Synthetic Fibres and Plastics introduction she sythetc fibres are artificially made and are also known as man-made fibres. The first man-made Tre tc fibre, nylon, was put into commercial production in 1939 by a team of scientists of the famous chemical company E.l. Dupont de Nemours. Natural and Synthetic Fibres d from natural "The clothes which we wear are made of or artificial sources. fibres belong to a class of materials which are thin, elongated and thread-tike in shape. Fibres can be classified into two groups: Natural fibres which are ob! jute, silk, wool, etc. Synthetic fibres which are man-made and synthesized in a laboratory from chemicals, ¢g., nylon, polyester, etc. . fabrics, Fabrics are made from fibres obtaine tained from natural sources like plants and animals, e-g., cotton, Polymers ‘A polymer is a long chain of molecules, joined together to form a large molecule. cotton are examples of natural polymers, plant cells. Nylon, polyester, plastics are examples of synthetic polymers: ‘ame repeating units are called homopolymers. Polythene, polypropylene, of homopolymers. ge number of monomer molecules Polymers are also natural and synthetic types. Silk, wool and cellulose is also a natural polymer occurring in the walls of which is made up of a lar * Polymers made up of s polyvinyl chloride and teflon are examples + Copolymers are the polymers obtained from two or more different monomer units, Nylon, polyester, batelite, melamine, styrene-butadiene rubber, etc. are examples of copolymers. + Copolymerisation of monomers often leads to the formation of polymers which have quite different properties than those of corresponding homopolymers. COMPETITION (4 which monomeric units are linked together to WINDOW AN form linear chains. These linear polymers are Classification of Polymers on the Basis of Structure well packed and therefore, have high densities, high tensile (pulling) strength and high melting » On the basis of structure of polymers, these paints. Some can be classified as : fommonexamples GPR pce FP Linear polymers oflinear polymers are: polyethylene, PPOs OP L |2. Branched chain polymers |8. Crosslinked polymers nylon, polyesters, |» Linear Polymers : These are polymers in ete. Linear Polymer a Chemis istry | Class 8 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics. 1 wa Scanned with CamScannerm ranted Coe ema ae vaners in whicl y rnin ith sidecainsor rae wettenent lengths. THESC brah bait . in y packed and therefore, pers ae eng and met points than linear polymers. Some common examples are: low density polythene, glycogen starch, ete » Cross-linked Polymers : These are polymers in which monomer units are cross-linked together to forma three-dimensional network. These are also called three-dimensional network polymers, These polymers are hard, rigid and brittle because of network structure. For example, bakelite, melamine formaldehyde resin, etc. Classification of Polymers on the Basis of Molecular Forces » A large number of applications of polymers depend upon their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity, toughness, etc. These mechanical properties depend upon intermolecular forces like van der Waals’ forces, hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interactions existing in the macromolecules. Although these intermolecular forces are also present in simple molecules, their effect is less significant in them as compared to macromolecules. This is because in the Polymers, these forces extend all along the chain resulting in significant finbined efect. Thus, longer the length of 7 Polymer chain, stronger is the effect of ‘ermolecular forces, » Depending upon the These are joined Uranched Chain Polymer Crosstinked Polymer intermolecular forces, the Classified into four types : 3. Thermoplastics 'ermosetting polymers Synthetic Fibres and Pasties yy Elastomers : The polymers that hay, character lke rubber are called elaio elastomers, the polymer chains are hej by weak intermolecular forces, Becays, the presence of weak intermolecula, forse the polymers can be easily strep applying smal sess and regain theron shape when the stress i removed, The, important example of elastomer is Matin rubber, However, when natural ruber heated with 3-5% sulphur, it becomes ny sticky and more elastic. This proces is cy, vulcanization and it was discovered by Char Goodyear in 1839. The product formed ; called