Experiment No Date-

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH LAGGED PIPE

Aim- a) To determine heat flow rate through the lagged pipe.

b) To determine the thermal conductivity of lagging material by
assuming the heater input to be the heat flow rate through lagged pipe.

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes mounted on suitable stand. The
inside pipe consists of a Cartridge heater. Between first two cylinders from the
Heater, asbestos insulating material is filled with which lagging is done. In
between second and third cylinders Saw Dust material is filled which is used for
lagging. The thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders approximately
at equal length to measure the surface temperatures of pipes. The input to the
heater is varied through a dimmerstat and measured on voltmeter and ammeter.
The experiments can be conducted at various values of Heater input and
calculations can be made accordingly.

SPECIFICATIONS

1. Pipes : i) Inside MS Pipe 55mm ID & 60mm O.D.

ii) Middle MS Pipe 103 mm. ID & 112mm OD
iii) Outer MS Pipe 156 mm. ID & 165 mm OD
iv) Length of pipes – 1000 mm.

2. Heater : Nichrome wire heater (cartridge type) placed centrally

having suitable capacity. (500 watts.)

3. Control Panel comprising of:

i) Single Phase Dimmerstat 0 – 230 volts. ... 1 No.
ii) Digital Voltmeter ... 1 No.

iii) Digital Ammeter - 0-2 Amps. ... 1 No.

4. Digital Temperature Indicator: Range 0- 3000c
Chromel-Alumel thermocouple – 6 No.
Service Required – A.C. single phase 230V, electric supply.

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Experiment No Date-

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH LAGGED PIPE

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the heater cable 3 Pin top to Control Panel.

2. Connect thermocouple belt from unit to control panel.
3. See that the knob position of the dimmerstat is at ZERO.
4. Connect the mains supply cable to a stabilised power supply (230 V, AC, 50
Hz, single phase, 3 pin, 5 amps.)
5. Start the supply to unit by switching Mains On.
6. Observe that all the three digital meters are displaying.
7. Apply heat input to the heater by means of dimmerstat.
8. Take readings of all the 6 thermocouples at an interval of 20 minutes until the
steady state is reached. (Normally 2 hours are required to obtain steady-state
condition.)
9. Note down steady state readings in observation table.

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Experiment No Date-

10.After completing the experiments please reset the Dimmer Knob to "Zero"
position.
11.Please do not exceed 180Volts on Digital Voltmeter while performing
experiment.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

1. Inside Pipe (O.D.) : D1 = 60mm Dia.

2. Middle Pipe (Mean Dia.) : D2 = 107mm Dia.
3. Outer Pipe (O.D.) : D3 = 165mm Dia.

S.N. Volt- Reading Q = Heat

meter Ammeter supplied Thermocouple Readings
V I VI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 101 0.884 89.284 38 38 31 31 30 30
2 101 0.888 89.688 49 49 34 34 33 33
3 102 0.894 91.188 62 62 40 40 37 37
4 102 0.894 91.188 68 67 43 43 39 39
5 102 0.884 90.168 73 72 45 45 40 40
6 102 0.894 91.188 76 75 47 47 41 40
7 102 0.892 90.984 78 77 50 50 42 42
8 102 0.894 91.188 81 79 51 51 42 42
9 102 0.894 91.188 81 79 51 51 42 42

MEAN READINGS:

T1 + T2
T (inside) = -------------- = 81 + 79/2 = 80oC
2

T3 + T4
T(middle) = --------------= 51 + 51/2 = 51oC
2

T5 + T6
T(outer) = -------------= 42 + 42/2 = 42oC
2

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Experiment No Date-

ASSUMPTIONS :

The pipe is so long as compared with diameter that heat flows in radial direction
only in middle half length.

a) Actual heat input is equal to

Q = VxI = 102 * 0.894 = 91.188 W

b) Now from known value of heat flow rate, value of combined thermal

conductivity of lagging material can be calculated.

2  k L (Tin – To)
Q = ------------------------
Ln (ro / ri )

Q Loge (ro / ri )
k = -------------------
2  L (Tin – To)

CALCULATIONS :

ri = Radius of inner pipe.

ro = Radius of outer pipe.
rm = Mean radius of middle pipe.
L = Length of the pipe assume it as unit
K = Thermal conductivity = W/moC.

