2nd Quarter

Research Design and Methodology

Population is the totality of individuals or objectives that are the focus of the study.

Members of the population usually have similar, binding characteristics.

Ex:
Study on Filipino senior high school students' food preference.
Ex:
A Study on mother's involvement in school activities of children in secondary schools.

The population used by the researcher in generalizing the conclusion of the study is also known as
target population.

Normally, the population is to big to handle. Thus, group may be chosen to represent the population.
 Sampling Frame

Sampling Frame
 Listing of all individuals or objects included in the target population.
 Care must be taken in constructing the sample frame. The frame should be organized in a
systematic way.

Exercise:
Determine the given statement if it is a sample or population.
1. Number of students in a school.
2. Number of selected non-smokers in Metro Manila.
3. Number of books in the library in your school.
4. Number of public school teachers in a municipality.
5. Number of people randomly selected to answer a questionnaire.
For each of the following research problems.
a. Determine whether to use sample or population as a respondent
b. Explain the reason for the choice.
1. A study on the effect of giving tutorial lessons in mathematics on the grades of grade 12
students in a particular school
 Sample, If I pick population, I need to know what grade 12 students in all schools think about
the response or issue.
2. A study on the cartoon characters preferences of grade 5 pupils.
 Sample. It picked a single cartoon and got to know a character before administering a survey to
grade 5 students at a specific school.
3. A study on the impact of the use of technology in teaching English.
 Population. It utilizes a population that isn't particular to anyone, and it has a sample that I
wasn't aware of.
4. A study on the intention of senior citizens to buy energy drinks.
 Sample. The subject is elderly citizens, and it is not a population because it focuses on a specific
group of individuals.
5. A study of the fruit preference of teachers in your school
 Sample. It's not a population because it's a school, therefore it's a sample of teachers' fruit
preferences at my school. Teachers must be among the responders.
Assignment
Answer the following:
1. What is Data Measurement?
 It explains the variables in a data collection and the values allocated to them. The phrase
scale of measurement derives from two statistics keywords: measurement and scale. The
practice of documenting observations obtained as part of a study is known as
measurement.
2. What are the Scales of Data Measurement?
 Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale.
Review:
Samples and Sample Size
 Population
 Sample

Define Data, Data Collection and Distinguish Between Grouped and Ungrouped Data
Data
Data is a collection of numbers about a specific topic or subject.
Data Collection
Data collection refers to the methods used to collect data from different sources for a purpose.
Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped data is data that is not grouped into classes or groups.
Grouped Data
Grouped data is data that is arranged into groups or classes.

Summary
 Data can be defined as a collection of numbers about a specific topic or subject.
 Data collection refers to the methods used to collect data from different sources for a particular
purpose.
 Ungrouped data is data that is not grouped into classes or groups. It is also called raw data.
 Grouped data is data that is organized into groups and classes and can be used for decisions.

Answers Through Data Collection

Objectives:
 Differentiate primary to secondary data
 Understand the concept of data measurement
 Differentiate the different measurement scales

Data is a body of information or observations that is provided to a researcher. It is a response or

reaction given to a particular situation.
The reaction of a person to a stimulus may not be the same in all situations.

Primary Data
• Are first-hand information gathered by the person who needs them.
• They may be observations or responses to a query.

Secondary Data
• Are second-hand information.
• They are taken from observations of others or responses to queries in researches.

To illustrate
Data gathered by a researcher for the purpose of a study. Primary Data
Data taken from reports of others. Secondary Data
Data in quantitative researches should be measurable.

Four (4) Data Measurement Scales

• Nominal scale
• Ordinal scale
• Interval scale
• Ratio scale

Nominal Scale
Is one where specific values are assigned to a particular group. The values assigned have no
significant value and is used just for labeling purposes only.
Example
• Group 1 Male
• Group 2 Female

Ordinal Scale
It is different from the nominal scale, in a sense that the number obtained provide the rank or order of
the values.

Interval Scale
Is a scale where intervals are consistent, but it does not have a true zero point.

Ratio Scale
Is similar to the interval scale, except for the presence of an absolute zero point which means absence of
whatever is being measured.

Locus of Data
As we prepare for data collection, it is important that we know what data is needed, where they
are located, and how to gather them.
The Locus of the research is the place where data is to be gathered.
In quantitative research, it is common practice to gather data through instruments.
Activity
Classify each data according to source.
1. Profile of respondents according to gender. Nominal
2. Financial statement of a company taken from the internet. Interval
3. Population of the Philippines per region as of 2014. Interval
4. Enrolment statistics of a school for the last 5 years. Interval
5. Preferred computer games played by the youth. Ordinal
6. Combo meal preferred by grade 12 students of a school. Ordinal
7. Household size of families. Interval
8. Appliances owned by a group of families. Interval
9. Favorite subjects of a group of grade 10 students. Ordinal
10. Daily study time of high school students of a school. Ratio

Assignment time
Classify each of the following based on data measurement scales.
1. ID number. Interval
2. Number of subject per day. Interval
3. Brand of soft drinks available in the Philippines. Interval
4. " Favorite sports.” Ordinal
5. Number of pairs of shoes owned. Interval
 Data Collection
Data gathering or collection is a process of collecting information regarding the variables that the
researcher sought to examine and to answer the objective/ s of the researcher.

Data gathering is important in processing statistical output.

Data gathering is beneficial to the accounting firm.

• It is used for doing an audit.
• Making financial projections for the firm.

Data gathering is beneficial to the finance officer.

• Making projections of the earnings.
• Provide information to the investors.

Data gathering is beneficial to the government.

• Policymaking.
• Will help the lawmakers to decide on what kind of government policy is best for the country.

Finding answers through data collection

In answering the research problem or research objectives, it is essential that the research has a
supporting data
Data can be processed for interpretation and analysis, and it will also help to validate the hypothesis of
the research.

What are Primary Sources?

Primacy sources ace documents and objects that are directly from the period of time you are studying.
They are originals.

Primary Sources
give you first hand accounts of what happened,
question the creator,
strengthen your argument,
and help develop knowledge and skills.

What are Secondary sources?

Secondary sources are documents that happen after an event in history. They are not originals

Secondary Sources
 Text books
 Reviews of artwork
 Copies of pictures
 Books about diaries
 Biographies
Why do we even use Secondary sources?

