Basic Electrical

Engineering (CUTM1057)
Module IV: Introduction to Electromagnetism

By Dr. Trilochan Penthia

SoET, CUTM
 Contents of Module-4

• Magnetic circuit
• Important terms and analogy.
• Laws of Electromagnetism (revision)
• B-H curve
• Hysteresis and Eddy current losses
• Solenoids and field coils.

Refer class copy

 Magnetic circuit

• Definition: The closed path followed by magnetic

lines of forces is called magnetic circuit.
• Flux is generated by magnets. The magnet can be
permanent magnet or electromagnet.
• A magnetic circuit is made up of magnetic materials
having high permeability such as iron, soft steel, etc.
• Magnetic circuits are used in various device like
electric motor, transformer, relays, generators,
galvanometer, etc.
Important terms and analogy
Magnetic circuit Electric circuit
The close path for the magnetic flux is called magnetic The close path for the electric current is called electric
circuit. circuit.
The number of magnetic lines of force decide Flow of electron decide the current passing through the
the magnetic flux. conductor.
Flux (ф) = MMF/Reluctance Current (I) = EMF/Resistance
MMF is the driving force in the magnetic circuit. The unit of EMF is the driving force in the electric circuit. The unit of
MMF is ampere-turns (AT). EMF is volts (V).
Reluctance (S) opposed by the magnetic path to the flux. Resistance (R) oppose the flow of current. The unit of
The unit of reluctance is AT/wb. resistance is ohm (Ω).
Flux (ф) measured in weber (Wb). Current (I) measured in Ampere (A).
MMF measured in Amp Turns (AT). EMF measured in Volts (V).

Permanence = 1/Reluctance = 1/S Conductance = 1/Resistance = 1/R

Permeability (μ) Conductivity (σ)
Reluctivity Resistivity
Flux Density (B) = ф/A (Wb/m2) Current Density (J) = I / A (A/m2)
Magnetic Intensity (H) = NI/L (AT/m) Electric Intensity (E) = V/d (V/m)

Kirchhoff MMF Law and Flux Law is applicable to the Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff Voltage Law
Magnetic Flux. (KVL) is applicable to the electrical circuit.
 Laws of electromagnetism

1. Ampere’s law
2. Biot-Savart Law
3. Maxwell’s right hand thumb/grip/curl/corkscrew rule
4. Fleming’s right hand and left hand rule
5. Faraday’s law of induction
6. Lenz’s law
7. Lorentz force law
Ampere’s law
• Ampere’s law is one of the useful law
which gives a relation between the
magnetic field and the current which
produces it is termed as the Ampere’s
law.
• Ampere’s circuital law can be written as
the line integral of the magnetic field
surrounding closed-loop equals the
number of times the algebraic sum of
currents passing through the loop.

• ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
• André-Marie Ampère, a scientist,
experimented this concept in the late
1820s.
Application of Ampere’s law
Biot Savart Law

• The Biot Savart Law is an

equation describing the
magnetic field generated
by a constant electric
current.
• It relates the magnetic
field to the magnitude,
direction, length, and
proximity of the electric
current.
Ampere’s law vs Biot Savart Law
Biot Savart Law Ampere’s circuit law

This law is based on the principle of This law is based on the principle
magnetism of electromagnetism

It is valid for asymmetrical current It is valid for symmetrical current

distribution. distributions

This law is the differential form of This law is the integral form of 𝐵
magnetic field induction 𝐵 or 𝐻. or 𝐻

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑

When electric field is provided by the When the electric field through
gradient of potential, electric flux the loop is constant with time
changes with time then this law is valid then this law is valid.
Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule

• The Maxwell's right hand thumb rule states that

'When the conductor is held in your right hand, such
that the direction of the thumb points the direction
of the current and the curled finger gives the
direction of the magnetic finger.
Fleming’s right hand and left hand rule
Fleming’s right hand and left hand rule
Faraday’s law of induction
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction or Faraday’s Law
• Michael Faraday proposed the laws of
electromagnetic induction in the year 1831.
• Faraday’s law or the law of electromagnetic induction
is the observation or results of the experiments
conducted by Faraday.
• He performed three main experiments to discover
the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, and
proposed two laws.
• It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). This
phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction or Faraday’s Law
• Michael Faraday proposed the laws of
electromagnetic induction in the year 1831.
• Faraday’s law or the law of electromagnetic induction
is the observation or results of the experiments
conducted by Faraday.
• He performed three main experiments to discover
the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, and
proposed two laws.
• It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). This
phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