vulcanized rubber which has beter tensile strength, elasticity and resistance t, abrasion than natural rubber. This is due tg sulphur cross-links between polymer chains » Fibres : These are the polymers which have strong intermolecular forces between the, chains. These forces are either hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions. For example, in case of polyamides (such as nylon), the intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding while in polyesters (such as terylene, dacron etc.), the intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions. Because of strong forces, the| chains are closely packed and, thus, impart crystalline nature. As a result, the polymers | have high tensile strength and less elasticity. | Therefore, these polymers have sharp melting | Points. These polymers are long, thin and thread-like and can be woven in fabrics. Therefore, these are used for making fibres. | The common examples are nylon-6,6, dacron, | silk, etc, » Thermoplastics : These are the polymers which can be easily and repeatedly softened when heated and hardened when cooled ee change in their properties. The Inlermedtenre, forces in these polymers are fibre There etween those of elastomers and a The no cross ting between the Softening occurs as the polymer eth, Scanned Wiffi CatnScannerGhains move more and more freely because Gf absence of cross-links. When heated, they ‘and form a fluid which can be moulded any desired shapes and then cooled get the desired product. Common examples w» Thermosetting Polymers : These are the polymers which undergo permanent change on heating. They become hard and infustble rmaldehyde, etc. Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres Certain properties of synthetic fibres make them very popular as co: to the natural Sbres. These are: © They are strong. «They require little care and are easy to maintain. «They are resistant to moths and insects. They do not absorb water so they dry quickly. ‘They can be dyed in different colours. © They are wrinkle resistant. © They are cheaper than natural fibres. ‘Some important properties of synthetic fibres are : © Strength : Synthetic fibres can withstand a lot of force bres. This is known as tensile strength. ccs Cad pare the tensile strength of sy ~ Procedare: break the th an iron stand with a hook and te followed by woo! end of cotton thread with the hook. : s » Conclusion Now, tie the weights on the otherendof gh) has m thread. Keep increasing the weight a ‘by cotton an the other threads, * Elasticity : Synthetic fibres are highly elastic and can be stretched to some extent depen: ' ature of the fibre. On releasing the pressure, they retain their original shape. This is the reason Lwehy nylon is used to make socks. =a Ghemistry | Ciass 8 Synthetic Fibves and Plastics. «43 Scanned with CamScanner1 fibres dry very fast. af acTluny Cad To determine water absor different fibres » Materials required pieces of nylon, cotton, silk and wool clothes, 4 preaveighed petridishes, physical balance and beaker filled with water. Procedure : = Weigh each piece of cloth separately by hes. ing capacity of 6" x 6" dimensional » placing them in the petri Soak all the pieces of cloth in a beaker filled with water and keep them for 2-3 minutes. hence, they do not require ironing. Some Common Synthetic Fibres Nylon Nylon is a polymer which wa: women. The word ‘nylon’ has been derived fr first produced in these cities. It was prepare is a polymer made of polyami © Properties : - Ibis one of the st It remains stable and strong when wet. It absorbs very little water. It is not attacked by bacteria or fungus. = It does not get wrinkles. © Uses: seat belts, sleeping bags, etc. It is used for m: other insects. Rayon Itis a type of synthetic fibre which is obtained from a natural polymer, cellulose. It is also calle silk since it has a shiny appearance like silk. © Properties : It can be blended with cotton or wool. a 4 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 's developed after Wor from the ii Water absorption : Synthetic fibres absorb very li » » Wrinkle resistance : Synthetic fibres maintain a perman ttle water. Hence, the clothes made out of y _ Now, take out one piece at a time again in the petridishes, Observations : Increase in weight is maxim, in wool, followed by cotton, silk and nylon Conclusion : Wool absorbs maximum wate and nylon (which is a