Biology

Improvement in
6
CHAPTER
Food Resources
6.1 Plant Breeding
Crop improvement simply means to develop crops with desired characters such as higher yield, better qualities,
resistance to different stresses, shorter duration of maturity, etc. The scientists who are concerned with the
improvement of plants are called plant breeders and the science of improvement of crop varieties is called plant
breeding.
Today the science of plant breeding aim towards development of superior heredity involving various
biotechnological methods including mutation, tissue culture, genetic engineering etc. the various methods of
crop improvement are:-
1. Selection : It is the selection of plants with best characteristics. It may be mass selection i.e., large no of plants
are selected or pure line selection in which pure or self pollinated plants are selected.
Mass selection : It is the oldest and commonest method of breeding crop plants. In this method, large number
of plants having similar characters are selected and their seeds are mixed and grown together. Out of these
plants which have desirable characters like height, disease resistance, growth rate, grain characters, etc., are
selected and their seeds are again grown. From these plants, again undesirable plants are eliminated. This
procedure is repeated till the desired plants and their seeds are obtained. It is also known as the 'German
method of crop breeding.
Pure line selection : Pure line is progeny of a single self-pollinated (self-fertility) individuals having same type
of genetic characters. In this method also desirable plants are collected from a large different genetic type of
population. These selected plants are self-pollinated for a few generations till a true breed or pure line progeny
is obtained. After obtaining a true breed, these plants are multiplied on a commercial scale. Pure lines are
specially important in the improvement of self pollinated crops. Most of the improved varieties of wheat, rice,
pulses, oil, seeds, etc., have been developed by this process. Concept of pure line selection was given by
Wilhelm L. Johannsen a (a Danish geneticist).
2. Hybridization : It is the process of making a cross between two genetically diverse parents to obtain a progeny
with the desired traits. A hybridization may be (a) intervarital-between the two plants belonging to same species
(b) intraspecific-between the two varities of the same species (c) interspecific-between the different species of the
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same genus (d) intergeneric-between two different genera. Procedure of hybridization (i) selection of parents
with desired characters (ii) emasculation-removal of stamens (iii) bagging-to cover the flowers to avoid the cross
pollination (iv) tagging (v) pollination. It is not necessary that the hybrids do combine the desirable characters,
usually only one in few hundred to thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.
3. Polyploidy breeding : Majority of flowering plants are diploid (2N). Thus the organisms which possesses more
than two sets of chromosomes is called polyploidy and termed accordingly like triploid (3N), tetraploid (4N),
pentaploid (5N), hexaploid (6N) etc.
4. Induced mutation : Sudden heritable changes are called mutation. By the use of UV radiation, X-rays, cosmic
rays, gamma rays etc .,the genotype of an organism may be altered. Co60 or Cs 137 are used for producing
gamma rays.
5. Plant tissue culture : It is a technique of growing cells, tissues or organs in sterilized medium. A part of plant
called explants is used to grow the undifferentiated mass of tissue called callus, by which we can obtain the whole
plants in good number in small space and in less time.

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6. Genetic engineering : Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering is the technique in which we can
alter the characteristic of the organism.
For crop improvement, manipulation of gene (DNA) instead of complete chromosome set is done. In it a specific
segment of DNA from living organisms is isolated and purified .DNA sequence is broken off at two desired
places to separate specific part of DNA. This part is later inserted into the DNA of the bacterial plasmid at a
desired place. This DNA, thus obtained is called recombinant DNA. The method used is called genetic engineering.
By this method one can add, or remove or repair part of genetic material and thus can change the qualities of
an organism.
Plant breeding programmes are carried out in a systematic way world wide-in government institution and
commercial companies. The main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop are-
(i) Collection of variability-genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. The entire collection of
plants or seeds having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation -all the plants are evaluated and make them pureline for desirable characters.
(iii) Cross hybridization-selected parent plants are crossed to obtain hybrid seeds.
(iv) Selection and testing of recombinants-hybrids are checked that desirable characters appeared in the progeny.
(v) Release of new cultivars- new varieties are tested in different agro climatic zones then they are released in
the market for the farmers.
Hybrid Vigour or Heterosis
This F1 hybrid is superior to the two genetically dissimilar parents. Term heterosis was proposed by George H.
Shull. Heterosis is measured in terms of size, growth rate, yield ect. These cross pollinated species are heterozygous
i.e., different from both the parents. Heterosis produces useful characters, like increased size, vigour resistance
to diseases and pests, and yield, etc. It is important in crops like maize, wheat, sorghum, bajra, rice, cotton,
sugar-beets, sunflower, tomato, brinjal, onion, etc. Hybrid vigour is lost by continuous inbreeding and hence
maintained in vegetatively reproducing crops, like mango, guava, apple, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.
Improvement in crop yields
Crops : Plants of same kind which are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale are known as crops.
Types of crops
( i ) Cereals : These are rich in carbohydrate and thus provide energy.
Example : Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley, millets.
(i i) Pulses : These are rich in protein and thus helpful for body building.
Example : Gram(chana), moong, pea(matar), lentil(masoor), urad(blackgram), pigeon pea.
(ii i) Oil seed crops : These are rich in oil and fatty acids. Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Biology\06 Improvement in Food Resources.p65

Example : Groundnut, linseed sunflower, soyabean, mustard, sesame.

(i v) Vegetable crops : These provide vitamins, minerals along with small quantities of carbohydrate,
protein and oils.
Leaves : Cabbage, spinach, trigonella, lettuce
Roots : Carrot, radish, turnip, sweet potato
Stems : Potato, corms, rhizomes (ginger)
Bulbs : Onion, garlic
Fruits : Tomato, brinjal, gourd, cucumber
Flowers : Cauliflower, bauhinia
( v ) Spices : They are used for enhancing palatability.
Example : Chilly, black pepper, ginger, turmeric.
(v i) Fodder crops : These provide green fodder to the cattle.
Example : Berseem, sorghum, maize, oat, sudan grass, alfalfa.

