

Although broccoli can be grown in wide range of soils but proper soil selection
inadvertently affects the growth of broccoli. Usually, sandy and silt loam soils with
pH ranging from 5.5-6.5 are preferred for the growth of broccoli because porous and
well drained soil promotes better root penetration influencing its growth.
Disinfecting the beds with formalin @8-10 lit/100sq. mt is a very common and
important practice in a polytunnel. After the addition of formalin beds are needed
to be covered with a polythene sheet for a period of 2-3 days followed by thorough
loosening of soil would help harmful fumes to escape out from the soil.

2.2 Climatic requirement

Broccoli is a cool-weather crop which comes to harvest before temperatures
rise consistently above 75°F. This plays a very important role on yield of the crop.
In protected agriculture this factor is controllable thereby resulting in stable yield
(Thapa et al. 2013). Recommended climatic requirement for the growth of broccoli
is given below:
™™ Germination is optimum when temperature is 20-25°C
™™ Day temperature requirement: 25-26 °C
™™ Night temperature requirement: 16-17 °C
™™ Humidity: 70-75%.

2.3 Seedling preparation

Seedlings are usually raised in the plug-trays with a seed rate around 300-400g/ha.
these seeds take 5-6 days for germination and can be transplanted after 35 DAS at
4-5 leaf stage.
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 149

2.4 Bed Preparation

Raised beds are preferred for broccoli cultivation which helps in easier movement
and better root penetration. The dimensions of the bed should be as follows:
™™ Bed height: 45 - 50 cm
™™ Width of bed: 80- 100 cm
™™ Pathways between beds: 30 - 35 cm

2.5 Planting and seedling treatment

The spacing and seed rate vary accordingly with respect to selected cultivar, adopted
planting method and soil quality (Wojciechowska et al. 2020). Generally, the
recommended spacing and seed rate for planting broccoli is:
™™ Spacing: 60cms (Row) × 45 cms (Plant)
™™ Seed rate: 300-400 g/ha

2.6 Fertilizer Management

Broccoli is highly fertilizer responsive crop requiring 120 kg of Nitrogen, 60 kg of
phosphorus and 60kg potassium per hectare (Reddy 2019a) . Out of this half dose
of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium were basally applied and the
remaining was top dressed after 30-45 DAT.

2.7 Irrigation Management

Broccoli required adequate soil moisture for its growth and development. The most
critical stage of irrigation in broccoli was flower head formation stage.

2.8 Harvest
™™ Broccoli is ready to harvest when the heads are 5-6 inches in diameter.
™™ Firstly, all the leaves should be trimmed carefully followed by cutting the head
close to the ground.
2.9 Varieities: Pusa KTS-1 and Fantacy, Green mountain, Evergreen, Roylegreen etc.

3. Brussels sprouts
Scientific Name: Brassica oleraceavargemmifera
Family: Brassicaceae
Origin: Belgium

Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceavargemmifera) is a cool-season exotic annual

crop belonging to family Brassicaceae, originated from Belgium. It is a good source
of vitamin A, vitamin B, folic acid and dietary fibre. Growing of Brussels in a poly
tunnel protect them from strong winds during winter months.
150 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

3.1 Selection and Treatment of soil

Brussels sprouts can thrive well under wider range of soils however, well drained
loamy soils with a pH of 6.0-6.8 is ideally preferred. The land is prepared using a
disc plough followed by 2-3 harrowing aiming to obtain fine tilth. Sterilization of soil
in nursery beds was done by drenching the beds with formalin@ 1:49 before 15-20
days of seed sowing. After the addition of formalin beds are needed to be covered
with a polythene sheet for a week’s period followed by thorough loosening of soil
would help harmful fumes to escape out from the soil.

3.2 Climatic requirement

Brussels sprouts is a cool-weather crop that which grows well in a cold humid
climate. Ideal temperature range of 17 to 23°C is best for cultivation (Andersen
2008). Usually, Brussels require longer growing period than cabbage.