Q Loge (ro / ri )
k = -------------------
2  L (Tin – To)

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Experiment No Date-

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Experiment No Date-

Results- 1. Rate of heat transfer = 91.188 W

2. Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos = 0.2945 W/moC

3. Thermal Conductivity of Sawdust= 0.6984 W/moC

4. Average Thermal Conductivity = 0.386 W/moC

LIMITS AND PRECAUTIONS :

NOTE: DO NOT EXCEED THE HEATER INPUT BEYOND 180 VOLTS.

1. Keep dimmerstat to zero position before start.
2. Increase voltage gradually.
3. Keep the assembly undisturbed while testing.
4. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

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Experiment No. Date-

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS

( By Two Slab Guarded Hot Plate Method )

Aim- To find out thermal conductivity of insulating material.

DESCRIPTION
The apparatus is designed and fabricated according to the Guarded Hot Plate
principle. The guarded Hot plate method has been recognized by scientists and
engineers in India and Developed countries, as most dependable and repeatable for
measurement of thermal conductivity of insulating material. It is a steady state
method suitable for materials which can be laid flat between two parallel plates and
can be adapted loose fill materials which can be filled between such plates.

PRINCIPLE OF THE GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD

For measurement of thermal conductivity (K), it is essential a one dimensional heat
flow through the flat specimen, an arrangement for maintaining its faces at the
constant temperatures and metering method to measure the heat flow through a
known area.

To minimise the distortion caused by edge losses in unidirectional heat flow from the
central plate, it is surrounded by a guard ring which is separately heated.
Temperatures are measured by calibrated thermocouples either attached to the plates
or to the specimens at the hot and cold surfaces. Two identical specimens are used on
either side to ensure that all the heat comes out through the specimens only.
Knowing the heat input to the central plate heater, the temperature difference across
the specimens, its thickness and the area, one can calculate “K” by the following
formula.
q L
K =
2A Th- Tc

Where
K = Thermal conductivity of the sample, Watt/m 0C.
q = Heat flow rate to the Inner Heater, Watt/hr.
A = Metering area of the specimen, m2
Th = Hot plate temperature, 0C
Tc = Cold plate temperature, 0C
L = Thickness of the specimen, m

If the specimen thickness are different and the respective hot and cold temperatures
are different then

q 1 1
K = ---- ---------- + ---------
2A Th1 – T c1 Th2 – T c2
---------- ---------
L1 L2

Where suffix 1 stands for upper specimen and 2 for lower specimen. However, in this
unit, both the specimen are identical. Hence, there is no need to use this formula.

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Experiment No. Date-

Description
The equipment consists of main central heater (Inner Heater) and ring guard heater
(Outer Heater), sandwiched between the two copper plates. Cooling plates are
provided on the either side of the specimen. Two identical specimens are clamped
Between heaters and cooling plate. Ring guard heater (outer heater) ensures
unidirectional heat flow through specimen. A glass wool bags insulation is provided in
the box panel to minimise the heat loss.
The thermocouples, T1 & T2, are used to measure the hot surface temperature at the
upper and lower central plate assembly copper plates. Two more thermocouples, T3 &
T4, are used to measure outer heater Temperatures. To measure Cold plate surface
temperatures, two thermocouples, T5 & T6, are used after running cold water.
A schematic layout of the unit is enclosed herewith.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Inner heater of 250 W. capacity with 101 mm. Dia sandwiched between two
copper plates.
2. Outer heater of 250 W. capacity, with 37mm. Width.
3. Cooling chamber with water circulation arrangement.
4. Specimen – 12.5 mm. thick, 180mm Dia.