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Different types of crops require different climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and photoperiods
(duration of sunlight).
Crops are divided into two groups on the basis of growing season.
Kharif crops : These crops are sown in the months of June/July and harvested in September/October every year.
Example : Paddy, maize, sorghum, pearl millet.
Rabi crops : These crops are sown in the months of October/November and harvested in March/April every year.
Example : Wheat, oat, barley and pea.

K ha r if c r ops R a b i c r ops
These are autumn or monsoon The sowing starts in winter season.
crops. The sowing starts in rainy
season.
They are sown in June-July. They are sown in October-November.
They are harvested in September- They are harvested in March-April.
October.
They require warm and wet They require dry and cold weather.
weather.
They need a lot of water. They do not need lot of water.
They can be converted into rabi They can not be converted into kharif
crops if plenty of water is crops.
available.
eg . – Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Jowar, eg . – Wheat, Barley, Gram, Pea,
Groundnut, Maize,Spinach, Mustard, Linseed, Potato, Orange,
soyabean, pigeonpea Apple.

Agriculture : It is an applied biological science which deals with the production of plants and raising of livestock
for human use.
Agriculture

Agronomy Animal husbandry

1. Horticulture - production of fruits 1. Cattle farming
2. Olericulture - production of vegetables 2. Poultry
3. Floriculture - production of flowers 3. Pisciculture
4. Apiculture
In India there has been a four times increase in the production of food grains from 1960 to 2004 with only 25%
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increase in the cultivable land area.

The major groups of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as :
(i) Crop variety improvement (the choice of seed for planting).
(ii) Crop production improvement (the nurturing of the crop plant).
(iii) Crop protection management (the protection of the growing and harvested crops from loss)

Crop variety improvement

Methods of crop improvement
(1) The traditional method of crop improvement is by sexual hybridization, making crosses between two genetically
dissimilar plants with desirable characteristics. At fertilization, the genetic information from each parent recombines,
so characteristics from each parent are inherited to the offspring. However, many other features are also inherited,
along with the desirable one.
In order to obtain improved variety following steps should be taken.

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Choice of Parents : Select two varieties of crop plants, each of which has at least one desirable quality, such as
high yield or resistance to disease.
Cross breeding : Pollen grains of plants of one variety are dusted over the stigmas of plants of the other
variety and vice-versa. It produces a new variety which has good characteristics of both the parents.
Som e hybrid/Gm se e ds
Wheat Kalyan, sarbati sonara, sonalika
Maize Ganga, ambar, jawahar

Rice Jaya, padma, pusa basmati, IR8

Bajra Hb-1, HB-3 and 4

Soyabean JS 335

Pea Bougainvilleae

Brinjal Pusa p urple, Pusa Kranti

Cotton G-57, Bt (Gm)
Hybridization may be of three types
(a) Intervarietal (between two different varieties of same species).
(b) Interspecific (between two different species of the same genera).
(c) Intergeneric (between two different genera).
(2) Alternative methods to develop new crop varieties are to use chemicals or radiation to cause imprecise
alterations to the plant’s genetic information. These cause random changes to the DNA. In some cases,
may be of agricultural benefit to the plant.
(3) Genetic modification, or plant transformation, is the newest method of crop improvement to become available
to plant breeders.
The plant in which the foreign gene has been introduced is called transgenic plant or genetically modified
plant.
For example – Bt cotton is a genetically modified crop which carries bacterial genes that protect the crop
plants from insects.
The various aspects for crop variety improvement carried out are as follows.
(1) Higher yield : To increase the productivity of crop per acre. The main aim of crop variety improvement
is to obtain higher yield e.g. grains, tubers. Such a variety is called HYV or high yielding variety.
Need of higher crop yield : There is an urgent need to continuously increase crop yield because of
(i) Rising human population.
(ii) Rising animal population.
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(iii) Increasing realization about intake of proper diet.
(iv) Limited cropping area.
(2) Better quality : Quality consideration such as baking quality in wheat, protein quality in pulses, oil quality
oil seeds and preserving quality in fruits and vegetables vary from crop to crop.
(3) Biotic and abiotic resistance : Crops production can go down due to biotic (microbes, insects, rodents)
and abiotic stresses (Flood, drought, frost). Varieties resistant to these stresses can improve crop production.
(4) Change in maturity duration : The shorter duration of the crop from sowing to harvesting, the more
economical is the variety.
(i) It helps the farmers in raising multiple rounds of crops in a year from the same field.
(ii) Cost of production is reduced.
(5) Wider adaptability : Developing varieties for wider adaptability will help in stabilizing the crop production
under different environmental conditions.
(6) Desirable agronomic characteristic : Developing varieties of desired agronomic characters helps to
give higher productivity. To achieve high productivity, the food crops (cereals) should be dwarf (short height),
so that they consume less nutrients, become stronger and withstand strong winds (prevent lodging). The fodder
crops should be tall and should have profuse branching.
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Crop production management
For successful crop production thorough understanding of how crops develop and grow, the various factors that
affect crop growth and development and how each factor can be modified or managed are essential. Plant
responses to soil conditions and atmospheric environment must be exploited to the maximum to produce a
high yield per unit area of land. The production practices include ‘‘no cost ’’ production, ‘‘low cost’’
production and ‘‘high cost’’ production. The following are some of the factors that if managed well will help
in increasing crop production :
(a) Nutrient management, (b) Irrigation, (c) Cropping patterns
Nutrient management
It is controlling the selection, timing and amount of nutrient supply to the crops. Plant nutrients are inorganic raw
materials that the plant absorb from their surroundings and utilize the same in building up their organic matter.
There are 16 essential elements for growth and development of plants. They are classify into two groups :
Mac ronutrients : The essential elements utilized by plants in relatively large quantities are called major
nutrients or macronutrients.
Micronutrients : The essential element utilized by plants in relatively small quantities or traces are called
micronutrients.
Sources of Nutrients

S.No. Sources Nutrients Types

1. Air Carbon, Oxygen. Macro nutrients.

2. Water Hydrogen. Macro nutrients.

3. Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Macro nutrients.

Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium,
Magnesium.

Iron, Manganese, Boron, Micro nutrients.

Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum,
Chlorine.

Crop protection management

In fields, crops have to be protected from weeds, insects-pests and disease-causing organisms like fungi.
All these cause damage to crop plants so much that most of the crop is lost. Thus, crops can be protected by
the following methods :
Use of pesticides.
Use of resistant varieties.
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Crop rotation and other cropping systems

Summer ploughing.
Pest
Any destructive organism that causes great economic damage or destroying crop plants are called pests.
Examples : Weeds, insects, mites, nematodes.
Storage of grains
About 9.3% of the food grains produced in our country are lost every year due to improper methods of storage
and inadequate storage.
Fa c tors a ffec tin g st ore d fo od
( i ) Biotic factors : e.g. insects, microorganisms, mites, birds, rodents and other animals.
(i i) Abiotic factors : e.g. moisture, humidity and temperature.
Non perishable food materials are stored on a commercial scale in gunny bags or in grain silos.
Pesticides are applied on the stored food grains either by spraying or by fumigants.
(i) Spraying : Malathion and pyrethrum are commonly used by spraying.
(ii) Fumigants : Volatile pesticides are called fumigants.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), aluminium phosphide,
Celphos, CH3Br, Zinc phosphide.

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6.2 Animal husbandry

The branch of farming which deals with the scientific management of animal livestock is called animal husbandry
that involves the rearing, feeding, breeding and caring of domestic animals. This needs management of livestock
like proper feeding, proper shelter, breeding, prevention and cure of animal diseases and proper economic
utilization.
Animal breeding
When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while crosses between the different
breeds are called outbreeding.
(i) Inbreeding - superior males and superior females among them are identified and mated in pairs. The
progeny obtained from among them are identified for further mating. But repeated inbreeding usually
reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Whenever this becomes a
problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of
the same breed. This helps restoring fertility and yield.
(ii) Out-breeding - Outbreeding is the breeding of the unrelated animals which may be between individual of
the same breed but having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations(out crossing) or between different
breeds(cross breeding) or different species (inter specific hybridization-like mule)
Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using artificial insemination. The semen is collected from the
male that is chosen as a parent and injected in the reproductive tract of females.
Often, the success rate of crossing mature male and female animals is fairly low even through artificial insemination
is carried out. To improve the chances of hybrids, other method is used called Multiple Ovulation Embryo
Transfer Technique (MOET). In this method, a cow is administrated by FSH hormone to induce more ova then
the normal cycle i.e., 6-8 ova. These ova are then fertilized by sperm of elite bull and now fertilized eggs at 8-
32 cells stages are recovered and transplanted to surrogate mothers. The genetic mother is available for further
ovulation. This technology is useful to increase the herd size for cattles, sheep, rabbits and other economically
useful animals.
Farm management practices
Farm management practices are aimed at human farming of animals that look after the health of the animals
as well as production of clean milk. It has four components.
(A) Grooming (B) Shelter (C) Feeding (D) Health care
( A ) Groom in g of c attle
(i) Cattles must be regularly groomed.
(ii) Removing dirt, loose hair and external parasite
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(iii) Washing of animals is carried out to further clean them, as clean animal provide clean milk.
( B ) Sh e lter f or c at tle
(i) Providing suitable shelter to cattle is an important part of animal husbandry.
(ii) Cattle shelters are well demarcated, partially or completely covered areas where animals can live comfortably
and are protected from predators as well as natural factors (heat, cold, rain etc.)
Characteristics of good animal shelter
(i) It should be spacious
(ii) The shelter should be clean, dry, airy and well ventilated.
(iii) There should be proper arrangement for the hygienic disposal of animal waste.
(iv) It should have arrangement of fresh, clean drinking water.
( C ) Feeding of cattle
The "Food" that contains essential components needed for the growth, development and general
maintenance of body of domesticated animal is called feed.
The feed requirement of an animal depends upon age, growth, pregnancy, lactation, nature of work and
state of health.
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Feeding management
The cattle require two kinds of food during breeding :
(i) Maintenance requirement : It contains all the nutrients for the maintenance of health of cattle. It enables
the animals to perform all the basic functions of life, provides strength and makes them resistance to diseases.
(ii) Milk producing requirement : It contain the specific nutrients required during lactation period. It thus
increases the duration of lactation period and increases the milk yield. These food requirement are fulfilled
with a specific diet containing the following components.
Roughage : Fibre – rich food, such as hay, green fodder, silage and legumes, eg., cowpea, berseem, Lucerne.
Concentrates : nutrients – rich food but low in fibres. It contains carbohydrates, vitamins and especially
high amount of proteins. Eg. Maize, oats, barley, jowar, gram and their by products such as wheat bran,
rice bran, gram husk, oil seed cakes, molasses.
Feed additives : These are micro nutrients, hormones etc, that promote health and milk output of dairy
animals.
Disease management
A healthy animal feeds regularly and has a normal posture. For prevention against viral and bacterial diseases
Vaccinations must be given to farm animals.
P a ra s i te s of C at tl e
External parasites - live on skin and cause skin diseases.
Internal Parasites - Eg. Worms and flukes. Worms affect stomach and intestine, while flukes infect and damage
the liver.
Infectious Diseases - they can spread to other animals on the farm and, can sometimes infect humans
too. These disease s can be bacterial (Anthrax, Tuberculosis) or viral (cow pox, foot and mouth disease).
Methods of breeding
There are two methods of breeding animals—natural and artificial. In natural breeding, a selected male mates
with the female in the natural course. This is the traditional method of breeding. Artificial breeding involves the
collection of the semen of a male of good variety and impregnating the female by injecting this semen.
Artificial insemination
The introduction of semen into the genital tracts (vagina) of females by artificial means is called artificial insemination.
The following should be observed for successful artificial insemination.
1. The male donor should be healthy and of the best breed to produce high-quality semen.
2. The female should be of sound health. She should be of proper age for reproduction.
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3. The time of insemination should be proper. It should be done during the reproductive cycle of the female.
4. Proper instruments and techniques should be adopted for inseminating.
Advantages of artificial insemination
This method has the following advantages.
(i) It helps in producing high-yielding breeds of milch animals. In general, the process brings about genetic
improvement.
(ii) This method of breeding animals is cheaper because semen from a single bull can be used to impregnate
several thousand cows (about 3,000) at distant places. The preserved semen in vials can be easily sent to
different places for artificial insemination. There is no need to transport the bulls to different places.
(iii) Artificial insemination ensures good-quality progeny because the selective breeding of animals with desired
characteristics becomes easier.
(iv) This method of breeding animals is more reliable than the natural method of breeding.
(v) High-quality semen is available in preserved conditions throughout the year, while a bull of good breed may
not be available all the time at all the places.

