Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

School of Engineering, Shiraz University

Advanced Engineering Mathematics (I) Code: 100445081
By: Mehdi Veiskarami (Graduate Students)

“With me everything turns into mathematics.” Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Mathematician and philosopher

Assignment #2 – Linear Operators

1. Assume that a vector space (𝑉, ℝ) is defined as the set of all up to 3rd degree polynomials and another vector
space, (𝑊, ℝ)is the set of functions spanned by {1, 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑒 −2𝑥 }.
(i) Find a simple basis for 𝑉.
(ii) Prove that {1 + 𝑥, 1 − 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 } is also a basis for 𝑉.
(iii) If a linear transformation, 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊, transforms some vectors of 𝑉 into 𝑊 according to the following
relationships:
𝑇(1) = 1, 𝑇(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑇(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑇(𝑥 3 ) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Find the transformation law for basis vectors of 𝑉 and then find the transformations of vectors (in 𝑉)
𝑓1 (𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 3 and 𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .
(iv) Find the dimension of 𝑉, image of 𝑇 (and its dimension, i.e. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑇) and the kernel (null space) of 𝑇 and
its dimension (i.e. 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑇). Then, verify the Rank-Nullity theorem for this example.
(v) Find a transformation from 𝑊 into 𝑉 and then find the image and kernel of this transformation as well as
their dimensions.
(vi) Find a transformation from 𝑊 into 𝑉 with a rank equal to 5. Is this possible? Substantiate your answer.
(vii) Find a transformation from 𝑉 into 𝑊 with a rank equal to 5. Is this possible? Substantiate your answer.

2. In the following system of homogeneous linear algebraic equations:

𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0
{ 1
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0
(i) Represent the system in terms of a linear operator equation, i.e. 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 (𝑨 is the matrix representation of
the linear operator)
(ii) Prove that there is a solution space.
(iii) Find a basis for the solution space.
(iv) Subtract the 2nd row of matrix 𝑨 from the 1st row and verify that the solution space will not change upon
this operation.
(v) Multiply the 1st row of matrix 𝑨 by an arbitrary constant and verify that the solution space will not change
upon this operation.
(vi) Interchange rows 1 and 2 in matrix 𝑨 by an arbitrary constant and verify that the solution space will not
change upon this operation.

 No due date, a quiz will be held in one week.

Good Luck
Mehdi Veiskarami