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Experiment No. Date-

5. Glass-wool insulation around the set-up.

6. Control Panel consisting of :
a) Digital Voltmeter : 0 – 200 VAC, Make : Kristech, Pune
b) Digital Ammeter : 0 – 2 Amp., Make : Kristech, Pune.
c) Dimmerstat : 0 – 230V, 2 A, For inner& outer heater each.
d) Digital Temperature Indicator, 0-3000C with 10C least count, using
chromel-alumel thermocouple with cold junction compensation.
Make : E.S.Point, Sangli.
7. Entire set-up is provided on a table and stand made up of MS Square hollow
pipe and MS angle, with Laminated Ply board on the Front side and bottom.
TEST PROCEDURE
01. Connect the plastic tube with nipple, marked as water inlet, to tap water
connection.
02. Adjust the moderate water flow rate through the tap and observe that water
flow out from both the plastic tubes, marked as water outlet.
03. Connect the Heater supply cable and Thermocouple belt, from the Mechanical
unit to the respective positions of control panel.
04. Please see that both the Dimmerstat knobs are at zero position, marked on the
scale. The mains on knob, provided on the control panel should be on Off side.
05. Connect the mains supply cable to a stabilised power supply ( 230 V, AC, 50
Hz, single phase, 3 pin, 5 amps.)
06. Start the supply to unit by switching Mains On.
07. Observe that all the three digital meters are displaying.
08. On the control panel, a toggle switch is provided. Switch the toggle to Hi side
and adjust the heat input by operating Dimmerstat, marked as Inner Heater –
Hi. Observe the V & I readings as per sample calculations provided. Do not
disturb this input, till the experiment is over.
09. Now, switch the toggle to Ho side and adjust the heat input by operating
Dimmerstat, marked as Outer Heater – Ho. Observe the V & I readings as per
sample calculations provided. Do not disturb this input, till the experiment is
over.
10. Now, wait for steady state conditions, normally 90 minutes are required.
11. Record V & I for both the Heat Inputs and Temperatures ( by using selector
switch – 1 to 6 Nos. only ).
12. Fill the data in the observation table.
13. After recording these data after steady state conditions, make both Dimmerstat
positions to ZERO.
14. Switch off the unit.
15. Let the cooling water be run for additional 10 minutes and then close the water
supply.

NOTE : For ensuring that, no radial heat transfer is there, generally outer
heater input is more ( 2.5 to 3 times ) than inner heater input.

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Experiment No. Date-

OBSERVATION TABLE -

INNER HEATER OUTER HEATER COOLING

S.N. PLATE
V I T10 C T 20 C V I T30 C T40 C T50 C T60 C

1 68 0.17 68 68 71 0.59 78 80 32 33

2 68 0.17 82 82 71 0.59 90 92 34 34

3 68 0.18 86 86 71 0.61 92 94 35 35

4 68 0.17 92 92 71 0.61 97 96 36 37

5 68 0.17 94 94 71 0.61 98 100 37 38

6 68 0.17 96 96 71 0.6 99 100 37 38

7 68 0.17 97 97 71 0.59 100 102 37 38

CALCULATIONS

Test Specimen material – Bakelite

q = Heat input to inner heater ( in Watts )

q = V x I = 68*0.16= 10.88 W

Metering = d + x2

Area
d = Dia. of inner heater = 101mm.
x = Gap between Copper plates = 3.5mm.

= /4 (0.101 + 0.0035)2

= 8.5767 x 10-3 m 2

T1 + T 2
Th = =
2

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Experiment No. Date-

Tc T5 + T 6
= =
2
L = Thickness of specimen = 12.5 mm.
q L
K = x
2A (T h – Tc) =

Result- Thermal conductivity is = 0.133 W/mK

LIMITS AND PRECAUTIONS :

NOTE : DO NOT EXCEED THE INNER HEATER INPUT BEYOND 40 watt &
OUTER HEATER INPUT 120 watts.
1. Keep both the dimmerstats to zero position before start.
2. Before giving the supply to the equipment ensure that cold water is circulated
through both the plates.
3. Increase voltage gradually.
4. Keep the assembly undisturbed while testing.
5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
6. After finishing the experiments keep knobs of both the dimmerstats at ‘zero’
position.

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Experiment No. Date-

HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION

AIM -

To calculate heat transfer coefficient in forced convection theoretically and

experimentally.

INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer by forced convection is one of the most important heat transfer
modes present in many engineering applications. The apparatus is designed to find
out the value of heat transfer coefficient under the different air flow conditions.
Heat is transferred from the heated test section of the pipe to the air flow through
it.

