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Transient Overvoltage Protection of Shore-to-Ship Power Supply System
Transient Overvoltage Protection of Shore-to-Ship Power Supply System
Abstract—It is known that an unpredictable threat of transient the published technical data of overvoltage protection devices
overvoltage exists in a power system. Therefore, transient over- that affects equipment overvoltage protection margins. These
voltage protection analysis, commonly known as insulation coordi- devices are applied simply by using rules of thumb without
nation, should be performed to design cold-ironing power systems.
This paper provides a review of the transient surge environment, making any surge protection analysis. This paper describes the
transient overvoltage analysis, and the application of metal–oxide transient overvoltage protection design of a cold-ironing power
surge arresters at specific locations within the shore-to-ship power system. The shore-side power-system infrastructure requires
supply system to enhance transient overvoltage protection to min- a medium-voltage power system to provide large amounts of
imize equipment damage. power of up to 20 MW to docked ships rated at either 11 or
Index Terms—Cold ironing, metal–oxide surge arrester, shore 6.6 kV, three phases, and 60 Hz. The electrical-power-system
to ship, surge arresters, surge environment, surge impedance, infrastructure for a cold-ironing project at a specific berth
switching surge, transient overvoltage. will consist of one dedicated step-down power transformer
with a primary voltage as high as 25, 34.5, 66, or 115 kV,
I. I NTRODUCTION depending upon the utility-company supply voltage to the port.
This dedicated transformer of an adequate rating (7.5 MVA for
A COLD-IRONING power system uses a long-medium-
voltage-cable system with circuit breakers on each end.
The ship-side circuit breaker requires closing and opening
container ships and up to 20 MVA for cruise ships) will then
supply power at 11 or 6.6 kV to the ships by the use of a
operations under certain light load conditions to perform cold- fixed cable system, flexible cable management system (CMS),
ironing operations every time the ship arrives and departs plug/receptacle assemblies, and switchgear assemblies. Such
from the berth. Repeated operation of this breaker with long a power system must be designed with an adequate transient
shore-side power cables may cause a transient overvoltage overvoltage protection scheme, which is the subject of this
condition, particularly when the probability of an unpredictable paper.
threat of transient surges exists in the power system. This A typical one-line diagram of a container ship cold-ironing
transient surge environment of a shore-to-ship power supply power supply system is used in this paper to provide a brief
system (cold ironing) is related to the physical configuration introduction of a cold-ironing power system, its installation
of the primary electrical infrastructure connected to a cold- configuration and requirements of switching power-system
ironing substation transformer, power-system switching oper- breakers under certain load conditions for synchronizing shore
ations, system grounding characteristics, and the intensity of and ship power supplies at the start and end of each cold-ironing
lightning at a specific port. Transient overvoltage caused by operation. Then, it describes transient overvoltage surges that
lightning phenomena and inherent switching surges caused by may be caused by fault conditions and lightning phenomenon
switching devices or fault conditions within the power system to establish an integrated surge environment at a particular
cannot be avoided. Therefore, the power-system analysis should port. The phrase “integrated surge environment” is used to
include a review of the surge environment associated with describe the combination of the predictable switching surges
the electrical infrastructure in order to implement transient caused by cold-ironing operations and the unpredictable surges
overvoltage protection schemes to protect from equipment due to faults and lightning. Later, the propagation of transient
insulation failures. It is the author’s opinion that, during the overvoltage surges, their reflection, and refraction and magni-
design stage, very little work is performed in understanding fication phenomena [5] at specific locations within the power
system (where surge protection devices should be installed)
are described. Finally, metal–oxide surge [metal–oxide varistor
(MOV)] arresters and their known energy-handling capabilities
Manuscript received June 22, 2010; accepted November 5, 2010. Date of and limitations are discussed along with insulation coordination
publication March 10, 2011; date of current version May 18, 2011. Paper
2010-PCIC-271, presented at the 2010 IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry of the power-system transformer. A simple engineering calcu-
Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX, September 20–22, and approved lation of insulation coordination is included in the Appendix of
for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS this paper.
by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry
Applications Society.