synthetic fibre) absort minimum water. Thus, order of water absorption capacity woo! > cotton > silk > nylon. ent crease and do not get crumpled eas Jd War Il. It was first used to make stockings fo It is used for making fishing nets, ropes, parachutes, toothbrush bristles, \aking hosiery goods, also in making swim wear, raincoats, Itis used as dress material due to its nature of wrinkle resistance and resistanc: initial letters of New York and London since i .d by using raw materials from coal, water and air. Nyi \ides in which the monomer is an amide. trongest, most elastic and light-weight materials. paint brushes, umbrellas, et eto attack by moths led afi It resembles silk in appearance but is much more durable. class 8 | he a Scanned with CamScanner© Uses — For making gauze, bandages. = For making tyre cords. — For making durable carpets, furnishing by using a blend of rayon and wool. ~ For making dress materials. Polyester Terylene and dacron are synthetic fibres called polyesters. They are prepared from and made by repeating units of esters. © Properties : = Ithas a property of water repulsion. = It can be blended with cotton to form terrycot and with wool to form terr -_Itis strong and tough. 2 Uses: = For making dress material. - PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is the most common polyester used bottles, utensils, films, wires, etc. = Terrycot and terrywool are used to make suits, trousers, etc. ~ Terylene is used in making sails for boats, carpets, etc. Acrylic It isa synthetic fibre which resembles to natural wool and is much cheaper and d * Properties : — _ Itis light weight, soft and warm. - _ Itcanbe dyed easily. = It does not shrink or wrinkle. - _ Itis resistant to moths and insects. © Uses: = Itis used for making blankets, shawls and sweaters. - _ Itcan be blended with wool to make material for suits and trousers. Disadvantages of Synthetic Fibres © They are not comfortable in summers since they do not absorb sweat. They are highly inflammable i.c., they catch fire easily «© They are not biodegradable i-c., they are not decomposed by natural proce: They may cause skin problems like rashes or allergies. ACTIVITY. ois e To study the effect of flame on different types of fibres »» Materials required : 30 cm long fibres of cotton, wool, silk, nylon and polyester, match box, a pair of tongs and china dish. » Observations : Behaviour of natural fibres » Procedure : is different from that of synthetic fibres. - Hold the cotton fibre between the tongs» Conelusion : Natural fibres burn to form a and burn it with a matchstick, residue on heating ~ When it catches fire, keep the fibre ona - ‘Synthetic fibres melt on heating china dish to collect the burnt material. = Wool and silk burn with smell of burning ~ Repeat this exercise with each sample. hair. a Chemistry | Class 8 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics’ 5 WA Scanned with CamScanner |given samples of few fibres of cotton, yon and acrylic. How their different burning behaviour identify them as synthetic or You are 1on, woo] silk, polyester, ¥ nyl will you show and how will you i natural fibres? An: : Type of : | pre | Resultofburning | fbre L | cotton Burns completely, leaves | vy atural | ash. | | Shrinks, forms hard black |xylon | beads, gives smell of | Synthetic | | burning hair i [Woot | Burns slowly, no beads. | Natural Bums with smoke, forms Polyester | pore synthetic 1 Burns quickl) ith Rayon | quickly with a : Or | smell of burning paper. Synthetic | | pertie | Burs witha sooty fame, | Acrylic | forms beads. | Synthetic = Burns slowly, no beads] are formed. Natural @ Why should we not wear synthetic clothes while working in the kitchen? ‘Ans.: On catching fire, the fabric melts and stick: to the body of the person wearing it, caus: . serious burn injuries. We should, therefore, ot » not wear synthetic clothes while working in the kitcher n. ames like poly a yes of fibres. Polycot is a mixture of Polye of Pp \ywool, terrycot, etc. As the nam, e sy cot, pol ages olyester and wool. ster an! Which type of fibre is used in makin aking the following articles? (i) Coconut rope (iii) Parachute ‘Ans. Coconut rope ~ Cotton shirt ~ Natural fibre Parachute ~ Synthetic fibre Painting brush bristles ~ Synthetic fibre (ii) Cotton shirt (iv) Painting brush bristes Natural fibre What are the raw materials used in making polyester? Ans.: Polyester i of