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Breeds of cow and buffalo
Important Indian breeds of cows are Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar and Haryana. Some of the important
Indian breeds of buffalo are Nagpuri, Surti, Nili-Ravi, Mehsana and Jaffarabadi.

Sahiwal variety of cow

High-yielding breeds of cows have been developed in India at the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),
Karnal, Haryana through cross-breeding Indian varieties with exotic breeds such as Jersey of USA, Brown Swiss
of Switzerland and Holstein-Friesian of Holland. Improved Indian breeds of dairy cows are:
(i) Karan-Swiss (crossbreed of exotic Brown Swiss and Indian Sahiwal)
(ii) Karan-Fries (crossbreed of exotic Holstein-Friesian and Indian Tharparkar)
(iii) Frieswal (crossbreed of extic Holstein-Friesian and Indian Sahiwal)

(a) (b)
(b) Holstein-Friesian cow (a) Jersey cow
Dr. V Kurien (born on 26th November, 1921) is regarded as the father of White Revolution, which refers to a
scheme that increased milk production in India. He established and developed this scheme of milk production
successfully. He formed the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) to manage this scheme.
Breeding in cattle
There are many popular breeds of cows and buffaloes in our country. They can be broadly divided into three
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categories : Indigenous breeds (desi breeds - they are native to India) : Eg. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal (show excellent
resistance to diseases), Foreign or Exotic Breeds : Eg. Jersey, Brown Swiss (Have a long lactation period), Cross
Breeds : The breeds chosen for cross breeding have a set of favourable characters that may become a part
of the animal that is born as a result of cross breeding, Eg. Karan fries.

Murrah, a high-yielding variety of bullalo

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Milk production from different breeds of cow
Breeds Average milk production (litres) Lactation period (days)
Sahiwal 2,800 300
Holstein-Friesian 16,000 365
Frieswal 5,000 326

Breeding of poultry
Poultry including hens, ducks, turkeys and geese, is kept for eggs and meat. The practice of keeping and
breeding these birds is called poultry farming. Poultry farming is very common because it involves small investment,
small area, quick returns and easy maintenance. Some indigenous breeds of hen are Aseel, Basara, Cochin,
Brahma, Chittagong and Ghagus. These breeds are hardy and possess natural immunity against common
diseases. But they are small, slow-growing, and produce smaller and fewer eggs. Smaller size and slow growth
also means low-meat yield. The average egg production of a desi hen is about 60 per year.
The exotic varieties of hens which have been introduced successfully in India are excellent egg-layers and good
meat producers. These are White Leghorn, Plymouth Rock. Australorp, White Rock, Light Sussex, Black
Minorcha and Rhode Island Red. The local varieties have been cross-bred with exotic breeds to get hybrid
breeds. These lay a greater number and bigger eggs, grow faster, yield more meat, and are more resistant to
diseases. Some hybrid high-yielding breeds of poultry developed in India are ILS-82, HH-260 and B-77. Birds
for egg production are called egger/layer and those for meat purpose are celled broilers. Broilers need food
riching protein with fats. Vit. A, K are kept high in poultry feeds.

