NOUN VOCABULARY

Supporting lecturer ;

Rohima Nur Aziza al Hakim S.hum.M.hum

Made by group 3

1. Muhammad Ali (180230134)

2. Muhammad Ikram Syafaruddin ( 180230137)
3. Nurhildayani ( 180230150)

Universitas Sembilan Belas November

Fakultas Keguruan dan ilmu pendidikan

Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

2020/2021
 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Preface

Alhamdulillah for the presence of Allah SWT, because of The Grace and Guidance so
that the author can complete the preparation of this paper, which is entitled: ‘’Noun
Vocabulary’’, towards a real that is brightly like this time. Also don’t forget to say shalawat
and salam toward our prophet Muhammad S.A.W.

Even though the author has made every effort possible for the completion of this paper,
the writer still realizes that the writer's abilities are far from perfect, and there are certainly
still many shortcomings. For that the authors would like to thank all those who have worked
together in making this paper. And writers with open arms are looking forward to
constructive suggestions and criticism from readers.

In conclusion, the authors hope that this paper can provide benefits and inspiration from
readers.

Pomalaa, 20th 2020

 NOUN VOCABULARY
INTRODUCTION
          Linguistics is the science which employs language as an object of study. Language as a
tool of communication consists of several components. They are phoneme, morpheme, word,
phrase, clause and sentence. A word, as the smallest unit of language, contains a meaning.  In
the level of linguistics, the meaning gives the term semantics.
Semantics is the subfield that is devote to the study of meaning, as inherit at the levels
of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse. Griffiths (2006:41) gives notion
that semantics is the study of the “toolkit” for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary
of the language and in its patterns for building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of
sentence meanings.
          Nouns form a majority of the words in the vocabulary of English (Griffiths,
2006:41). In contrast to the meanings of adjectives, nouns denote person, animal, plant,
object, material, abstract concept, etc.
In terms of noun vocabulary, this paper outlines ways of describing the complexity,
starting with a sense relation which Griffiths will call the has-relation. Besides, it deals with
the way nouns are grouped into semantic categories and ends of the meaning differences
between count and mass nouns.
DISCUSSION
1.  The Has-Relation
        For many words, however, we can only be sure that all the parts are there if the has-relation
is stated in terms of prototypes (Griffiths, 2006:41). Prototype in linguistics relates to the
problem of categorization which relates the mapping (our cognitive ability) of ‘words’.
Prototypes are clear, central members of the denotation of a word. For instance, a
prototype face has two eyes, a nose, and a mouth and a prototype house has a roof, a door and
has windows.
Concerning restricted prototype, the has-relation makes available entailments. Some of
examples are below:
There’s a house at the corner => ‘If it is like a prototype for house then it has a roof ’
The child drew a face =>’if the face was prototypical, the child drew a mouth’

1.1 Pragmatic inferences from the has-relation

        Restricted to prototypes, the has-relation can be the basis for some of pragmatic
expectations in language use. It is revealed in a switch from indefinite to definite articles.
A: “I’ve bought a house.” B: “Where’s the house?” (not:“Where’s a house?”
If a whole that has a part has been mentioned, then the part can, on first mention, be
referred to by the use of the as the following example:
A: “I’ve bought a house.” B: “I hope the roof doesn’t leak.”

1.2 Parts can have parts 

 Words denoting wholes bear the has-relation to the labels for their parts, but the parts
can, in turn, have parts, and a whole can be a part of a larger whole. For example:
-       A suburb has houses, a house has windows, a window has pane

1.3 Spatial parts
A prototype thing, such as a rock, can be said to have spatial parts which are deictic.
For example: Rock has a top, a bottom (or base), sides and a front and back.
Pragmatics enters the interpretation of deictic words. The meaning of a deictic word is
tied to the situation of utterance. The front of a rock faces the speaker and the back of a rock
faces away from the speaker, and the sides are to the left and right from the point of view of
the speaker.
1.4 Ends and beginnings
Long thin things have ends, and sometimes two different kinds of end are
distinguished: beginnings and ends. For example; rope, ships, roads, trains and etc.
Nouns denoting periods of time have beginnings and ends. They also have middles as the
following:
a. day, week, month, era, term, semester, century
b. conversation, demonstration, ceremony, meal, reception, process