a chemical called ester. Esters with a fruity smell. s made up of repeating units are chemicals assified on the basis heir molecules? To Jon-6,6 belong? ‘ular forces: How are polymers cl of forces operating between i which of these classes does ny! ‘Ans.: On the basis of intermolec’ polymers are classified as following (i) Elastomers: These have weakestinte forces. For example, rubber. (ii) Fibres : These have strom: forces. For example, in nylon, th hydrogen bonding while in polyeste are dipole-dipole interaction. : (iii) Thermoplastics : These have intermolernt forces of attraction between those of eas and fibres, For example, polythene 2" oy chloride, etc. (iv) Thermosetting polymers : TRESS" a cross-linked, hard, infusibleand insoluble P? ot pe remoulde rmolectlat molecu forces a gest inte! e the ight? These polymers cannot example, bakelite. Scanned with CamScannerWrite short notes on : (a) Polycot (b) Terrywool ‘Ans. (a) Polycot: Polycot is a blended fibre, which is obtained by mixing polyester and cotton. It due to presence of polyester. It is comfortable to wear, retains moisture due to presence of cotton. (b) Terrywool: Terrywool is a blended fibre which is obtained by mixing terylene and wool. It retains its crease due to presence of polyester and is warm due to presence of wool. Hence, it is used in making fabric for trousers and suit lengths. has advantages of both the fibres. It does not get wrinkled easily, does not shrink and is strong Plastics Plastics are polymers just like synthetic fibres but they can be moulded or shaped, usually by heat and pressure. Plastics of different kinds are the most widely used man-made materials. They are made from the chemicals of petroleum origin, called petrochemicals. © Properties : — They are strong and corrosion resistant. Plastics do not get rusted because they do not react with water and air. Hence, they are used to store various kinds of materials, chemicals and water. — They are light in weight and easy to handle. Due to their light-weight and high tensile strength, they have longer life. Because of these characteristics, they are widely used in making household and industrial goods. Some of the most commonly used plastics are polythene, polyvinyl chloride, bakelite, polystyrene, teflon, etc. — They can be moulded in any shape when they are heated and thus can be reused. They are non-conductors of heat and electricity, ie., they are insulators. For this reason, electric wires are covered with plastics. Handles of screw drivers and frying pans are made of plastics. - They can be transparent, translucent or opaque. Types of Plastics Plastics are of two types : ¢ Thermoplastics : Such plastics which become soft on heating, can be melted and reshaped again and again are called thermoplastics. These plastics have linear arrangement of monomers hence the units can be easily separated on heating. They can be easily moulded when hot and regain their properties on cooling. Examples : Polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc. © Thermosetting plastics : Those plastics which when moulded once, cannot be softened on heating are called thermosetting plastics. They can be moulded only once because their monomer units are cross-linked and their molecular structure changes on heating. Examples : Bakelite, melamine, etc. Eouiiie? To show that thermosetting plasti conductor of heat » Materials required : Sauce-pan with a bakelite handle, water, gas stove, sauce-pan made of steel with a steel handle. » Procedure : is poor — Fill the stainless steel sauce-pan, having steel handle half with water and keep it on a gas stove for five minutes. Put the gas off and try to touch the steel handle carefully. Chemistry | Class 8 — Fill the steel sauce-pan, having bakelite handle half with water and keep it on a gas stove for five minutes. Put the gas off and try to touch the bakelite handle carefully, » Observations : It is difficult to remove the first sauce-pan since the handle gets heated up. The second sauce-pan can be touched and removed easily since it does not get heated up. » Conclusion : Bakelite is a thermosetting plastic which is poor conductor of heat. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 7 Scanned with CamScannerSome common man-made plastics and their uses oe Type of ‘i Uses plastic Eropeny: Man-made plastic sheets of polythene are used to p, liquids such as milk; polythene pipe, moulded into any shape;| are used to transport liquids such 4 water resistant oil or water; polythene containe; used to store liquids strong but flexible; can be rolled into sheets of “To [Polythene (or | thermoplastic | polyethylene) used as a covering, for electric wi ‘ougher than polythene; | thermoplastic || chloride | insulator used to make shoes, handba | lve furniture, upholstery, floor coverings, } | | raincoats and bottles "3. Polystyrene thermoplastic easily moulded used as a packaging material for _ delicate objects like electronic items and to make thermocol; used to insulate the hollow walls of refrigerators 4. Perspex 7 thermoplastic] transparent like glass, but | used as a substitute for glass, for much stronger making windows in aeroplanes and windscreens of cars Teflon or PTFE) thermoplastic | slippery, not affected by heat | used as a non-stick coating on pans and doesnot react chemically | and other cooking utensils with other substances harder than other plastics| used for making buttons, plugs, and a good electrical insulator | switches and other electrical fittings (polytetra- fluoroethene) | Bakelite thermosetting 7. Formica and thermosetting | hard and smooth surface | used as table-tops and for making | melamine crockery Plastics and the Environment Materials around us can be divided into two groups based on the time taken by them for decomposition or degeneration. © Biodegradable : A material which gets decomposed through natural processes like action by micto- organisms is called biodegradable. Nea . 5 near . 7 i biodegradable : A material which is not easily decomposed by natural processes is called n-biodegradable., It may take several years to get decomposed. Pollution Caused by Plastics Plastics are non-biodegradable. Articles like polythi n mixed with garbage, choke Articles Ii yt i i ; I tk polythene bags when mi: garbags e Polythene bags cause clogging of drains, © Plastics evolve poisonous fumes on burning, — Scanned with CamScannerMeasures to Reduce Plastic Pollution fe We should try to reduce plast and Recover. Reed. =O XO) “(Recover iple iv, Reduce, le, Reuse pollution by following the 4R principle ie, Reduce, Recycl Remuce mnt recveue = tcover er. * Asaresponsible citizen remember the 4R principle - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recovi » Mineral Fibres Fibre glass, made from specific up of pure carbon. » Plasticizers : Certain : The most well known mineral fibres are glass and metal fibres. glass formula and optical fibre made from purified natural quartz are also man-made fibres that come from natural raw material. Metallic fibres are drawn from ductile metals like copper, silver, gold. Carbon fibres are made Plastics do not soften very much on heating. These can be easily softened by the addition of some organic compounds which are called Plasticizers. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is very stiff and hard but itis made soft by adding di-n-butyl phthalate (a plasticizer). Some other common plasticizers are dialkyl phthalates, cresyl phthalate. ILLUSTRATIONS @ Explain the following terms : Polymerisation, Tensile strength, Ans.: Elasticity : Property of being able to resume normal shape after being stretched or squeezed. Elasticity, Polymerisation : A process of linking up of large number of monomers to fo; rm a big molecule under specific conditions, Tensile strength : Property of a material to resist breaking under tension of a weight. © How can we reduce Ans1. Avoid the use of plastics as far as possible, 2. Recycle plastic waste 3. Collect biodegradable Waste separately, Plastics pollution? and non-biodegradable 'mistry | Class 8 4. Avoid throwing polythene bags and wrappers to prevent clogging of drains, 5. Limit their use by the processes of reduce, reuse, recycle and recover. © Give some uses of plastics in healthcare and cookware, Ans.: Healthcare : They are used in Packaging of tablets, medicines, threads used for stitching Wounds, syringes, gloves, medical instruments, Cookware: They are used in m Oven cookwares, non-stick co of sauce-pans, @® Write the ai vantages of plastics, Ans.: Since plastic makes several years to decompose, it is not environment friendly, It causes environmental pollution, The polybags carelessly thrown here and there are Tesponsible for clogging of the drains too, aking microwave okwares, handles a Scanned with CamScanner