SPECIFICATIONS
1) Industrial Type Air Blower with AC motor 0.14 HP, 2800 rpm, 230 V AC, having
provision to increase the air flow rate by control valve.
Make : Super Air Blower, Gujarat
2) Orifice diameter – 14 mm.
3) Band type Nichrome heater (MS in Brass ) mounted on test pipe surface –
38mm Dia. x 400mm Lt. Capacity – 400 watt.
4) Dimmerstat 2 amp., 230 V, Open type.
5) Digital Temp. Indicator : Range 0 – 3000C : Make : ES Point.
6) Digital Ammeter :- 0 – 2 Amps., 230 VAC : Make : Krishtech, Pune.
7) Digital Voltmeter :- 0 – 199.9 VAC : Make : Krishtech, Pune.
8) Cr/Al Thermocouple – 6 Nos.
9) Length of the test section – 400 mm.
10) Water tube manometer with scale.
11]Table & Stand made up of MS square hollow pipe and Angle. Both side
Laminated boards are fixed on the top and front side of the table.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus is mounted on a table. It mainly consists of blower with regulator to
vary the air flow rate, electrically heated test section, orifice and a Water tube
manometer.
A G.I. pipe is fitted at the outlet of air blower and is connected to the test section
where surface of pipe is heated by using nichrome heater clamped on the pipe. Six
thermocouples are fitted inside the test section to measure the temperature of air
and surface temperature of pipe.
An orificemeter is fitted at the outlet of the test section for measurement of air flow
with the help of Water tube manometer. By using dimmerstat the heat input for
heater can be varied. A digital temperature indicator is used to measure the
temperature with the help of thermocouples provided.

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Experiment No. Date-

PROCEDURE

1) Switch On the blower switch and adjust the air flow by using Regulator
provided on the blower as desired.
2) Now after adjusting the air flow rate switch on the Heater switch.
3) Now, give heat input by dimmerstat ( say 80 V, 100 V, etc) to desired value. (
DONOT EXCEED 80 watt )
4) Observe that the temperature of air and wall increases.
5) Wait for one hour approximately to achieve steady state conditions.
6) Record all six temperatures by using selector switch.
7) Note down the readings in observation table.
8) Repeat the experiment for different heat input as well as different air flow
conditions.

OBSERVATIONS
1) Test section length – 400 mm.
2) I.D. of G.I. Pipe – 28 mm.
3) Air temperatures – T1 & T6
4) Pipe surface temperatures – T2, T3, T4, T5
5) Orifice diameter – 14 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE

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Experiment No. Date-

Sr. Voltage Current Manometer Temperatures 0C

No. Reading
V I H cm T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1 78 0.76 8 36 57 62 61 57 37
2 78 0.75 7.5 43 64 70 72 67 44
3 78 0.75 7.5 43 65 71 73 67 44
4 78 0.77 7.5 43 66 72 73 67 44
5 78 0.77 7.5 43 66 73 74 67 44

T1 = 43 Air inlet temp. 0C

T6 = 44 Air outlet temp. 0C

T2, T3, T4, T5 – Temp. of pipe surface 0C

CALCULATIONS

1) The value of heat transfer coefficient ‘ha’ can be calculated by using

Qa
ha =
A (Ts – Ta )

ha = W/m 0C
Where Qa is the heat transfer rate to air

Qa = I * V = 0.77 * 78 = 60.06 -
m = Mass flow rate of air from orificemeter reading. - kg/s
cp = Sp. Heat of air at Ta - 0.24kcal/kg.m0C =
T = Temperature rise of air ( T6 – T1 ) 0C =
A = heat transfer area - m2
=  x di x L = *0.028*0.4= 0.035 m2
Ts = Average surface Temp. of pipe.

T2 + ……..+ T5 =
= 0C
4
Ta = Average surface Temp. of air

T1 + T6 0C
= = =
2

Now ‘q’ Air flow rate = cd * /4* d2 2 g.h. m3/Sec.

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Experiment No. Date-

a

Mass flow rate of air ‘m’ = Air flow rate (q) x density of air at Ta kg/s .

Where d = dia. of orifice in m.

h = manometer head in m
 = density of water = 1000 Kg/m3

(T1 + T6)
a = density of air at Ta = , m3/Kg.
2

Now mass flow rate of air

m = q x a Kg/s

Heat transfer rate to air Qa = m x cp x T

2) Nusselt number (Nu)

ha x di
Nu =
K

Where K = Thermal conductivity of air at Ta

3) Reynold’s Number (Re)

V x di
Re =


V = Velocity of air in pipe m/sec.