D. Paul is with AECOM, Oakland, CA 94612 USA (e-mail: dev.paul@
aecom.com). II. P OWER -S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION
V. Haddadian is with the The Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro, CA 90731
USA (e-mail: vhaddadian@portla.org). The power supply infrastructure consists of a utility-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2011.2125772 company supply system, a dedicated step-down power
of the data were obtained from mountaintop observatories. It is primary to the secondary of the transformer can be represented
also reported that 60% of the direct flashes hit the tower, where by the following expression with assumptions described in [4]:
they would flashover to the ground, while the remainder would
hit the spans between the towers. 2nZ2
VSS = VP S
The previously listed lightning current waves develop very Z1 + n2 Z2
high corresponding voltage waves based upon their relationship − Z1 n2 Z2 2
− Z1 n Z2
provided by the following expressions [6], [7]: × e t− e t (7)
Lm (Z1 + n2 Z2 LS
V =I × Z (2) where
di dv 1 Z1 primary surge impedance;
= × . (3)
dt dt Z Z2 secondary surge impedance;
Surge energy (J) may be calculated by the expression [4] n primary/secondary turn ratio of the transformer;
Lm transformer magnetizing inductance;
t t LS transformer leakage inductance;
dv di 2
J= V.I.dt = t dt joules (4) VSS surge transferred to the transformer secondary;
dt dt
0 0 VP S peak value of the surge voltage on the primary side as
limited by the primary surge arrester.
where
Even with the application of primary surge arresters at the
V surge voltage in volts;
transformer, the secondary surge arresters should be applied
I surge current in amperes;
to relieve the surge to the ground to protect the secondary
Z surge impedance in ohms;
equipment.
di/dt rate of rise of surge current in amperes per second;
To avoid damage to secondary surge arresters, the secondary
dv/dt rate of rise of surge voltage in volts per second;
surge arresters should consider a relatively higher switching
t in seconds.
surge protective level (SPL) than the SPL of arresters on the
The following expression [1] is used for power distribution
primary side, taking the transformer turn ratio into considera-
overhead lines and may be used for the primary distribution
tion, as shown in the following [1]:
line to the shore-power transformer
adequate energy-handling capabilities should be applied. The environment under Section III should provide some insight into
resonance frequency (fr ) is represented by (10) [7] the probability of such TOV conditions.
The most common cause of TOV is the 60-Hz power
1
fr = √ (10) frequency voltage rise on the unfaulted phases during line-
2π Le Ce to-ground fault. Based upon the knowledge of power-system
Ls × Lt parameters, the ratios R0 /X1 and X0 /X1 can be used to
Le = (11)
Ls + Lt determine the coefficient of grounding (COG) from the graphs
Ce = Cc + Ct (12) available in Annex B of IEEE Standard C62.22 [1]. Multiply the
COG with the phase-to-phase operating voltage to determine
where TOV to ground at the fault location, which will become the
LS system inductance; surge arrester location. Alternatively, COG can be calculated by
Lt transformer inductance; using the following equations; however, while these equations
Cc cable capacitance; are applicable for Z1 = Z2 , they do not include fault resistance.
Ct transformer capacitance. Single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault at phase a
1 √
COG(phases b and c) = − [{ 3k/(2 + k)} + j1] . (13)
2
IV. S URGE A RRESTER S ELECTION C RITERIA
Double-line-to-ground (DLG) fault at phases b and c
The selection of a metal–oxide surge arrester rating is based
upon many considerations included in IEEE Standard C62.22- √
COG(phase a) = 3k/(1 + 2k) (14)
1997 [1] and IEEE Standard 141 [4], as well as other papers
[6]. Both primary and secondary system parameters, the system where
grounding configuration, and the surge arrester’s published
technical parameters should be known for the selection of k = Z0 /Z1 = (R0 + jX0 )/(R1 + jX1 ). (15)
proper surge arrester ratings. For a cold-ironing power system,
the selection of the transformer primary surge arrester requires In general, for solidly grounded systems, the fault resistance
technical data of the primary power supply system. Generally, (Rf ) tends to reduce the COG, and the modified values of k
in all cases, this system should be solidly grounded at the utility represented by (13) and (14) are indicated by (16) and (17),
substation. However, all of the following information should be respectively.
known for transient overvoltage analysis. For SLG fault
TABLE I
FACTORS FOR E STIMATING E QUIPMENT W ITHSTAND VOLTAGES
where
CWW chopped wave withstand of the protected equipment
(in kilovolts);
FOW front-of-wave protective level of arrester (in
kilovolts);
BIL BIL of the protected equipment (in kilovolts);
LPL lightning protection level (in kilovolts);
SPL switching surge protection level (in kilovolts);
Fig. 4. Typical volt–time curve of arrester protective levels with insulation
withstand strength for transformer. L di/dt surge arrester connecting lead wire voltage drop (in
kilovolts), where L is the lead conductor inductance
and capability curve of the arrester similar to Fig. 3 should be of 0.4 μH/ft [4];
obtained from the manufacturer of the arrester. P ML1 FOW protective margin (in percent);
P ML2 full wave protective margin (in percent);
P MS switching surge protective margin (in percent).