6.3 Apiculture
Apiculture is the process of rearing the honey bees in the artificial hives, called apiaries, for the production of
honey at commercial level.
Species of honey bees
Honey bees belong to phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta. There are several species of honey bees some of
which are indigenous while some of them are exotic which have been introduced to increase the yield of honey.
Indigenous species
( i ) Apis dorsata : It is commonly called rock bee or giant bee (being largest in size). Though it produces
maximum amount of honey but is ferocious and migratory bee so it is difficult to domesticate this variety.
(i i) Apis indica : It is commonly called Indian bee. It can be domesticated easily as it is very gentle in nature but
it is less producing species.
(ii i) Apis florae : It is commonly called little bee (being smallest in size). It is also very docile but yield is less.
Exotic species
Apis mellifera : It is commonly called Italian bee. It is preferred over the indigenous species for the commercial
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production of honey because of its docile nature, high yield of honey, prolific egg production, less swarming and
with good defence mechanism.
Honey bee colony and social organisation : Honey bees are social and polymorphic insects. These live in
large colonies, called hives or combs, of about 40,000 to 100,000 individuals. In a colony, there are three
castes of bees which are structurally and functionally different from one another so polymorphism is associated
with division of labour. These three castes are :
Queen : Every healthy colony has only one fertile female called queen. It is the mother of the colony and has
well developed ovaries. It has long tapering abdomen, short legs and wings. Its sole function is to lay the eggs at
the rate of 1500 to 2000 in a day. While during its life span of about 3 years, a queen lays about 1.5 to 2.0
million eggs. A queen lays two types of eggs : fertilized and unfertilized eggs. Queen and workers develop from
fertilized eggs while drones develop from unfertilized eggs.
Workers : These are largest in number (about 50,000 to 60,000) but smallest sized members. These are most
active and perform variety of jobs like attending the queen and nursery, cleaning the hives, forming a new hive
and producing wax, repairing the comb, keeping the comb cool, defending the members etc. So the workers
have strong wings, long mouth parts, wax glands on abdomen, pollen collecting apparatus on the legs and a
sting at the end of abdomen.
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Drones : These are male members of the colony and are of intermediate size. These have reduced mouth parts
and are sluggish. Their sole function is to copulate with the queen.
Products of honey bees
Honey : It is produced by the workers from the collected nectar and cane sugar. It is formed of levulose, dextrose
(23%), maltose (40%), enzymes ard pigment (25%), minerals: vitamins and water.
Bee wax : It is used in cosmetics, paints, ointments, polishes, microtomy, etc.
Bee venom : It is used to cure certain diseases like gout and arthritis.
Royal jelly: It is used as tonic to heart patients and growing children.
Honey bees are chief cross-pollinating agents.
Apiculture provides additional income generating activity to the farmers.
Management for high yields of honey
Involves all those steps which are required to be undertaken to obtain good quality and higher yield of honey
from the honey bees. It involves following considerations:
Bee Foraga or Pasturage : It includes all those flowering plants
which provide pollens and nectar to the honey bees e.g. Mango, Top cover
coconut, almond, tamarind, berseem, litchi, cotton, shisham, Inner cover
apple, mahua, coriander, cashew, coffee, rubber plant, guava, Super
sunflower, etc. Their pollens form the protein rich food for honey
bees while their nectar acts as raw material of honey. The Brood
chamber
pasturage is different from region to region and depends upon
the geographical location. The quality and taste of honey depend
upon the nature of flora from which the nectar is collected. For Bottom
increased yield, the pasturage should be easily available near board Stand
the apiary. An artificial bee hive (Apiary)
Apiary or bee hive : An artificial and movable bee hive,
commonly called apiary, is about 46 × 23 cm in size and is a
wooden box.
Swarming : It is the process of leaving off the colony by the old queen with some workers and drones to
establish a new colony at a new place and to provide the enisling hive for the progeny. It normally occurs by
the end of spring or early summer. But the frequent swarming decreases the yield of honey and increases the
maintenance cost of the bee hives. So to get higher yield of honey, less swarming variety of honey bees (e.g.
Apis mellifera) should be reared.

6.4 Fisheries Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\09th\Advance\CCP\Biology\06 Improvement in Food Resources.p65

It is an industry devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shell fish or other aquatic animals. Other
aquatic animals such as prawn, crab, lobster, oyster etc. also used for food.
Some of the freshwater fishes which are very common include catla, rohu and common carp. Some of marine
fishes that include-hilsa, sardines, mackerel etc. basically catching, rearing of fishes is known as pisciculture
and rearing for aquatic other animals aquaculture term is used.
Fis h produc tion
In fish production true fish and shell fish (e.g., prawns, molluscs, echinoderms, etc.) are captured or cultured.
True fish belong to the phylum Chordata, class Pisces.
Fish as a Source of Food
Fish provide nutritious food, oil, fertilizers and many other useful products. The term fishery may mean a part of
a sea, lake or river where fish and other edible aquatic organisms are caught or it means the industry of fishing.
For a large number of people, particularly those living in coastal areas, fish and other seafood form an important
part of diet. Fish proteins are important in human nutrition because of their growth-promoting value and easy
digestibility. Vitamins A and D are obtained from fish-liver oil. Shark- and cod-liver oil have great medicinal
value. Fish is an excellent source of protein. Fish production is important in solving the problem of malnutrition,
particularly of protein and vitamin A.

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Types of fish
Fish can be classified into three categories on the basis of habitat: marine, freshwater and estuarine (estuary:
where a river flows into the sea). Common freshwater fish found in ponds, lakes, rivers and canals are rohu,
catla, tirica, singhara, calbasu, mailt magur, etc. Some important marine fish of India are Bombay duck, eel,
hilsa, salmon, sardine and pomphret. India produced about 57 lakh tonnes of freshwater fish during
1999-2000.
Fish farming
In freshwater fisheries or culture fisheries, fish eggs (called fish seeds) are put in nurseries known as hatcheries.
The young fish which hatch from the eggs are fed and nursed. They are harvested when fully grown. Producing
fish in nurseries has improved their survival rate from 30 per cent to 95 per cent. Marine fisheries or capture
fisheries are parts of seas where fish are caught using fishing boats, baits, nets, trawlers and sophisticated
electronic locaters.
There are many freshwater fish-culture systems in India. These include the following types of culture systems.
Carp cu lture (c ompos ite-fish c ulture)
• Air-breathing fish culture
• Fish culture in cages
• Fish culture in paddy fields
• Integrated fish culture
• Fish culture in cold water
• Fish culture in bundhs and dams
• Fish culture in seasonal ponds
• Freshwater pearl culture with pearl oyster
Inland Fisheries
Inland fisheries refers to the conservation and utilisation of fish in the inland water bodies such as ponds, flooded
plains, wetlands, rivers, canals, estuarine bodies, etc. It also includes a study of the way the fish population
interacts with each other in the inland water bodies exceeding 10 ha (ha is the symbol for hectare) in water area.
To optimize fish production from inland water bodies, it is important to develop composite - fish culture. A
combination of six species is used in this culture system. Fish production can also be increased by producing
riverine fish seeds. Fish seeds are baby fish also called fish fries. The culture of air-breathing fish (e.g., magur
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and catfish); the study of ecology of the inland water bodies, (for example, to control aquatic weeds), and the
management of water reservoirs used as fish farms help to increase fish production. Monitoring the environment
and maintaining fish health also comes under the study of inland fisheries. The purpose of such studies is to
optimize fish production from the water bodies.
Marine Fisheries
The broad objectives of marine fisheries are the same as that of inland fisheries, except that it deals with fish
that live in the sea. It aims at optimizing the production and capture of edible and ornamental marine fish and
harnessing their products. At the same time, both fisheries follow similar techniques of induced maturation,
breeding, seed production and determination of contaminants in the environment. The marine species are
different from the freshwater ones. Some of the common marine fish are sardines, anchovies, seer fish, tunas,
tuna live-baits and bil fish, mackerel, Bombay duck, threadfin breams, silver bellies, pomphrets and ornamental
fish (e.g., clown fish and damsel fish). In addition to these, marine fisheries include the culture of shrimpsm,
lobsters, crabs and marine prawns; sea farming of oysters and mussels and pearl culture. Yield increased by
using satellites and echosounds.

