UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

WORK PLAN
1. Understanding Social and Cultural Backgrounds
2. Observant ion about Social Political, Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
3. Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology
4. Relationship of Anthropology in other Disciplines
5. The Four Major Fields of Anthropology
6. Aristotle And Politics
7. Types of Major Political Ideologies
8. Overview of Sociology
9. Relationship of Sociology in other Social Sciences
10. The Pioneers of Sociology
11. Development of Sociology in the Philippines
12. The Human Society
13. Foundation of the Society
14. Overview of Culture
15. Kinds of Culture
16. Different Aspect of Culture
17. Characteristic of Culture
18. Concept of Culture
19. Culture traits
20. Culture complex
21. Culture Patterns
22. Cultural Universal
23. Culture Clash

INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS

Objectives
What we'll discuss today
• Discuss the relevance of the course
a. Articulate observations on human cultural, variation, social differences, social change, and
political identities
b. identify then subject of inquiry and goals of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology

Understanding Social and Cultural Background

- Cultural and Social backgrounds vary widely in their degree of cultural integration. In small
homogenous societies that have few contacts with outsiders, cultural and social integration
may be near-perfect. For many purposes, people act and think as one. In some traditional
societies, there is no word for religion because what we call religious rituals are woven into
the fabric of everyday life.

ANTHROPOLOGY
• Provides a window to our past, a mirror for our present, and a lens through which we look to a
future
• Greek terms Anthropos, meaning man, and logos, meaning science.
The Four Major Fields of Anthropology
• Lenkeit (2008) enumerated the different fields of Anthropology as the following:
1. Biological Anthropology
2. Cultural Anthropology
3. Archaeology
4. Linguistics

BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Also called Physical Anthropology.
• It studies Homo Sapiens as biological beings both in the present and in the past.
Major Areas in Biological Antropology:
Paleoanthropology
Came from the root word paleo which means ancient. It is the study of human biological evolution
through an examination of the fossils of our ancient ancestors and relatives.
Primatology
Is the study of our nearest animal relatives - the primates. The area of biological anthropology includes
an investigation of the anatomy.

Cultural Anthropology
• Also called Social Anthropology
• Is the description and comparison of the adaptations made by human groups to the diverse
ecosystem of the earth.
Major Areas in Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
• Is the descriptive study of one culture, subculture, or micro culture based on field work.
Ethnology
• The comparative study of cultures, present analytical generalization about human culture.
Archaeology
• Is the systematic study of remains of previous culture as a means of reconstructing the life ways of
people who live in the past.
Major Areas of Anthropology
a) Historical Archaeology - is the study of the remains of culture and subculture that have written
records but about which little, if anything, was recorded.
b) Cultural Resources Management - is a growing field for individuals with degrees in archaeology.
c) Applied Archaeology - is a focus area in archaeology that uses the methods of archaeology to
study contemporary materials culture with the aim of solving specific problems.

Linguistics
• Is the study of language.
• Anthropological linguists do not necessarily speaks several language (such as person is called a
polyglot).

Major Areas in Linguistics

Descriptive Linguistics
• focuses on the mechanics of language.
Historical Linguistics
• works to reconstruct the history of languages, including the development and relationship to the
other language.

Interdisciplinary Fields of Anthropology

1. Applied Anthropology
2. Development Anthropology
3. Urban Anthropology
4. Medical Anthropology

Applied Anthropology
• Did not disappear during the 1950's and 1960's, but academic anthropology did most of the
growing after World War ll.
• It refers to that broad array of research, methods, and outcomes developed and used for the
explicit purpose of recognizing, understanding, and addressing human problems.
 • is the application of the methods and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of
practical problem.
• Radcliffe-Brown first used the term applied anthropology in the article "Anthropology as Public
Service and Malinowski's Contribution to It"
• (although the term already appeared in 1906 in a degree at Oxford).

Development Anthropology
• Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of,
economic development.
• It refers to the application of anthropological perspectives to the multidisciplinary branch of
development studies.
• It takes international development and international primary objects.
Urban Anthropology
• Cities have a long been influenced by global forces, including world capitalism and colonialism.
• The study of cultural systems and identities in cities as well as the various political, social,
economic, and cultural forces that shape urban forms and processes.
• A subset of anthropology concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, urban space, social
relations, and neoliberalism.