3.3 Seedling preparation

Seedlings are usually raised in the potrays with a seed rate around 600-700g/ha which
takes 4-5 days for a month and were ready to get transplanted after a month.

3.3 Bed Preparation

Raised beds of 3-4 m × 3-4 m are preferred for Brussels cultivation.

3.4 Planting and seedling treatment

Brussels sprouts were transplanted at a wider spacing which is further influenced by
variety, climate and soil.
™™ Spacing: 45cms (Row) × 70cms (Plant)
™™ Seed rate: 600-700g/ha

3.5 Fertilizer Management

Brussels sproutsis highly fertilizer responsive crop which usually requires 100 kg of
Nitrogen, 60 kg of phosphorus and 40kg potassium per hectare (Reddy 2015). As
basal application half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium
and the remaining was top dressed after 30-45 DAT. This is if supplemented with 20
tonnes of FYM during land preparation would be much beneficial for the growth of
the crop.

3.6 Irrigation Management

Brussels sprouts requirescontinuous supply of water especially during sprouts
formation stage and any deficit during that stage affects yields substantially. First
irrigation was given immediately after transplanting and subsequent irrigations at 15
days interval is usually preferred.
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 151

3.7 Harvest
™™ This crop yields about 200-300 q/ha.
™™ First method of harvesting is to cut the whole stem and removing the sprouts
from the stalk after attaining ideal size.
™™ Second method of harvesting involves picking of sprouts multiple times after
attaining ideal size.
3.8 Varieties: Rubine, Jade cross, Prince Marvel, Bubbles.

4. Red Cabbage
Scientific Name: Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra
Family: Brassicaceae
Origin: Southern Europe
Red cabbage is an edible cabbage which is an unusually cultivated exotic vegetable.
Comparatively, highly nutritious than usually grown green cabbage especially with
respect to Selenium, vitamin A and Iron. The red colour in cabbage is due to high
anthocyanin concentration (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Red cabbage grown in pots under protected cultivation

4.1 Climatic Requirement

Ideal temperature for germination is 20- 25°C while the optimum temperature for
growth and head formation ranges from 15-20°C. When temperature exceeds 25°C,
the growth is restricted. When young plants are exposed to temperature of around
2-7°C for extended periods, the plants develop seed stalks instead of heads.

4.2 Soil
Red cabbage grows well in soils rich in potassium and nitrogen. The optimal soil pH
is 6.5 to 7. Well manured fertile soil is highly preferred.
152 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

4.3 Bed Preparation

The bed of recommended dimensions is preferred for red cabbage cultivation. The
bed dimensions are:
™™ Bed height: 15 to 20 cm
™™ Width of bed:1 to 1.2 m
™™ Pathways between beds: 40 to 50 cm
Soon after preparation of the bed the soil is sterilized using formalin @ 8L
formaldehyde per 200 L water and then covered with polythene sheets for 3 to 4 days
then harrowed to remove all the fumes out of the bed which is otherwise injurious to
seed germination.

4.4 Nursery Management

In protected agriculture, nursery is usually laid out in portrays. Around 400-500 g/ha
seeds are required. The sterilized cocopeat @ 720 kg/ha is mixed with 10kg of neem
cake and Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each @ 1kg (Pandey and Firake 2020).
About 1.25 kg of the cocopeat medium is required for each tray. Sowing the seeds in
protrays @ 1 seed per cell. Cover the seeds with cocopeat and keep the tray one over
the other (8-10Nos) and covered with polythene sheet for 5 days or till germination
starts. After 5 days when the seeds are germinated arrange the protrays on the raised
beds inside the shade net nursery (Reddy 2019b). The seeds will germinate at a
temperature range of 65-70°F. The red cabbage seedlings are ready for transplanting
in 25 days.