= q/A
A = /4 di2 m2
q = air flow rate m3/sec., di = Dia. of Pipe = 28mm

 = Kinematic viscosity of air at Ta

Now we have

Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (pr)0.4

Where pr = prandalt number from table at Ta

ha x di
Nu =
K

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Experiment No. Date-

ha= Nu x k / di

Results –
1. Heat transfer coefficient by experiment=
2. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient =

PRECAUTIONS
1. DO NOT EXCEED THE VOLTAGE WHILE GIVING HEATER INPUT BEYOND
80 watts ON VOLTMETER.
2. Selector switch, dimmer knobs should be used gently.

3. When the experiment is over, turn the dimmer knob to zero position and
allow the blower to run for 5 to 10 minutes.
4. Run the equipment once in a week for better performance.
5. Do not disturb the Thermocouple wires.

SERVICE REQUIRED : 230 V., Single phase A.C.supply.

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Experiment No. Date-

HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

AIM
To calculate heat transfer coefficient along the length of vertical pipe
experimentally and theoretically.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus is mounted on the sturdy table. It consists of vertical pipe
fitted in a large enclosure with top and bottom open to ensure undisturbed
natural convection conditions. For visual display, acrylic sheet is fitted on
the front side. The pipe is provided with heating element inside it which
heats the pipe uniformly and heat is dissipated from outer surface by
natural convection to ambient air. The temperature of pipe surface is
measured by using chromel-alumel thermocouple. One more thermocouple
records the ambient temperature in the duct.
The heater input can be varied with the help of Dimmerstat and is measured
by voltmeter and ammeter. A separate control panel is provided with the
necessary instrumentation on it.
SPECIFICATIONS

1) Enclosure size : 250 x 250 x 900 mm3

2) Tube size : 38mm ID x 500 mm. length.
3) Heater Cartridge Type : Nichrome wire - 400 W.
4) Digital Temperature Indicator.
5) Digital Voltmeter.
6) Digital Ammeter.
7) No. of thermocouples on pipe – 7.
8) Thermocouple for measuring Duct Temp. – 1 No.
9) Dimmerstat : 0-2 Amp., open type..
SERVICE REQUIRED

230 V.A.C., single phase electric supply.

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Experiment No. Date-

PROCEDURE

1) Put ‘on’ Heater Switch.

2) Adjust heat input by using Dimmerstat to desired value (say 50 V.)
3) Wait for sometime (45 min. to 60 min.) to achieve steady state condition.
4) Record all temperatures, Voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading.
5) Make Dimmerstat to zero position and then put ‘off’ Heater Switch.
6) Repeat the experiment for different heat input.

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
1 60 0.595 42 42 41 42 41 41 40 28
2 62 0.618 52 52 52 53 52 52 50 30
3 62 0.619 64 65 65 66 65 64 62 31
4 62 0.618 70 70 71 72 71 70 68 31
5 62 0.617 75 74 74 75 75 73 71 32
6 62 0.621 76 76 77 78 77 75 73 32
7 62 0.6 76 76 77 78 77 75 74 32

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Experiment No. Date-

CALCULATIONS

1) Heat transfer area =  x di x L = 3.14*0.5=0.596 m2

Where di = inside diameter of pipe m.
L = Length of pipe m.
2) Heat input q = V x I = 62*0.6= 3702 Watts.
T1 + …….. + T7
3) Average surface Temp. Ts = 7 =

(76+76+77+78+77+75+74+32)/7 = 76.140C

4) Average heat transfer coefficient hav = Q =

A(Ts – Ta)
37.02/0.596(76.14-32) = 14.143 W/m2 0C

Where Ta = T8 ambient temp. of duct.

For Theoretical Heat Transfer co-efficient

Ts + Ta
5) Mean Film Temperature – Tf = --------- =
2

6) T = Ts – Ta

1
7)  = ----------- =
Tf + 273
g x  x L3 xT
8) Gr =
2
Now from Table at Tf =

 = m2/sec.

Pr =

K = w/m k

L = Length of pipe = 0.510 m.

Nu = 0.59 ( Gr x Pr )1/4

 Now ha = Nu x k/L W/m2 0C

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Experiment No. Date-

Results-
1. Heat transfer coefficient value found by experiment=
2. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient =

PRECAUTIONS
1. DO NOT EXCEED THE HEATER INPUT BEYOND 80_ VOLTAGE.
2. Selector switch, dimmer knobs should be used gently.
3. Run the equipment once in a week for better performance.