Secondary sources are used to show new perspectives of events and people from the time it is written.
These sources also can tell us why events occurred. Secondary sources will strengthen your argument!

Secondary sources help us Interpret, critique, and analyze Primacy sources

Two types of sources can be both

Primary and Secondary
 Finding Answers Through Data Collection
Nature and Role of Data in Research
Research is essential in answering problems or objectives of the firm/researcher with the support of
data.

Data are like pieces of puzzle that give a better picture of the behavior or the performance of firm,
government, or society

For example, some consumers favor imposition of government tax in texting. If the researcher will only
ask five to ten people, the researcher cannot make a definite conclusion.

Data is important, for example, to help the company analyze its behavior or performance in terms of
sales, revenue, cost, etc.

Collection of Primary Data

Primary Data
• Interview
• Questionnaire
• Observation
• Experiment

An interview is an oral exchange of questions and answers, where the researcher will take down notes in
the questionnaire similar to what the agents of National Statistics Office are doing.

The most common method of collecting data is through the use of questionnaire. Questionnaires may
be handed personally, or sent through email or other forms of technology such as the social media.

Data may also be acquired by making direct observations of a situation as it happens.

An experiment can also be done to gather primary data.

Collection of Secondary Data

Secondary Data
• Time-series data
• Cross-section data
• Panel data
• Pooled data

To define the data needed by the researcher, we need to determine first the objective of the study.
If we want to get a better picture of the behavior of the four variables, we need to gather more
information or more time series data.

Data Source

What is Data Collection:

Data collection is the process of gathering and
measuring information on variables of in an established
interest, systematic fashion that enables one to answer
stated research test hypotheses, questions, and
evaluate outcomes. (Most, 2003)
9.4 Methods of Primary Data Collection
9.4.1 Questionnaire Method
9.4.2 Interviews Method
9.4.3 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
9.4.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal/ Assessment (PRA)
9.4.5 Rapid Rural Appraisal/ Assessment (ARA)
9.4.6 Observation Method
9.4.7 Survey Method
9.4.8 Case Study Method
9.4.9 Diaries Method
9.4.10 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
9.4.11 Activity Sampling Technique
9.4.12 Memo Motion Study
9.4.13 Process Analysis
9.4.14 Link Analysis
9.4.15 Time and Motion Study
9.4.16 Experimental Method
9.4.17 Statistical Method
9.5 Methods of Secondary Data Collection
9.6 Methods of Legal Research

Steps in Data Collection

1. Prepare the questionnaire/Checklist (Ready-made or not)
2. Explain your questionnaire/Checklist (why, and the possible outcomes)
3. Explain the processes (use of letters or emails, authorization)
4. Explain your respondents (how you will approach them and your expectation)
5. Explain how you end your data collection

Activity
Identify whether the variable can be obtained using primary (survey) or secondary (time series/cross
sectional) data.
Inflation primary
Age primary
Temperature primary
Stock market secondary
Gender primary
GDP secondary
Salary of employee secondary
Preferences primary
Minimum wage per region secondary
Skin color primary
Sales of the company secondary
Car sales every year secondary
Blood type primary
Martial status primary
Number of enrolees secondary
Name of your mother primary
Assignment
Answer the following:
1) What is data organization?
The activity of categorizing and classifying data to make it more useable is known as data
organization.
You'll need to organize your data in a logical and orderly manner, similar to how we organize
critical papers in a file folder, so you — and anybody else who accesses it — can simply locate
what you're searching for.
2) How to organize collected data?
Your information is almost certainly saved in one of the most prevalent structure types.
Tabular data is a type of file that is rectangular and flat.
This is data from a spreadsheet that is presently being used.
This is where the majority of research data is kept.

Xml files that may save data and metadata in the same file are known as hierarchical files.
To prevent redundancy, this structure is employed.
Relational databases store data in several tables and can handle large amounts of data as well as
complicated queries.

Understanding the structure of your data is critical to unlocking its value in any solid data
organization plan.
There are two types of data stories: structured and unstructured.
Unstructured data makes up 80 to 90 percent of the world's data, and it's expanding at a much
quicker rate than structured data.

Structured data is data that has been prepared, labeled, and arranged in databases.
It is simple to obtain, process, and evaluate.
 Finding Answers Through Data Collection

Data Organization

After data are collected, they have to be properly organized. Organization refers to the process of
classifying data collected for ease interpretation.

Assuming that a researcher is interested in determining whether the price of a condominium unit
increases due to the following:

 Floor location of the unit

 Number of bedrooms
 Number of bathrooms
 Size of the unit
 Available parking in the condominium
 Available gym
 Available swimming pool, and
 Accessibility

Methods of Data Presentation

One of the most aspects in any statistical investigation is the manner by which the researcher
presents the data.

Various Modes of Data Presentation

1. Textual
2. Tabular
3. Graphical Displays

Textual Presentation

The data are presented in the form of texts, phrases, or paragraphs.

The Philippine Stock Exchange composite index lost 7.19 points to 2,099.12 after trading
between 2,095.30 and 2,108.47.

Tabular

A more reliable and effective way of showing relationships or comparisons of data through the
use of tables. The tables must be accompanied by a short narrative explanation to make the facts
clearer and more understandable.
The following newspaper report presents a tabular data presentation

Country  Peso 

United States 50.7890

Japan 0.4140

United Kingdom 72.5267

Hongkong 6.5116

Switzerland 28.7382

Canada 32.9756

Singapore 28.7382

Graphical

The most effective way of presenting data through the use of statistical graph.

It can easily attract the attention as well as the interest of the reader.

Resume  

is a one page summary of your work experience and background relevant to

the job you are applying to.

       CV (Curriculum Vitae)

is a longer academic diary that includes all your experience, certificates, and
publications.

The differences are:

 
 1. A resume is one page (max. two) whereas the CV can be longer, 
2.  A resume is used for job hunting in all industries, the CV is used
for jobs and admissions in Academia, 
3. The resume is tailored to the specific job you are applying to,
whereas the CV is a comprehensive overview. 