4.5 Transplanting
After 30-40 days of sowing the seedling are ready for transplanting. The seedlings
are transplanted at 45 × 45 cm spacing.

4.6 Water Management

First irrigation should be applied immediately after transplanting and the sub-sequent
irrigations are provided at an interval of 10 to 15 days. Drip irrigation is usually
preferred. If the humidity is low then it is maintained using foggers. Plastic mulch
(30 micron) sheet application is usually practiced which cover the beds completely.

4.7 Harvesting
After 90-120 days the red cabbage is ready to harvest. Harvest heads just above
base of lower leaves. Delayed harvesting results in bursting of heads. Harvesting
immature heads, however, reduces yield, and the heads are too soft to resist handling
damage. About 80-120 t/ha yield is realized from the red cabbage field.
4.8 Varieties: Rodima, Dorotaetc.
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 153

5. Parsley
Scientific Name: Petroselinum crispum
Family: Umbelliferae
Origin: Mediterranean region
Parsley is an exotic herb cultivated for its leaves. It is used extensively for the
preparation of sauces, salads and soups while, in Europe parsley is widely used for
the purpose of garnishing. It is nutritionally rich in iron, vitamin A and Vitamin C.

5.1 Climatic Requirement

Parsley is a cool season crop hence resistant to cold temperatures. The base
temperature for parsley is 9°C. The Ideal temperature for the germination of parsley
seeds is 24°C while it performs well at a temperature range of 15 to 18°C. When the
temperature is high and dry the foggers are operated to maintain the humidity at an
optimum level.

5.2 Soil Requirement

Parsley requires a wed drained sandy loam soils rich in humus and the pH requirement
for the crop ranges from 6.5-7.0.

5.3 Bed Preparation

The bed of recommended dimensions is preferred for parsley cultivation (Kalaivanan
et al. 2017). The bed dimensions are:

™™ Bed height: 15 to 20 cm
™™ Width of bed: 70-100 cm
™™ Pathways between beds: 50-55 cm

Soon after preparation of the bed the soil is sterilized using formalin and then covered
with polythene sheets for 3 to 4 days then harrowed to remove all the fumes out of
the bed which is otherwise injurious to seed germination.

5.4 Nursery Management

The optimum seed rate for raising parsley is 200g/ha. These seeds are placed in
potrays after filling them with growing medium and then these trays were moistened
by sprinkling water immediately after sowing to establish better seed-soil contact for
faster seedling germination.

5.5 Planting
As soon as the sown seed germinate and attain 5-8 cm height they were ready to
transplant onto the sterilized bed in a poly tunnel at a spacing of 45×10 cm spacing.
It can also be planted in pots in greenhouse (Fig. 3).
154 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

Fig. 3: Parsley and celery cultivation in poly-tunnel

5.6 Fertilizer
Side dressing method of fertilizer application is the most preferred method of
fertilizer application. The recommended fertilizer dose required for adequate growth
of parsley is 100:80:40. The nitrogen is applied in three splits 20 to 25% at the pre-
planting stage, the other 25% during initiation of rapid growth and remaining after
first cutting.

5.7 Irrigation Management

Parsley is a herbaceous plant which performs better when the crop is not subjected to
drought stress at stage of its life-cycle.

5.8 Harvesting
There are two methods of harvesting parsley either single leaves were harvested or
bunches are cut close to the ground.
5.9 Varieties: Triple curl, Banquet, Evergreen.

6. Lettuce
Scientific Name: Lactuca sativa
Family: Asteraceae
Origin: Mediterranean region
Lettuce is green leafy vegetable widely used across the world for salad preparation.
The leaves are smooth textured and well arranged as whorl resembling an iceberg.
Usually lettuce is used in preparation of sandwiches, rolls and so on.