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C om pos i te -fi s h c u ltu re
Composite-fish culture involves the culture of several species of fish at the same time. In this culture care is taken
so that all the fish do not compete with one another for food and shelter. This is possible because the fish used
for this purpose occupy different zones of the pond. Some feed at the bottom of the pond, e.g., carps. Some
like catla and silver carps are surface feeders. Some like Rohu feed at an intermediate level in the water. There
are some like Mrigal and the common carp that feed at the bottom. Grass carp feed on the aquatic weeds in the
pond. While practicing composite-fish culture, location of the pond, its depth and its width are important
factors. It has to be ascertained whether the water resources, water quality and soil quality (i.e., the type of soil
particles and nutrients) are suitable to sustain the culture.
Induced breeding for seed production
Induced breeding is a method by which eggs and sperms are discharged spawning by fish after injecting them
with hormones extracted from the pituitary gland. This results in the fertilization of a large number of eggs in a
confined space. Induced breeding helps to obtain a large number of fish friesh or fish seeds. The seeds are then
taken in small vessels and put into different ponds or reservoirs to let them grow. Problem with it is, many of
these fishes breed only during monsoon, so major problem lack of availability of good quality seed so ways are
worked out to breed these fishes in ponds using hormonal stimulation.
Technique of fish-seed product ion by induced breedi ng
1. Use of inducing agents Breeding among the fish is synchronized by injecting them with an extract
obtained from the pituitary gland of a donor fish. The pituitary extract contains a hormone called gonadotropin.
This has a stimulating effect on the fish gonads. Nowadays, some synthetic inducing agents are also used for
this purpose. These synthetic agents include ovaprim and ovatide.
2 . Hormone extraction A particular fish is chosen to obtain the extract. Its brain is dissected out and its
pituitary gland (hypophysis) is taken out in a mortar-pestle along with some sand particles. The extracted
gland is ground along with normal saline by the pestle. The ground material is strained with a cheesecloth to
remove the cell debris and sand particles.
3 . Injecting hormones into healthy brooders The filtered material (liquid) is injected into a female fish that
is gravid. A similar dose is injected into the male fish, which too is sexually mature.
4 . Spawning After a few hours of sluggish movement in the water, the brooders discharge gametes. This is
called spawning. As the gametes are in a close proximity, there is an opportunity for the eggs and sperms
to unite and form the zygotes. They may also be called seeds. When the zygotes of a particular species are
not mixed with the zygotes or gametes of other species, they are called pure seeds of that species.
5 . Hatching The pure seeds of eggs begin to develop into embryos and then into fish fries.
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6 . Care of fish fries The fish fries should be collected gently to ensure minimum or no injury to the fish fries.
Some time it is useful to add some antibiotics also so that the fish fries do not catch any infection.
7. Transfer of fish fries Fish seeds are transferred to the nursery pond and then to the rearing pond. As the
fish grow up to a stage called the fingerling, they are transferred to the stocking pond.

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EXERCISE
Multiple choice questions
1. Aim of plant breeding is to produce
(1) Disease free varieties (2) High yielding varieties
(3) Early maturing varieties (4) All of these
2. Agronomy is the practice of raising
(1) Agriculture (2) Fruits and vegetables
(3) Plants and animals (4) Only animals
3. Green revolution refers to
(1) Growing green plants to establish ecological balance
(2) Growing green plants to arrest soil erosion
(3) Maintenance of soil fertility
(4) Development of new crop varieties with increased yield and disease resistance
4. Polyploidy can result due to
(1) Abnormal mitosis (2) Failure of meiosis (3) Double fertilization (4) All of these
5. Mutations are responsible for
(1) Genetic variations (2) Genetic stability
(3) Maintenance of genetic continuity (4) Increasing population rate
6. In hybridization programme, emasculation is done only of
(1) Female reproductive part (2) Male reproductive part
(3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of these
7. Bagging of female parent is done to avoid
(1) Fertilization (2) Seed formation
(3) Cross pollination (4) None of these
8. Explant refers to the
(1) Starting plant material (2) Plants of previous generation
(3) Plants of tissue culture (4) Plants with totipotent cells
9. In plant tissue culture, the progeny of plants produced from the same callus shows some variations, which
are known as
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(1) Artificial mutation (2) Callus mutations