Activity

Answer the following:

1. What are the types of graph?

2. What is data presentation?
Objectives:

 To discuss concepts of hypothesis and hypothesis testing

 Apply statistical tools to analyze bivariate data
 Interpret and analyze statistical output

Statistical Treatment of Data

Research Hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research
Hypothesis testing is a statistical process to validate the theory, claim, or assumption/s of the
researcher, and at the same time, to answer the objectives of the study.

For example, a study about salary in relationship to education level acquired, work experience & gender.
Dependent Variable - Salary
Independent Variable - education level acquired, work experience, and gender.
We need to set up our null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis of the study.

Null hypothesis is always a negative statement, while alternative hypothesis is always at the affirmative
statement. In this case, Null Hypothesis are:
(1) There is no significant relationship between education level acquired and salary of the respondent,
(2) There is no significant relationship between work experience and salary of the respondent, and
(3) There is no significant relationship between gender and salary.

We can encode the data in a spreadsheet and test the hypothesis of the study. A, B, and C are the
column header, and the number 1, 2, 3, are the rows. Figure 1.1 is a sample of the data set encoded in a
spreadsheet, where Figure 1.2 indicates the answers to be returned in column C based on the formula
encoded.

Figure 1.1 TV commercial time (seconds) typed in a spreadsheet

A B C
1 Commercial Time Sample Size 12
2 45 Sample Mean =average(A2:A13)
3 33 Sample Standard Deviation Stdev(A2:A13)
4 26 Level of Signficance 0.05
5 35 Critical Value =tinv(2*C4,C1-1)
6 40 Hypothesize Value 30
7 32 Standard Error =30/sqrt(C1)
8 42 Test Statistic =(C2-C6)/C7
9 28 p-value =tdist(C8,C1-1,1)
10 29 Conclusion =if(C9<C4, “reject”, “do
not reject”)
11 47
12 17
13 19
 A B C
1 Commercial Time Sample Size 12
2 45 Sample Mean 32.75
3 33 Sample Standard Deviation 9.611782542
4 26 Level of Signficance 0.05
5 35 Critical Value 1.795884814
6 40 Hypothesize Value 30
7 32 Standard Error 2.774682619
8 42 Test Statistic 0.991104345
9 28 p-value 0.171467765
10 29 Conclusion Do not reject
11 47
12 17
13 19

It is important to use the appropriate statistical tool in answering the objective of the study. Make sure
that the statistical tool will answer the problem of the objective of the study; the use of the statistical
tool will answer the problem or objective of the study.

Statistics
Descriptive
MCT
 Mean
 Percentage
MOV
 Standard Deviation
 Variance
 Range

Inferential
Parametric
 T-test
 Pearson's Correlation
 ANOVA

Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean - the arithmetic average of the distribution.
• Median - the middle value that separates the higher value and the lower value equally.
• Mode - the most frequently occuring value.

Measures of Variability
• Standard Deviation - measure of dispersion around the mean.
• Variance - the square of the standard deviation
 • Range - difference between maximum and minimum.

Inferential Statistics
Parametric
• T-test - allows the comparison of the mean of 2 groups.
• Pearson's Correlation - when you are working with two quantitative variables in a population.
• ANOVA - a general method of drawing conclusions regarding differences of population means
when two or more comparison groups are involved.

Types of T - Test
1) Independent - samples t - test
applies when there are two separate populations to compare.
2) Paired - samples t - test
appropriate when there are two measures to be compared for a single population.

Activity:
Using your research paper, choose an appropriate Statistical Treatment of Data to be used in
computing and tabulating all the data gathered.

1. Frequency and percentage. This was used to summarize the data gathered from the survey
questionnaire the respondents will answer.
2. Mean. will be used to get average score of the respondent's answer.

Formula: X =
∑x
N
Where:
X = Mean,

∑ x = sum of all score, and

N = Number of cases

Assignment:
Answer the following:
1. What is recommendation?
o Always be honest about your constraints and how you plan to overcome them in
future projects. The following is an excerpt from the Conclusions section of a
report on a study that looked at the influence of pulsation on heat transfer in
horizontal pipe flow.
2. What is conclusion?
 o Each of the two bridge designs shown in this report meets the project brief's
requirements. Round piers on stacked foundations are employed in both designs
since the soil conditions are unknown and perhaps unstable. Design 1, a basic
composite I-girder bridge, benefits from being composed of steel, which allows
for larger spans and fewer piers.
3. How to write summary of findings?

 A visitor's survey summary is frequently the only element of your survey that they read.
As a result, it's critical to nail all of the details, including the presentation.
 Multiple Choice
 Paragraph Text
 Net Promoter score
 Star rating
 Single Line Text
 Dropdown
 Checkboxes
 Likert Scale
 Data Presentation
Data that were collected will have to be summarized in preparation for presentation and analysis.
Quantitative research
1) Pie Chart
2) Bar Graph
3) Line Graph
4) Histogram

Pie Chart
It is a type of graph that displays circular graph. The pieces of the graph
are proportional to the fraction of the whole in each category.

Bar Graph
is a graphical display or data using bars or different heights.

Line Graph
It is a type of chart used to show information
that changes over time.

Histogram
A histogram is a plot that lets you discover. and show. the underlying
frequency distribution(shape) of a set of continuous data.
 1. Seeing, touching, and hearing the source of data personally is what direct observation means.
True
2. Questionnaire is a data-gathering technique that enables researchers to ask a set of questions
orally.
False
3. Expressing the sensory experiences to quantitative data, researchers record it with the use of
descriptions.
False
4. The second set of questions in an interview is composed of directive questions or close-ended
questions to elicit specific answers.
False
5. Survey makes researchers obtain facts or information about the subject or object of research
through interview or questionnaire.
True
6. Mode is the most frequent data or response.
True
7. An experiment is a scientific method of collecting data whereby researchers give the subjects a
sort of survey form then evaluate the results and discover the reasons behind their answers.
False
8. First set of questions in an interview must include opening questions that will establish friendly
relationships between the researcher and the respondent.
True
9. Observation uses sense organs to gather facts or information about people, things, places, or
events by watching and listening to them.
True
10. The words treatment, intervention, and condition, mean the same thing in relation to
experimentation.
True
11. Ratio scale can measure the absolute zero (0). (1 Point) TUMPAK GANERN
True
12. Mean is the average of all the items or scores. (1 Point) TUMPAK GANERN
True
13. Samples are group of individuals that has the same characteristics. (1 Point) TUMPAK GANERN
True
14. Probability sampling is the selection of individuals from the population so that they can be
representative of the population. (1 Point) TUMPAK GANERN
True
15. Random sampling means electing a sample from the population so that all in the population have
equal chance of being selected. (1 Point) TUMPAK GANERN
True