V. I NSULATION C OORDINATION S TUDY
Acceptable values are 20% and 15% for the P ML1 and
Insulation coordination is the correlation of the insulation of P ML2 , respectively. However, higher values are generally
the electrical equipment with the characteristics of protective recommended [1], [4]. If the acceptable coordination is not
devices such that the equipment insulation is protected from achieved, then increase the BIL and BSL, decrease the arrester
excessive overvoltage. The degree of coordination of the pro- separation distance, add additional arresters in parallel, or use
tected equipment is measured by the protective ratio (PR), as arresters with lower protective characteristics. It should be
shown in Fig. 4 and by noted that the ambient temperature of the enclosure where the
arrester is installed, the altitude affect, and the available short-
PR =(Insulation Withstand Level)/(Voltage at Equipment). circuit data of the utility power system should be considered
(18) during the selection of the arrester.
Surge arresters are used to reduce the surge voltage at the
equipment and to determine the PR once the insulation with-
A. Overvoltage Protection Level
stands a level of the equipment data specified in Table I. The
voltage at the protected equipment should consider the separa- During the power-system design, the insulation of the trans-
tion effect of the surge arresters, if significant [5]. Otherwise, it former, switchgear, cables in the U/G conduits, and cables at the
is equal to the surge arrester protective level. CMS (including plug/receptacle assemblies) should be checked
Very little is known about the plug/receptacle assembly surge to assure that the insulation strength of all components is in
withstand test capabilities as such equipment is new. These excess of the surge voltage levels that can be provided by the
are the weak components of the shore-to-ship power system selected surge arresters. A typical insulation coordination cal-
that needs transient overvoltage protection. Suppliers of such culation for the power transformer is included in the Appendix.
PAUL AND HADDADIAN: TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION OF SHORE-TO-SHIP POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1199
The aforementioned calculation indicates that the voltage on The aforementioned calculation indicates that overvoltage
the unfaulted phases can be on the order of 14.275 kV (0.571 × protection margins for the power transformer are within the
1.732) to 14.075 kV (0.563 × 1.732), depending upon if acceptable recommended ranges of > 20% for the P M1 and
the fault is a phase–ground or phase–phas–ground fault. With P M2 and > 15% for P RS [1], [5].
input from the utility for the voltage regulation, the short-time
overvoltage may be 1.05 EL−N voltages for a solidly grounded R EFERENCES
system. The system TOV value for surge arrester application [1] IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal–Oxide Surge Arresters for
should be greater than the maximum value of the calculated Alternating-Current Systems, IEEE Std. C62.22-1997, 1998.
TOV indicated in the example or 1.05 EL−N , whichever is [2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Shore-to-Ship Connections,
IEEE Draft Std. P1713, Sep. 2009.
greater. [3] Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, 4th ed., by
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, PA, 1964.
[4] A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems. Hoboken, NJ:
B. Transformer Primary Surge Arrester Wiley, 1971.
[5] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Indus-
Based upon the aforementioned TOV consideration, a trial Plants, IEEE Std. 141-1993, 1994.
station-class 18-kV surge arrester with the following data is [6] D. Paul and S. I. Venugopalan, “Power distribution system equipment
overvoltage protection,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1290–
required: 1297, Sep./Oct. 1994.
1) arrester rating: 18 kV rms; [7] Electrical Distribution System Protection, 3rd ed. Cooper Power Systems,
2) MCOV rating: 15.3 kV rms; Sep. 1990.
[8] E. A. Bardo, K. L. Cummins, and W. A. Brooks, “Lightning current para-
3) TOV capability: 22.0 kV rms (1 s); meters derived from lightning location systems: What can we measure?”
4) FOW: 53.2 kV peak; in Proc. 18th Int. Lightning Detection Conf., Helsinki, Finland, Jun. 6–8,
5) maximum discharge voltage: 47.1 and 51.9 kV peak (for 2004. [Online]. Available: www.vaisala.com/ILDC2004
[9] Standard for Metal–Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (ANSI),
8 × 20 μs with 10 and 20 kA peak, respectively); IEEE Std. C62.11-1987, 1987.
6) switching surge: 37 kV peak. [10] IEEE Guide for Temporary Protective Grounding Systems Used in
Substations, IEEE Std. 1246-2002, 2003.