(3) Spontaneous mutations (4) Somaclonal variations
10. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan was responsible for
(1) Bringing green revolution in India
(2) Introducing improved Mexican wheat variety sonora 64 in india
(3) Developing several improved crop varieties in India
(4) All of these
11. Hybridization methodology consists of
(1) Tagging (2) Bagging (3) Emasculation (4) All of these
12. Emasculation procedure involves
(1) Removal of calyx
(2) Removal of gynoecium
(3) Removal of young anthers from the parent to be used as female
(4) Covering of androecium
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13. Micropropagation technique is highly useful for raising
(1) Seedless fruit-yielding plants (2) Hybrid plants
(3) Disease free plants (4) All of these
14. What are the three primary nutrients needed for plant growth?
(1) Calcium, sulphur and magnesium (2) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
(3) Zinc, boron and copper (4) None of these
15. How many chemical elements are known to be important to plants growth and survival?
(1) 16 (2) 13 (3) 3 (4) 10
16. Manure is a good source of nutrients for plants but what is the another benefit of manure ?
(1) They are nutrient specific (2) Increases number of friendly microbes
(3) Easy to store and transport (4) All of the above
17. What would you use to control dicot weeds in a cornfield?
(1) Cytokinins (2) Abscissic acid
(3) 2, 4 - dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (4) Gibberellins
18. Which of these crops does not require nitrogen fertilizer?
(1) Corn (2) Soyabeans (3) Grass hay (4) Oats
19. What does G.M.O. stand for ?
(1) Genetically Modified Organism (2) Growth Maturity Order
(3) Good Maturing Offspring (4) Gold Medal Order
20. Soil erosion is caused by
(1) Water (2) Wind
(3) Poor farming practices (4) All of these
21. When soil pH is low, which of the following elements can become toxic to plants?
(1) Oxygen (2) Carbon (3) Nitrogen (4) Aluminium
22. Soil includes the decayed remains of organisms known as :
(1) sand (2) humus (3) compost (4) clay
23. What are the physical aspects of the environment like temperature and wind called?
(1) Biotic factors (2) Abiotic factors (3) A community (4) Niches
24. Crop rotation is an important part of organic farming. Why is mono-cropping problematic?
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(1) The crop is vulnerable to organized crop thieves.
(2) It encourages the build up of diseases and pests that destroy that particular crop.
(3) It is economic.
(4) None of these
25. Biotic components include :
(1) all plants (2) all animals (3) water, air and soil (4) all the living organisms
26. Micro-organisms used to increase the growth and yield of crop plants are called :
(1) chemical fertilizers (2) biofertilizers (3) manure (4) inorganic fertilisers
27. Compost prepared with the help of earthworms is called :
(1) manure (2) vermicompost (3) green manure (4) fertilizer
28. The crops grown in rainy season are called :
(1) Kharif (2) Rabi (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of these

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29. Growing two or more crops in the same land is called :
(1) mixed farming (2) inter cropping (3) mixed cropping (4) ultra cropping
30. Which of the following is a weed ?
(1) Gokhroo (2) Parthenium (3) Cyprinus (4) All of the above
31. Hybrid is :
(1) homozygous dominant (2) homozygous recessive
(3) heterozygous (4) mutant
32. First step to evolve a disease resistant strain is :
(1) hybridization (2) selection (3) cross breeding (4) farming
33. Successive growing of different crops from season to season is called :
(1) mixed cropping (2) crop rotation (3) intercropping (4) mixed farming
34. Kalyan and Sarbati sonara are genetically modified forms of
(1) Wheat (2) Maize (3) Rice (4) Soyabean
35. Growing two or more crops in definite row pattern is known as :
(1) intercropping (2) mixed farming (3) mixed cropping (4) crop rotation
36. Cross breeding between different genera is :
(1) intervarietal (2) interspecific (3) intrageneric (4) intergeneric
37. The crop commonly used for crop rotation is :
(1) legume (2) cereal (3) vegetables (4) all of these
38. Which of the following is true for intercropping?
(1) Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing
(2) Harvesting and threshing are not possible separately
(3) Pesticides can be easily applied to individual crops
(4) There are no set pattern of rows of crops
39. The process of cross-breeding of two individuals of different varieties is :
(1) artificial insemination (2) pure line breeding (3) hybridization (4) none of these
40. Which of the following is a micro nutrient?
(1) Potassium (2) Zinc (3) Calcium (4) Magnesium
41. Which of the following is a chemical substance?
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(1) Farm yard manure (2) Compost (3) Vermicompost (4) Fertilizer
42. More frequent irrigation is needed by :
(1) clayey soil (2) alluvial soil (3) black soil (4) sandy soil
43. Which of the following include only weeds ?
(1) Chenopodium, sunflower and triticale
(2) Amaranthus, chenopodium and convolvulus
(3) Convolvulus, barseem and paddy
(4) Amarnathus, convolvulus and sunflower
44. The herbicide that control weeds is :
(1) 2, 4 - D (2) Atrazine (3) Butachlor (4) All of the above
45. Plants can be made disease resistant by :
(1) hybridisation (2) weeding
(3) irrigation (4) none of these

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46. Which of the following on reshuffling gives the term that refers to the process of sowing seeds manually by
sprinkling them on soil by hand?
(1) inlgtil (2) glnopuihg (3) atnbrdocaigs (4) giownwinn
47. Complete the given statements by selecting the correct words from the options given below,
(1) __(i)__ is a traditional method of irrigation.
(2) __(ii)__ is a common weedicide.
(3) In __(iii)__ water escapes from revolving nozzle and falls like rain on the crops.
(4) __(iv)__ is a technique for developing new varieties of crops by cross-breeding two different varieties.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) Dhekli Agent orange Drip irrigation Broadcasting
(2) Dhekli DDT Chain pump Crop rotation
(3) Rahat Siniazine Moat Mixed cropping
(4) Rahat Metachlor Sprinkler system Hybridization
48. Rohan grew berseem and cowpea in his field. When the plants were about one foot high, he ploughed them
back into soil. What is the most appropriate reason for this?
(1) The crop has caught some disease.
(2) Extensive growth of berseem has affected growth of cowpea plants.
(3) It helps in nutrient enrichment of soil.
(4) None of these
49. Which of the following agricultural tools is/are used in weeding ?

(1) (iv) & (iii) (2) (iv) only (3) (i), (iii) & (iv) (4) (i) only
50. Which of the following is the method of replenishing the soil with nutrients ?
(1) Organic manure (2) Fallow field
(3) Crop rotation (4) All of these
51. Match Column I with Column II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column I Colum n II
(a) Rhizobium (i) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Organic manure (ii) Separation of grains from chaff
(c) Threshing (iii) Sowing of seeds
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(d) Seed drill (iv) Animal excreta, cow dung and plant wastes
(e) Leguminous plants (v) Root nodules
(1) a-(i). b-(iv), c-(ii). d-(iii), e-(v) (2) a-(iv), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(ii), e-(v)
(3) a-(v). b-(iv), c-(iii), d-(ii), e-(i) (4) a-(i). b-(v), c-(ii), d-(iii), e-(iv)
52. Rabi and Kharif crops are the major crops of India. Given below is a list of crops. Categorize them
as Rabi and Kharif crops.
(Paddy, Wheat, Soyabean, Mustard, Maize, Cotton, Barley, Sugarcane)
(1) Rabi crops : Paddy, Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane
Kharif crops : Soyabean, Mustard, Maize, Barley
(2) Rabi crops : Wheat, Mustard, Barley, Sugarcane
Kharif crops : Paddy, Soyabean, Maize, Cotton
(3) Rabi crops .: Wheat, Mustard, Barley.
Kharif crops : Paddy, Soyabean, Maize, Cotton, Sugarcane
(4) Rabi crops : Paddy, Soyabean, Maize, Cotton, Sugarcane
Kharif crops : Wheat, Mustard, Barley