16. Class Standing- 1st Honor, 2nd Honor, 3rd Honor.

Ordinal Scale
17. Age Bracket- Below 20 years, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 50 years and above.
Ratio scale
18. Hair color- Black, Brown, Burgundy, Auburn
Nominal Scale
19. At 0 pounds, you would weight nothing and therefore wouldn't exist.
Ratio Scale
20. Place finished in a race- 1st Place, 2nd Place, 3rd Place.
Ordinal Scale
21 . Behavioral Pattern- Extrovert, Introvert, Ambivert
Nominal Scale
22. The difference between 10 cm and 20 cm is the same as 20 cm and 30 cm.
Interval Scale
23. Type of house- Bungalow, Duplex, Ranch
Nominal Scale
24. The difference between 5 minutes and 10 minutes is the same as 1 5 minutes and 20 minutes in a
12-hour clock.
Interval scale
25. Position- CEO, Vice- President, Director, Manager, Assistant Manager
Nominal scale
26. Brand of soft drinks available in the Philippines - RC, Coca Cola, Sprite, etc.
Nominal Scale
27. ID number — 0001, 0002, 0003, 0004, 0005, 0006, etc.
Ratio Scale
28. Favorite sports - Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, etc.
Nominal Scale
29. Birth order — First born, Middle child, Youngest child.
Ordinal Scale
30. Name of grade 12 sections in school — Luna, Rizal, Bonifacio, etc.
Nominal scale
31 . The difference between 25 minutes and 30 minutes is the same as 35 minutes and
40 minutes in a 12-hour clock.
Interval scale
32. At O kilogram, you would weight nothing and therefore wouldn't exist.
Ratio Scale
33. Brand of Shoes - Nike, Asics, Mizuno, Lacoste, etc.
Nominal Scale
34. Podium finish in a sport - Champion, 1st runner up, 2nd runner up, 3rd runner up, etc.
Ordinal Scale
35. Size of t-shirt - Extra Small, Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large, etc.
Nominal Scale

36. PD
37. SD
38. PD
39. PD
40. SD
41. SD
42. SD
43. SD
44. SD
45. SD
46. PD
47. PD
48. SD
49. PD
50. SD
Assignment :
Answer the following:
1) What is conclusion?
 Finish with a quote from or a reference to a primary or secondary source that expands
on your main argument or puts it in a better perspective. A quote from, instance, the
novel or poem you're discussing may give richness and detail to your argument, and a
critic or scholar might aid corroborate or complicate your final conclusion.
2) What is recommendation?
 A critical proposal on the best course of action in a given scenario is an example of
recommendation in a research report. The goal of a suggestion is to give a helpful guidance that
not only solves problems but also leads to a positive conclusion. Recommendations vary widely
and are significantly influenced by the circumstances. As a result, it is evident that a suggestion
example in a research report is always based on specific facts and cannot be speculated about
because it is not a hypothesis.
3) What is the significant difference of recommendation and summary of findings?
 the key distinction between summary of findings and recommendations is that summary of
findings address how the study's findings may be relevant, whereas recommendations advocate
particular actions that need to be done in terms of policy, practice, theory, or future research.
There are two crucial subsections: summary of findings and suggestions. These two parts are
usually prepared towards the conclusion of a research project after it has been finished. The
part on recommendations usually comes after the section on ramifications.
 Reporting and Sharing of Findings
Objective:
 Discuss how to draw conclusions from research findings.

Drawing Conclusion
In a research project, the objectives of the study are properly laid down at the start. In the
conclusion, what is put forward is what is learned from the research.

It is devoted to a discussion of what happened, rather than what method was used.

In this part of the study, the researcher evaluates how well the research answered the objectives of the
study.

Take note that having a conclusion is not making a summary of the study. Instead, conclusion will have a
final judgement regarding the theory.

Conclusion
The researchers conclude that there is indeed a relationship between Mobile Legends and
lifestyle of a student. As the result shown from the tables provided in Chapter 4 of this study. In Table A
which showed that Mobile Legends has negative impact on lifestyle of the respondents, most of the
respondents agreed and also disagreed at the same time and others answered neutral in some
statements provided by the researchers. In Table B, which showed that Mobile Legends has positive
impact on lifestyle of the respondents, most of the participants disagreed in some statements given by
the researchers, there are some who strongly agreed and some are just neutral.
 Making Inferences
What is an inference?
How can learning to make
inferences
make me a better reader?

An inference is a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

clues (text evidence) + what you already know (prior know edge) = form an idea (make an Inference)

Objectives:
 Discuss the characteristics of summary of findings and conclusion
 Identify the things to avoid in writing chapter 5 of a research paper.

Discussion of Results of the study

 After the data collected are processed, it is important that the statistical results be analyzed and
interpreted.
 This chapter we will give focus on the Chapter 5 "Summary, Conclusions, and
Recommendations" of a Research Paper.
 The objective of this lesson is to form logical conclusion from the results of the study, and make
recommendations based on the conclusion.

Characteristics of the Summary of Findings

1. There should be a brief statement about the main purpose of the study, the population or
respondents, the period of the study, and method of research used.
2. The findings may be lumped up all together but clarity demands that each specific questions
under the statement of the problem must be written first to followed by the findings that would
answer.
3. The findings should be textual generalizations, that is, a summary of the important data
consisting of text and numbers.

Characteristics of Conclusions
1. Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretation, general
statements, and/or generalizations based upon the findings.
2. Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the beginning of the
investigation in the order they are given under the statement of the problem.
3. Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry.
4. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey all the
necessary information.
Some dangers to avoid in drawing up conclusion based on quantitative data
1. Bias
2. Incorrect generalization
3. Incorrect deduction
4. Incorrect comparison
5. Abuse of correlation data
6. Limited information furnished by any o
7. Misleading

Recommendations
Guideline in writing the recommendation
1. It should have the aim and effort to solve problems in the study.
2. It should ensure a continuous benefit being accorded to the universe - mankind involved.
3. It should recommend positive solutions the problems.
 Formulating Recommendations of Research Paper
When you draw a conclusion you use two things:
1.What you read from a story or a text
2.What you already know in your head (prior knowledge)

A conclusion is a decision you come to when you put these two them as together.