6.1 Climatic Requirement

Lettuce thrives well at low temperatures and the optimum temperature for the growth
of lettuce is 20-22°C (David 2007). It is sensitive to higher temperatures and high
temperatures resulting in the poor crop yield (Fig. 4).
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 155

Fig. 4: Lettuce grown under protected cultivation

6.2 Soil
Soil is a very important factor that influences growth and development of Lettuce. It
is a medium upon which cultivation is usually practiced hence its favourable reaction
contributes highly to the yield of the crop. Lettuce usually prefers sandy loam soil
with the pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5.

6.3 Bed Preparation

The bed of recommended dimensions is preferred for lettuce cultivation. The bed
dimensions are:

™™ Bed height: 12 to 15 cm
™™ Width of bed: 60 to 70 cm
™™ Pathways between beds: 40-50 cm

Sterilization of beds is crucial for preventing from soil borne pathogens. The formalin
solution is used for fumigation of beds. Further beds are to be covered with polythene
sheets to retain the fumes for a period of 3-4 days and then repeated harrowing of
beds is recommended for easy escape of injurious fumes.

6.4 Sowing
Around, 2 to 3 kg/ha of seed is recommended at a row spacing of 15 to 25 cm. If
opted for transplanting these nursery sown seeds were ready for transplanting 40 to
45 days after sowing.
156 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

6.5 Fertilizer Management

The recommended dose of fertilizers per hectare is 90:60:60 kg/ha which was usually
supplied in three splits one at the time of sowing as basal dose followed by 3rd and
5th week after sowing.

6.6 Water Management

In a polytonal irrigation usually giver through drip system and ever soluble fertilizers
are mixed with irrigation water and given as fertigation when required. Irrigation at
an interval of 4 to 5 days is usually preferred.

6.7 Harvesting
Harvesting of lettuce starts from 40 to 60 days after sowing when the leaves were
fully grown soft and immature for consumption.

6.8 Varieties
™™ Crisp head- Crisp head great lakes, Igloo, Webbs wonderful
™™ Butter head- Butter crunch, Tom thumb, Dynamite
™™ Romaine- Little caeser, Parris Island, Cimarron
™™ Loose leaf- Deer tongue, Green Ice, Ruby
™™ Oak leaf- Bronze gaurd and Oak leaf

7. Celery
Scientific Name: Apium graveolens
Family: Apiaceae
Origin: Mediterranean region
Celery is an exotic vegetable originated from Mediterranean region. It is a herbaceous
plant rich in vitamin C, K and B6. The plant survives well under tropical and sub-
tropical conditions and Indian conditions are highly suitable for its growth but still it
is rarely cultivated in Indian context (Fig. 5).

7.1 Climate
It is a winter season crop that prefers cool dry climate with low humidity. The
optimum temperature for its growth is 12 to 30°C. The Ideal temperature at the time
of sowing is 25 to 30°C.

7.2 Soil
Celery is cultivated under wide range of soils ranging from sandy loam to clay if the
proper drainage facility is ensured. It is highly sensitive to waterlogging and thrives
well in the pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5.
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 157

7.3 Bed Preparation

The bed of recommended dimensions is preferred for celery cultivation. The bed
dimensions are:
™™ Bed height: 20 to 25 cm
™™ Width of bed: 80 to 100 cm
™™ Pathways between beds: 40 -50 cm.
Bed preparation includes sterilization of beds by fumigation for which formalin
solution is used and applied in the soil and to prevent the escape of fumes from the
bed it is covered with a polythene sheet for 3 to 4 days and thereafter covers were
removed and the beds were repeatedly harrowed to help all the fumes escape out of
the soil then planting is usually practiced.

Fig. 5: Pakchoi grown under protected cultivation

7.4 Nursery Management

The optimum seed rate for raising celery is 400g/acre at a sowing depth of celery
seeds is 2-4 cm in pro-trays.

7.5 Planting
The seeds sown in the nursery germinates in 12 to 15 days and will be ready for
transplanting onto the sterilized bed in a poly tunnel at a spacing of 45×25 cm
spacing after 60 to 70 days after sowing.