• Faraday’s First Law: Any change in the magnetic field

of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the
coil. This emf induced is called induced emf and if the
conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is called
induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:
• By moving the magnet towards or
away from the coil
• By moving the coil into or out of the
magnetic field
• By changing the area of a coil placed
in the magnetic field
• By rotating the coil relative to the
magnet
 Faraday’s law vs Lenz’s law

• Faraday’s Second Law: It states that the magnitude of

emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change
of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of
the coil is the product of the number of turns in the
coil and flux associated with the coil.
𝒅𝝓
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = 𝑵
𝒅𝒕
• But as per Lenz's law:
𝒅𝝓
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = −𝑵
𝒅𝒕
• Lenz's law: It states that the
current induced in a circuit due
to a change in a magnetic field is
directed to oppose the change in
flux and to exert a mechanical
force which opposes the motion.
 Lorentz force law
• Lorentz force law or Lorentz force is defined as the
combination of the magnetic and electric force on a point
charge due to electromagnetic fields.
• It is used in electromagnetism and is also known as the
electromagnetic force.
• In the year 1895, Hendrik Lorentz derived the modern
formula of Lorentz force.
• Lorentz force explains the mathematical equations along
with the physical importance of forces acting on the
charged particles that are traveling through the space
containing electric as well as the magnetic field. This is the
importance of the Lorentz force.
• 𝐹 =𝑞 𝐸+𝑣×𝐵
B-H Curve or Hysteresis loop
Hysteresis and Eddy current losses
Basis for Comparison Eddy current Loss Hysteresis Loss
Definition The loss occur because of The losses which occur because
the relative motion of the reversal of the magnetism
between the core and is known as the hysteresis loss.
the magnetic flux.
Losses due to induced Losses due to the presence of
current produced by magnetic residual i.e. flux
induced voltage. density lags behind Field
strength.

Formula

Occur Interaction of the Because of reversal of flux.

magnetic flux and
conductor.
Minimising Method By making the core of By using Silicon Steel Material
thin lamination.
Loop, Coil and Solenoid

Refer class notes for the comparison!

 Field coil
• A field coil is an electromagnet used to generate a
magnetic field in an electro-magnetic machine, typically
a rotating electrical machine such as a motor or
generator.
• It consists of a coil of wire through which a current flows.
• Shape of coil/core: Solenoid, toroidal, poloidal, etc.
 Solenoids
• A solenoid is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical
coil of wire whose length is substantially greater than its
diameter.
• In solenoid, a wire that is tightly wrapped around a core,
usually made of metal, to generate an electromagnetic
field.
 Types Solenoids

• AC Laminated Solenoid
• DC C–Frame Solenoid
• DC D–Frame Solenoid
• Linear Solenoid
• Rotary Solenoid
• Tubular solenoid
 Application of Solenoids

• Automotive application (Ignition system, air conditioning

system, security system, locking system, etc.)
• Electrical equipment (relays, fan, etc.)
• Medical equipment/machines
• Irrigation System (sprinkler system, etc.)
• Household electronics
 Application of Solenoids
• A solenoid is used in electromagnets, inductors, antennas, valves, etc.
• The application of a solenoid differs in numerous types like medical, locking
systems, industrial use, the bottom line and Automotive Solenoid
Applications.
• A solenoid is used to control a valve electrically, for example, the solenoid core
is used to apply mechanical force to the valve.
• These can also used in particular types of door locking systems, which use an
electromagnet and offer a very secure closure.
• The solenoid is used in many different appliances and products like computer
printers, fuel injection gear used on cars and in various industrial settings.
• The main advantage of the solenoid is, whenever an electricity is applied, the
reaction of the solenoid is immediate.
• That quick response is one of the most significant factors in resolving the
applications of solenoids.