We can also draw conclusions from the illustrations or pictures in our text.

Reporting and Sharing of Findings

Objectives:
 Identify the factors to consider in writing chapter 5
 Be familiar with the things to consider in writing chapter 5

Things to Consider When Writing Chapter 5 of Research Paper

 In Chapter 5, you are required to evaluate your own work and provide personal insights and
interpretation of the results. However, this does not mean that you give your opinions as you
wish
 Insights and interpretation should be based on the constraints of scholarly writing in which you
mention what the study means to you and what it means to the field of practice, to previous
research and people interested in your study

Summary
• The objective of this section is to refresh the reader's understanding of the 'findings' or 'results.
• Highlight the main or major findings that you had stated in Chapter 4. There is no need to
explain in detail the findings or results and avoid the temptation to copy and paste from
Chapter 4.
• Keep it simple and do not include too much research jargon so that someone who is not be in
the field can understand.
• In the case of quantitative research, use simple non-statistical language to summarize.
• Remember to write in the past tense. For example, "Job satisfaction as expressed by staff did
not vary according to leadership styles of the senior manager".
• For quantitative research, to ensure flow, it is suggested that you use the research questions or
hypotheses as a guide.
• Synthesize the findings and show how they converges answer the research questions.
• You also show how the findings of your study has contributed to existing understanding of
concepts identified in the works of other people - important to acknowledge the views of
others who share similar positions as those identified by your research. Compare and contrast
your findings or results with those of other researchers
• If you want to show that the findings of your study has policy implication, you must present a
brief description of the policy and how the findings from your study are relevant or relate to the
policy
• If you want to show how your study contributed towards your theoretical framework then
show how your work could influence the theoretical debate.
Recommendation
• First, it must be logical, specific, attainable and relevant.
• Second, it should be addressed to persons, organizations, or agencies directly concerned with
the issues or to those who can immediately implement the recommended solutions.
• Third, present another topic which is very relevant to the present study that can be further
investigated by future researchers. But never recommend anything that is your study or not
being mentioned in your findings.

Recommendations for Future Research Ask yourself

• What area of interest would you have liked to explore but which was outside the scope of your
study?
• What other perspectives could be explored to illuminate aspects of the subjects which were
only merely uncovered?
• What follow-up studies would you like to conduct given your results/findings?
• How could your study be extended?

Recommendations for Future Practice

• How can the professionals in your field be impacted by the findings of this study?
• What recommendations can you make to professionals, policymakers, stakeholders,
government leaders etc?
Drawing Conclusion

Objectives:
Discuss how to formulate recommendations from research findings

After the conclusions are made, recommendations have to be proposed. The recommendation may
include suggestions based upon the conclusion of the study.

The results of the study may also lead to future research. Part of the recommendation may be
suggestion for future directions of the study.
 Reporting Findings, Drawing Conclusions and Making Recommendations
(Making Recommendations Based on Conclusions)
Recommendations
the suggestions or methods on how to handle the conclusion.
the critical suggestions regarding the best course of action in a certain situation
provides a beneficial guide that will not only resolve certain issues, but will also result in a
beneficial outcome
always based on certain data and cannot be speculated.
urge specific actions to be taken with regard to policy, practice, theory, or subsequent research

The results of the research from the logical findings and conclusions need to have the
corresponding recommendations from the researchers. This will provide you ideas in writing your
recommendations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, these serve as practical suggestions for
future research in similar fields. They are envisioned to further improve the pertinent variables that
were the subject of the investigation undertaken.
Recommendations are expressed in clear and concise terms. They are relevant to the research
problems and feasible for implementation. The general recommendations may also be stated giving
suggested measures to concerned agencies, institutions, or to the government that may lead towards
the betterment of society in general.
The researcher's final recommendation is addressed to other researchers who may want to
pursue similar studies. Moreover, suggested topics of interest or variables are given. In the case that the
qualitative study is conducted to propose an intervention program, the recommendation will be the
adaptation of said program.

Formulating the Recommendations of the Study

In preparing this part of your paper, remember that in making your recommendations, you must
show how your results support them. A recommendation for a preferred alternative should include:
a. specific statements on what should be done, the steps required to implement the policy, and
the resources needed.
b. discussion of the benefits to the organization and what problems would be corrected or
avoided.
c. discussion of the feasibility of the proposed policy and
d. general statement about the nature and timing of the evaluation plan that would be used to
determine the effectiveness of the proposed policy.
The crafted recommendations of the speaking anxiety study to the Le Thanh Hien High School
students in Vietnam on speaking anxiety

Findings Conclusions Recommendations

1. The students were not given
enough time to prepare for a
speaking task before the task
was performed.
2. When the students were
1. Students spoke very 1. Teachers should first improve the
little or not at all performance conditions by giving their
students time to prepare for a speaking
task.
2.Students could not 2. Teachers should help their students
 asked to work in groups, not all
of them were eager to
contribute their opinions in
English. Some of them
participated actively but the
others spoke very little or not at
all.
3. They tended to use
Vietnamese when they
discussed in groups
4.While the students were
making performances, the other
students in class did not listen
attentively. They even chatted
with the people next to them
when their classmates were s
akin
5. The students looked very
nervous when they spoke in
front of the class. Sometimes,
they did not know what to say
then kept silent.
think of anything to say to overcome inhibition and shyness by
having friendly, helpful and cooperative
behaviors to make the students feel
comfortable when speaking in the class.
3.Students used 3. Teachers should personalize and
Vietnamese instead of simplify the topics in the textbook to
English when they make them easier, more interesting and
discuss in groups or in relevant to their lives.
pairs.
4.Students did not have 4. Teachers should create an English
motivation to express speaking environment by encouraging
themselves the students to use English in the
classroom to make it a habit.
5.Students did not have 5.Students should first understand the
motivation to express importance of speaking skills.
themselves.