2.  Hyponymy
Hyponymy is the semantic relationship that exist between two (or more) words in such
a way that the meaning of one word includes (or contains) the meaning of other words.
Griffiths (2006:46) considers this relation as an important for describing nouns. It is
concerned with the labeling of sub-categories of a word’s denotation. For example, a house is
one kind of building, and a factory and a church are other kinds of building; buildings are
one kind of structure; dams are another kind of structure. The pattern of entailment that
defines hyponymy is described below:
a.  There’s a house next to the gate.
b.  There’s a building next to the gate.
c.  (a ⇒  b) & it cannot be (b ⇒  a)    

2.1 Hierarchies of hyponyms 
House is a hyponym of the superordinate building, but building is, in turn, a hyponym
of the superordinate structure; and, in its turn, structure is a hyponym of the
superordinate thing. A superordinate at a given level can itself be a hyponym at a higher
level, as shown below:
  thing                    superordinate of structure
                                 
structure                hyponym of thing; superordinate of building
  building                 hyponym of structure; superordinate of house
     
house                    hyponym of building

Griffiths (2006:47) mentions that the hyponymy relation passes through intermediate
levels in the hierarchy, which means that house is not only a hyponym of building, but is also
a hyponym of building’s immediate superordinate, structure; and,via structure, house is also a
hyponym of thing.
          According to Yule (2006:105)
“When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship   is   d
escribed   as   hyponymy.   When   we   consider   hyponomous connections,  we are essenti
ally  looking at  the meaning of words in some type  of hierarchical relationship”.

          For example:

             Living thing
 

creature                           plant
 

animal         insect     vegetable flower          tree
 

dog  horse snake  ant   cockroach  carrot     rose      banyan

Looking at diagram, we can say that “horse” is a hyponym of “animal” or “cockroac
h” is a hyponym of “insect”.  In these  two  examples,  animal  and insect  are called the sup
erordinate ( = higher level ) terms. We can also say that two or more words that share the 
same superordinate term are co-hyponyms. So, dog  and horse  are co-hyponyms and the 
superordinate term is animal.  

2.2 Hyponymy and the has-relation 

These two semantic relations should not be confused: hyponymy is about categories
being grouped under superordinate terms (for
 example, tandems, ATBs, tourers and racers are kinds of bicycle;
and bicycles, unicycles and tricycles are kinds of cycle), but the has-relation concerns parts
that prototypical members of categories have (for instance, a prototype cycle  has wheel(s),
a frame, handlebars and pedals; a prototype bicycle  has these parts too and also has a chain).
3. Incompability
A semantic relation called incompatibility holds between the hyponyms of a given
superordinate. Hyponymy is about classification: breakfast, lunch and dinner are kinds of
meal. Incompatibility is about contrast: breakfast, lunch and dinner are different from each
other within the category of meals; they are eaten at different times of day.

4. Count Nouns and mass nouns

In the grammar of English, there is a clear distinction between count nouns,
exemplified by loaf and coin  and mass nouns, exemplified by bread and money. The whole
noun vocabulary divides into words that are almost always count nouns, ones that are almost
always mass nouns (like clothing).
 Mass nouns resist being quantified with numbers and plural suffixes or the
word many or the singular indefinite article a, while count nouns (in the left-hand column)
can be quantifiedin this way. Count nouns denote distinguishable whole entities, like beans or
people or shirts. They can be counted. Mass nouns are quantified with the word much. They
denote undifferentiated substance, like dough or water or lava.

CONCLUSION
          This paper has explained three semantic relations as important sources in contributing
nouns vocabulary. Those are the has-relation deals with prototype as central view, the
stereotypical member of any category; hyponymy is a term o refer to a set or a group of
words that are included in a higher term of word; and incompability which is the relation
holding between the different hyponymy of any superordinate; the end explanation is about
two noun categories (count and mass nouns) which count nouns is countable and mass nouns
are things which can’t be counted by themselves because they are always treated as a group,
volume, ass or quantity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Griffiths, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics.
Edinburgh .Edinburgh University Press Ltd
Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language  –
Third  Edition. New York: Cambrigde University Press