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53. One of the following is an important breed of Indian buffalo?
(1) Nagpuri (2) Gir (3) Sahiwal (4) Red Sindhi
54. Which of the following exotic breed of dairy cattle yields highest milk per lactation period?
(1) Jersey (2) Holstein-Friesian (3) Red-Dane (4) Ayreshire
55. An exotic breed of cow is :
(1) Jersey (2) Frieswal (3) Sahiwal (4) Gir
56. The major constituent of animal feed apart from water is :
(1) minerals (2) antibiotics (3) roughage (4) none of these
57. Poultry includes
(1) Ducks and Geese (2) Turkeys and fowl
(3) Ducks and Guinea fowl (4) All of these
58. The birds which are reared for meat purpose are called
(1) Broilers (2) Layers (3) Turkeys (4) Fowls
59. Birds which are reared for eggs are called
(1) Fries (2) Broilers (3) Layers (4) None of these
60. Milk producing cattle are called :
(1) exotic animals (2) milch animals (3) draught animals (4) buffaloes
61. Jersey cows are preferred to local breeds as they :
(1) have resistance to diseases (2) need less food
(3) need less maintenance (4) have long lactation period
62. Ranikhet is a disease that effects :
(1) fish (2) poultry (3) cattle (4) sheep
63. Aseel is a popular breed of :
(1) fowl (2) cattle (3) fish (4) pig
64. Scientific name of Italian bee is :
(1) Apis indica (2) Apis dorsata (3) Apis mellifera (4) Apis florae
65. Bee-keeping is done for :
(1) honey (2) wax (3) both (1) & (2) (4) none of these
66. Read the given statements.
(i) Bee wax obtained from beehive is deposition of excretory products of honeybee.
(ii) Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with rice crop so that fish are grown in the water
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accumulated in the paddy field.

(iii) Fish feed in different zones of pond to make most efficient use of available food.
(iv) Sahiwal and Murrah are exotic breeds used extensively in cattle farming.
(v) Inter-cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern.
Which of the given statements are incorrect?
(1) (i), (ii) and (iii) (2) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (3) (i) and (iv) (4) (i), (iv) and (v)
67 Which of the following is a marine fish ?

(1) Catla (2) Rohu (3) Bombay duck (4) Both (1) and (2)
68. "Seed" in fisheries refers to :
(1) fish (2) eggs of fishes (3) feeders (4) none of the above

69. The techniques of fish breeding, hatching and growing resulted in _____ revolution.
(1) green (2) silver (3) blue (4) white

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70. Inland fishing refers to :

(1) freshwater fishing (2) coastal fishing (3) deep sea fishing (4) brackish water fishing

71. Which of the following is incorrect for the given figure?

(1) It is a type of cropping pattern called intercropping.

(2) The given cropping pattern increases the productivity of crops per unit area.

(3) The given cropping pattern helps in maintaining soil fertility and makes better use of resources.

(4) None of these

72. The word fowl is used for domestic cock or hen. Which of the following variety/varieties of fowl is/are indigenous
one/ones?

(i) Rhode island red (ii) Aseel (iii) Plymouth rock (iv) Leghorn

(1) (i), (ii) and (iii) (2) Only (ii) (3) Only (iv) (4) (i) and (ii)

73. This implement is made of wood and is drawn by a pair of bulls or other animals. It contains a strong triangular
iron strip called share. The main part of it is a long log of wood which is called a shaft.

There is a handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is attached to a beam which is placed on the bulls’
necks.

Which implement are we talking about and for what purpose is it used ?
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(1) Plough- Tilling the soil (2) Hoe- Removing the weeds

(3) Cultivator- Sowing the seeds (4) Seed drill - Tilling the soil

74. In honey bee the drones (males) are produced from

(1) Unfertilized eggs

(2) Fertilized eggs

(3) Larvae from unfertilized eggs, which are fed on royal jelly

(4) Larvae from unfertilized eggs, which are not cared by the workers at all

75. Which of the following is a bottom feeder ?

(1) Catla (2) Silver carp (3) Rohu (4) Mrigal

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76. Harvesting in our country is either done manually by __(i)_ or by a machine called __(ii)_. In the next step, the
grain seeds are separated from the cut crop. This process is called __(iii)___, this is carried out with the help
of a machine called __(iv)__.

Select the correct sequence of words to complete the above paragraph.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) Hoe Cultivator Winnowing Combine

(2) Sickle Cultivator Threshing Seed drill

(3) Hoe Harvester Winnowing Seed drill

(4) Sickle Harvester Threshing Combine

77. Heterosis means
(1) hybrid vigour (2) hybrids are weak

(3) hybrids are weak as well as vigorous (4) hybrids are neither weak nor vigorous

78. Selection of homozygous plant is

(1) Mass selection (2) Pure line selection (3) Mixed selection (4) None of these
79. The technique of obtaining large number of plantlets by tissue culture method is called

(1) Organ culture (2) Micropropagation (3) Macropropagation (4) Plantlet culture

80. Mule is produced by

(1) selection (2) inbreeding

(3) interspecific hybridisation (4) none of these

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ANSWERS
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 2 4 4 1 2 3 1 4 4 4 3 4 2 1 2 3 2 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 4 1 3 3 2
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 4 4 2 4 1 3 4 3 3 4 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 1 3 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 4 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 4 2 1 1 4 4 1 2 2 3

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Class IX

Important Notes

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