Title: Perceived Motivational Factors of Senior High Teachers in Using Social Media and Its Effects on
Senior High students in Pamplona National High School.
Findings:
1. The researchers learned that having no time for opening social media application due to lots of tasks
either academic or household chores is not the effect of integrating social media for educational
purposes.
2. The most frequent reasons of teachers why they are motivated to use social media for educational
purposes are- they just want to be updated on the school happenings and to communicate with other
faculty members and school administrator, and if needed only in their concerns with tasks.
Conclusions:
1. The researchers come up with a conclusion that the effect of social media's utilization for educational
purposes in terms of personal aspects, students can be able to search/ gather information or ideas
about certain issues.
2. The researchers concluded that the least effect to students of integrating social media for educational
purposes is lack of time for opening social media application due to lots of household chores and
academic tasks.

Title: Stress Management Skills Under Pressure in Line With Computer Connections of CSS 11 & 12
Students of Pamplona National High School (Rovy Jean Porlaje, 2019, Pamplona National HS, Pamplona,
Camarines Sur)
Findings:
1. Most frequent stressors of the students are school related stressors, followed by personal factors
such as the family issues, personal economic problems and inherent personality characteristics
encompass the students' lives.
2. Some students succumb into stress because of their looks. It lowered their self- confidence and self-
esteem because of unfair treatment of the world and some are fall into insecurity which is the down
cast.
3. Work overload of the students result in Hyper Stress that pushes students beyond what they can
handle. Little or simple things like school works trigger their emotional response that lead to serious
emotional and physical repercussion. Hypo Stress is the opposite which is the results when the students
bored by an unchallenged job such as working the same task over and over again. Because of these,
students trapped as restlessness and lack of inspiration.
Conclusions:
1. The problems of the students are different due to their uniqueness, adaptation, vulnerability,
involvements and simple excellent techniques specifically their locus of control.
2. Procrastination, thieve time, one attitude that is very common among a lot of students (more on
later) because of many circumstances diving headfirst into crossing consequences ahead. Every student
has a life outside the academic curriculum and school environment. Thereby, it hides awful matters
beyond those smiles enable to pretend and to become an extraordinary person.
3. So many students shine beyond those threatening stresses under severe pressure while others are
stocked.
Recommendations
It is a part of research paper which explains the study's relevance to the field and the
applicability of its findings to other similar or related studies in the future.

Title: Perceived Motivational Factors of Senior High Teachers in Using Social Media and Its Effects on
Senior High students in Pamplona National High School
Findings:
1. The most agreed impact of using social media for educational purposes along social factor is that,
schools are beginning to use facebook group to communicate with students.
2. The researchers found out that focusing on academic purposes is doubtful for there will be
interruptions such as online games, downloading videos, etc. is the least effect of using social media for
educational purposes.
Conclusions:
1. The researchers, therefore conclude that in terms of social factors, in which the integration of social
media by schools through creating facebook group paves way to create communication among teachers
and students.
2. Researchers concluded that among the following effects of using social media, the effects in academic
performance got a lowest average weighted mean therefore the students are slightly not affected about
it.
Recommendations:
1. To the students, the researchers recommend that the students must practice time management in
using social media, so that it cannot affect their academic performances.
2. The researchers would like to recommend teachers' consideration to students who do not have load,
do not have cellphone and those who are struggling with poor internet connection for they might not be
able to view photos or documents and might not get updated about any reminders.
(Perceived Motivational Factors of Senior High Teachers in Using Social Media and Its Effects on Senior
High students in Pamplona National High School, Neil Morillo, 2020)
Title: Perceived Motivational Factors of Senior High Teachers in Using Social Media and Its Effects on
Senior High students in Pamplona National High School
Findings:
1. The researchers learned that having no time for opening social media application due to lots of tasks
either academic or household chores is not the effect of integrating social media for educational
purposes.
2. The most Frequent reasons of teachers why they are motivated to use social media for educational
purposes are, they just want to be updated on the school happenings and to communicate with other
faculty members and school administrator, and if needed only in their concerns with tasks.
Conclusions:
1. The researchers come up with a conclusion that the effect of social media's utilization for educational
purposes in terms of personal aspects, students can be able to search/ gather information or ideas
about certain issues.
2. The researchers concluded that the least effect to students of integrating social media for educational
purposes is lack of time for opening social media application due to lots of household chores and
academic tasks.
Recommendations:
1. To the students, the researchers recommend that the students must practice time management in
using social media, so that it cannot affect their academic performances.
2. The researchers would like to recommend teachers' consideration to students who do not have load,
do not have cellphone and those who are struggling with poor internet connection for they might not be
able to view photos or documents and might not get updated about any reminders

Title: Stress Management Skills Under Pressure in Line With Computer Connections of CSS 11 & 12
Students of Pamplona National High School (Rovy Jean Porlaje, 2019, Pamplona National HS, Pamplona,
Camarines Sur)
Findings:
1. Most frequent stressors of the students are school related stressors, followed by personal factors
such as the family issues, personal economic problems and inherent personality characteristics
encompass the students' lives.
2. Some students succumb into stress because of their looks. It lowered their self- confidence and self-
esteem because of unfair treatment of the world and some are fall into insecurity which is the down
cast.
3. Work overload of the students result in Hyper Stress that pushes students beyond what they can
handle. Little or simple things like school works trigger their emotional response that lead to serious
emotional and physical repercussion. Hypo Stress is the opposite which is the results when the students
bored by an unchallenged job such as working the same task over and over again. Because of these,
students trapped as restlessness and lack of inspiration.
Conclusions:
1. The problems of the students are different due to their uniqueness, adaptation, vulnerability,
involvements and simple excellent techniques specifically their locus of control.
2. Procrastination, thieve time, one attitude that is very common among a lot of students (more on
later) because of many circumstances diving headfirst into crossing consequences ahead. Every student
has a life outside the academic curriculum and school environment. Thereby, it hides awful matters
beyond those smiles enable to pretend and to become an extraordinary person.
3. So many students shine beyond those threatening stresses under severe pressure while others are
stocked.
Recommendations:
1. Accept that there are lots of things that you cannot control, because you are only a human not a
robot nor gods or goddesses having an immortal power. Just adjust your standards and always take a
break for a while and do something pleasurable things such as playing guitar or entering virtual world
and so many things that makes you happy to recharge yourself before the next wave of stress.
2. Keep a positive attitude; rather than defaulting to negatives, always smile. Keep moving forward when
fear what's ahead, always do your best and God will do the rest. Make a strong and greathearted
connection to all treasured persons especially to God and avoid those toxic relationships.
3. Manage your time properly, avoid procrastination, priority first then strategize.