7.6 Fertilizer Management

The celery crop is recommended with 20 to 30 t/ha of FYM which is scheduled to
be applied during final land preparation and the fertilizer recommendation given as
158 Protected Cultivation and Smart Agriculture

150:60:40 wherein the half dose of nitrogen was applied at transplanting and the
remaining after 45 days after transplanting (Malhotra 2006).

7.7 Irrigation
Drip irrigation is usually preferred for raising the celery under a polytunnel. Usually
when the plant shows wilting the irrigation is scheduled which is usually at a interval
of every 15 days. The irrigation is very critical and water deficit at any stage of its
growth impacts its yield substantially.

7.8 Harvesting
Celery is a 4 to 5 months crop and soon after the crop matures it is cut from its
stalk with the help of a sickle. Delay in harvesting may lead to seed shredding hence
harvesting is usually done at early morning to prevent from seed shredding. After
harvesting they were dried and threshed to separate the seeds from the plants.

8. Pakchoi
Scientific Name: Brassica rapa var. Chinensis
Family: Brassicaceae
Origin: China
Pakchoi or Bokchoy is a cool seasoned annual popularly known as “white cabbage”.
The young leaves of pakchoi are usually used in salads and making sandwitches.

8.1 Climatic Requirement

Pakchoi thrives well under a temperature range of 16 to 22°C. Temperature above
24°C severely affected resulting in substantial yield reduction (Priadi and Nuro
2017). Base temperature of pakchoi is 4°C. It is preferably grown in a shady area
and therefore in greenhouse or poly-tunnel with partial shade it is cultivated in the
tropical regions.

8.2 Soil Requirement

Pakchoi requires a well-drained sandy loam soils rich in humus. The shallow roots
of pakchoi prefers shallow beds or grown in the containers and the optimum pH
requirement for the crop ranges from 5.5 to 7.

8.3 Bed Preparation

The bed of recommended dimensions is preferred for pakchoi cultivation. The bed
dimensions are:
™™ Bed height: 8 to 10 cm
™™ Width of bed: 50-60 cm
™™ Pathways between beds: 50-100 cm
Exotic and Uncommon Vegetable Production in Poly Tunnels 159

Soon after preparation of the bed the soil is sterilized using formalin and then covered
with polythene sheets for 3 to 4 days then harrowed to remove all the fumes out of
the bed which is otherwise injurious to seed germination.

8.4 Nursery Management

The optimum seed rate for raising pakchoi is 400g/ha. These seeds are placed in plug-
trays after filling them with growing medium and then these trays were moistened
by sprinkling water immediately after sowing to establish better seed-soil contact for
faster seedling germination.

8.5 Planting
As soon as the sown seed germinate and attains 30 DAS they were ready to transplant
onto the sterilized bed in a poly tunnel at a spacing of 30×30 cm spacing.

8.6 Fertilizer
The recommended fertilizer dose required for adequate growth of pakchoi is 90:60:60
(Ramnarain et al. 2017). A basal dose 50% of nitrogen at sowing and remaining 50%
at 15 DAP while 100% phosphorus and potassium are provided as a basal dose.

8.7 Irrigation Management

Pakchoi which performs better when the crop is not subjected to drought stress at
stage of its lifecycle but if at any stage if drought occurs this will induce bolting and
seed formation.

8.8 Harvesting
Depending on the adopted variety and its growing condition pakchoi comes to harvest
in 45 to 60 days after planting. They can either be uprooted or cut leaving one inch
from the ground.

8.9 Varieties: Black summer, Win-Win, Joi Choi etc.

9. Conclusion
This chapter clearly highlights different good agricultural practices to be followed
under poly tunnels for successful cultivation of different exotic crops which are
commonly not grown under normal conditions. Further, following these recommended
practices aims at minimizing the losses and ensures stability in the production of high
valued crops consequently, leading towards profitable crop production.

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