Reporting Findings, Drawing Conclusions and Making Recommendations

(Writing List of References)
References
should be written in-text (as parentheses), at the bottom of the page (as footnotes) or as end
notes in a separate notes section at the end of a chapter or at the end of the thesis
the last page of an essay or research paper that's been written in APA style
list of all the sources used in your project so readers can find what were cited
a list similar to works cited list and is a term used when citing sources using APA format style
and is arranged alphabetically by author's last name.

The list of reference materials used in the conduct of the research study is very important for
the researchers to show in the final written research report.

Types of Sources
1. Primary Sources- research publications where researches report their findings.
2. Secondary Source-publications in which authors describe the work of others. Textbook is also an
example. Encyclopedia research review and yearbooks are also secondary sources for literature
review.

Citations
You can cite books, magazines, newspaper, computer articles, journal and film. These can be
your sources for your literature review.

Styles of Referencing
 APA is an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of
a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
 MLA is most often applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA
 HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style in the UK and
Australia, and it is encouraged for use with the humanities.
 CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two separate styles but are very similar. They are also widely used
for history and economics.
The components of reference entry are as follows:
1. Author's Name: Type the surname first then the first, followed by a comma, then the first name
and the middle initial. If there are two to six authors, all their names are written. If there are
more than six, the remaining authors can be represented by the words, "et al"
2. Year of Publication. It should follow the period after the author's name and should be enclosed
in parentheses.
3. Book Title. The complete title and edition should be written. The entire book title should be
italicized or underlined. Only the first letter of the first word and proper names must be
capitalized.
4. Journal Title. The title of the article in roman face and sentence case (only the first letter of the
first word and proper names must be capitalized) appears first. The title of the journal itself
appears in italics and in title case ( the first letter of each substantial word is capitalized).
5. Place of Publication. The place where the book was published should be written, followed by a
colon.
6. Publishing House. The name of the publishing house follows the place of publication.

Examples of References (APA 4th ed., 1999)

a. Book (Revised Edition)
Burns, N. , & Grove, S.K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique, and
utilization (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia:Saunders.
b. Journal Supplement
Chouinard, M. C. , & Robichaud-Ekstrand, S. (2005). The Effectiveness of a Nursing Inpatient
Smoking Cessation Program in Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Nursing
research, 54 (4), 243-254.
c. Electronic Data File
National Institute of Nursing Research. (2006). About the NINR. Retrieved on January 16, 2006,
from the website:http://ninrnih.gov/ninr/about/html
d. Government Report
U.S., Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy people 2010: Understanding
and Improving health. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
e. Daily Newspaper
Enriquez, M. C. (2009, September 8). How proper breathing helps Donnie Tartras tame illness.
Philippine Daily Inquirer, ppA3, A5.
f. Encyclopedia and Dictionary
O'Conner, J. (Ed.). (2001). Roger's Desk Thesaurus. New York:Gramercy Press.
g. Magazine and Article
Cocertino, B. (2003, Feb. 24). Preparing students for "real life" nursing, Nursing Spectrum, 15A,
No. 4, 17 -18
h. Theses and Dissertations
Paulino, A.P. (2007). The nurses' delivery of quality healthcare services in a university hospital:
Basis for improving administrative approaches (Unpublished Master's Thesis). University of
Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines.

SAMPLE CITATIONS
BOOKS
Last name, First Name (year). Book Title. Subtitle, (edition) Place: Publisher Example: Prieto, Nelia
(2017). Practical Research for Senior High School. Qualitative. Metro Manila: LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.
WEBSITES
Author, (date). Title of document. Retrieved from http:// xxxxxxxxx
Example: Peters (2015). Effective Teaching Strategies. Retrieved from:
http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com
E-BOOKS
Author,lnitial (date). Title of Book. Retrieved from http:// xxxxxxxxx
Example: Peters (2015). Effective Teaching Strategies. Retrieved from:
http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Author,lnitial (date). Title of Book. pages
Example: Peters (2015). Effective Teaching Strategies. 31-40

References
It is a list of the publication information for the sources you've cited in your paper and is
intended to give your readers all the information they need to find those sources.
This is described as an objective research in contrast to qualitative research.

it is a classification of objective research that deals with the object or subject of the research in an exact
manner and determines the extent of the effects of the treatment on the said object or subject.

This is a way of finding out truths about a subject by describing the collected data about such subject
and determining their relationships or connections with one another.

It is a research that adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects.

These are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things that are involved in a research study.
Independent Variables

These cause changes in the subject.

Variables

These bear and manifest the effects of the other variables.

Dependent Variables

Qualitative:
Explained by people's objective,
Quantitative:
Revealed by automatic descriptions of conditions.

Quantitative:
Objective
Qualitative:
Subjective

Research Plan in Qualitative Research:

takes place as the research proceeds gradually,
Research Plan in Quantitative Research:
Plans research aspects before collecting data
Immersion is an act of being involved in environment
True
Research is an act of asking questions
False
A research title be broad and specific
False
It is very important that as a researcher you are interested in your topic
True
A research paper is systematically scientifically empirically and psychologically done to gain new
knowledge
False
It is very important other information to avoid plagiarism
True
Background of the problem must include an assumptions
True
Hypothesis is a tentative or temporary answer to a research problem
True
The two approcies for developing hypothesis
True
a research title must be relevant and insignificant
False
Through reading of related literature is not necessary in doing research
False
Ten years and beyond published articles can be use as reference.
True
Immersion is somehow the application all of the learnings
True
Scope is some thing to do with the coverage of your
True
Definition of terms is giving meaning to words used in you study
True
1. Seeing, touching, and hearing the source of data personally is what direct observation means.
T
2. Questionnaire is a data-gathering technique that enables researchers to ask a set of questions orally.
F
3. Expressing the sensory experiences to quantitative data, researchers record it with the use of
descriptions.
F
4. The second set of questions in an interview is composed of directive questions or close-ended
questions to elicit specific answers.
F
5. Survey makes researchers obtain facts or information about the subject or object of research
through interview or questionnaire.
T
6. Mode is the most frequent data or response.
T
7. An experiment is a scientific method of collecting data whereby researchers give the subjects a
sort of survey form then evaluate the results and discover the reasons behind their answers.
F
8. First set of questions in an interview must include opening questions that will establish friendly
relationships between the researcher and the respondent.
T
9. Observation uses sense organs to gather facts or information about people, things, places, or events
by watching and listening to them.
T
10. The words treatment, intervention, and condition, mean the same thing in relation to
experimentation.
T
11. Ratio scale can measure the absolute zero (0).
T
12. Mean is the average of all the items or scores.
T
13. Samples are group of individuals that has the same characteristics.
T
14. Probability sampling is the selection of individuals from the population so that they can be
representative of the population.
T
15. Random sampling means electing a sample from the population so that all in the population have
equal chance of being selected.
T
Directions: Analyze the corresponding examples of Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data. Identify
which of the given examples fall under each of the four measurement scales. Write N if it is under
Nominal Scale, O for Ordinal Scale, I for Interval Scale, and R for Ratio Scale.
16. Class Standing- 1st Honor, 2nd Honor, 3rd Honor.
O
17. Age Bracket- Below 20 years, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 50 years and above.
R
18. Hair color- Black, Brown, Burgundy, Auburn
N
19. At 0 pounds, you would weight nothing and therefore wouldn't exist.
R
20. Place finished in a race- 1st Place, 2nd Place, 3rd Place.
O
21. Behavioral Pattern
N
Extrovert, Introvert, Ambivert
22. The difference between 10 cm and 20 cm is the same as 20 cm and 30 cm.
I
23. Type of house- Bungalow, Duplex, Ranch
N
24. The difference between 5 minutes and 10 minutes is the same as 15 minutes and 20 minutes in a 12-
hour clock.
I
25. Position- CEO, Vice- President, Director, Manager, Assistant Manager
N
26. Brand of soft drinks available in the Philippines — RC, Coca Cola, Sprite, etc.
N
27. ID number - 0001, 0002, 0003, 0004, 0005, 0006, etc.
O
28. Favorite sports — Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, etc.
N
29. Birth order — First born, Middle child, Youngest child.
O
30. Name of grade 12 sections in school — Luna, Rizal, Bonifacio, etc.
N
31. The difference between 25 minutes and 30 minutes is the same as 35 minutes and 40 minutes in a
12-hour clock.
I
32. At 0 kilogram, you would weight nothing and therefore wouldn't exist.
R
33. Brand of Shoes - Nike, Asics, Mizuno, Lacoste, etc.
N
34. Podium finish in a sport - Champion, 1st runner up, 2nd runner up, 3rd runner up, etc.
O
35. Size of t-shirt - Extra Small, Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large, etc.
N

1. This tells the specific boundaries of the study by describing the place or venue of the study.
Scope and Limitation
2. It is a review of something that has already been written.
Literature Review
3. Which among the following is not the reason why we do literature review?
Finding related research articles typically requires competence on the internet to get good resources
4. It is the way to put terms together in a search by using and, or, not.
Boolean Logic
5. It is use when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
And
6. It is use when you will be looking for articles containing either one word or the other word.
or
7. It is use when you will be looking for one term but not the other.
Not
8. It is using other's ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information
Plagiarism
9. It means submitting another's word, work-for-word
Clone
10. It means paraphrasing from multiple source and making them fir together.
Remix
11. It means copying material from multiple-sources and mixing them.
Mash-Up
12. It means lifting significant portion of text from a single source without alternations.
CTRL + C
13. It means borrowing generously from the writer's previous work without citations.
Recycle
14. It means combining perfectly the cited sources with copied passages without citation.
Hybrid
15. It means changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source.
Find Replace
16. It is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source.
Citation
17. It is at this point that the researcher described who will benefit and what benefits can be derived
from the findings of the study.
Significance of the Study
18. This are the list of questions that you want to be answered during your research process.
Statement of the Problem
19. It is the way on how you use a theory and connect it in your research.
Theoretical Framework
20. It is a tentative or temporary answer to a research problem.
Hypothesis
21. Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source.
T
22. You need to do proper citation whenever you paraphrase.
F
23. A literature review can be a precursor in the introduction of a research paper.
T
24. When you use AND you will be looking for one term but not the other.
F-NOT
25. Use OR when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
F-AND
26. Citation is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another
source.
T
27. All sources are good or right, thus proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone
else's ideas.
T
28. Recycle means borrowing generously from the writer's previous work without citation.
T
29. To avoid plagiarism you must give credit whenever you paraphrase another person's work.
T
30. Plagiarism is using other's ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that
information.
T
31. Clone means changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source.
F-FIND-REPLACE
32. Hybrid means copying material from multiple resources and mixing them.
F-MUSH-UP
33. Remix means lifting significant portion of text from a single source without alternations.
(2 Points)
F-CTRL + C
34. Boolean logic is the way to put terms together in a search by using AND, OR, MOREOVER
F-NOT
35. A literature review is a review of something that has already been written.
T
36. Profile of respondents according to gender.
Primary Data
37. Financial statement of the company taken from the internet.
Secondary Data
38. Population of the Philippines per region as of 2014.
Primary Data
39. Enrolment statistics of a school for the last 5 years.
Primary Data
40. Preferred computer games played by the youth.
Secondary Data
41. Combo meal preferred by grade 12 students of the school.
Secondary Data
42. Combo meal preferred by grade 12 students of the school.
Secondary Data
43. Appliances owned by a group of families.
Secondary Data
44. Favorite subjects of a group of grade 10 students.
Secondary Data
45. Favorite subjects of a group of grade 10 students.
Secondary Data
46. Answers form a research paper published last 2 years.
Primary Data
47. Profile of respondents according to chosen strand.
Primary Data
48. Results from different websites such as google, youtube, etc.
Secondary Data
49. Profile of respondents according to their age.
Primary Data
50. Favorite milktea flavor of grade 12 students of a particular school.
Secondary Data