Medical Anthropology
• Examine such questions as which diseases and health condition affect particular populations and
how illness is socially constructed, diagnosed, managed, identified health threat caused genetically
or by bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
• a subfield of anthropology that draws upon social, cultural, biological, and linguistic anthropology
to better understand those factors which influence health and well being (broadly defined), the
experience and distribution of illness, the prevention and treatment of sickness, healing
processes.

Overview of Political Science

POLITICAL SCIENCE
• The study of politics.
• The branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government; the analysis of political activity
and behavior.
• They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors,
including stability, justice, material wealth, peace and public health. Some political scientists seek
to advance positive (attempt to describe ho opposed to how they should be) theses by analyzing
politics.
• Aristotle is the father of Political Science.

WHY IS IT CALLED POLITICAL SCIENCE?

- Like other social sciences, political science uses a "scientific" approach, meaning that
political scientists approach their study in an objective, rational, and systematic manner.
Some political scientists focus on abstract and theoretical questions, while others study
particular government policies and their effects.
DIFFERENT CAREERS WITH POLITICAL SCIENCE DEGREE:
1. Lawyer
2. Diplomat
 3. Politician
4. Professor
5. Business Executive
etc..

WHY SHOULD YOU STUDY POLITICAL SCIENCE?

• It is an advantage if you want to be a lawyer.
• To understand your responsibilities especially as a citizen.
• To know and understand well your rights.
• To have an enough knowledge on how the government runs and how will you defend yourself if
something bad happens between you and some officials. (It is important to know your rights and
some laws, so you can defend yourself well against them.)
• It is interesting especially when you are into it. You will be more aware of what's happening in
our country. You will watch more news and it is an advantage for you as citizen.
 INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
OBJECTIVES:
 articulate observation on human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political
identities
 explain the important aspect of culture and how it affects one's life
 identify the subject of inquiry and goals of Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology

1. Applied Anthropology
applied anthropology refers to that broad array of research, methods, and outcomes developed and
used for the explicit purpose of recognizing, understanding, and addressing human problems. It has
been described both as the fifth field of anthropology and as the bridging discipline since the application
of research and knowledge to social problems cross-cuts all fields of anthropology.

2. Development Anthropology
is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of,
economic development.

3. Urban Anthropology
Cities have a long been influenced by global forces, including world capitalism and colonialism.

4. Medical Anthropology
examine such questions as which diseases and health condition affect particular populations and how
illness is socially constructed, diagnosed, managed, identified health threat caused genetically or by
bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

Overview of Political Science

Political Science
• is the study of politics
• It seeks answer to a number of important questions.

Aristotle and the Politics

He was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist
One of the greatest influential figure of Western History Born on 384 B.C
What is Political Science
Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative
perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and
behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war. A background in
political science is valuable for citizenship and political action, as well as for future careers in
government, law, business, media, or public service.

History
History (historia, meaning "inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past.
Events occurring before the invention of writing systems are considered prehistory. "History" is an
umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Historians place the past in context
using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, ecological markers, and material
objects including art and artifacts.

CONTROL AND POLITICS RELATIONSHIP

POWER
Is the very heart of politics.
The one of the most difficult to define
The "lump of power" is the mistaken assumption that power comes in lump sum and cannot be shared,
so also one needs to as is Who is change?

INFLUENCE
Whether exercised by threat or used of force, power is a limited method, one that cannot be used
effectively in all relationship

AUTHORITY
Is the right to exercise the power and influence of a given position that comes from having been place in
the position according to regular, known, and widely accepted procedures.

LEGITIMACY
Means having the approval of others. It is the condition of being regarded as correctly placed in a
particular role and as carrying out the functions of that role correctly.

LINKAGE
Has been given two meanings in Political Science, meanings that at first seem quite different from each
other but that are in reality closely related.

TYPES OF MAJOR IDEOLOGIES

ANARCHISM
Comes from the Greek word anarchy, which means "having no Government

COMMUNISM
The common associations that derive from the contemporary use of communism are more misleading
than helpful in understanding an ideology of anarchism.

SOCIALISM
Is the least specific of all the labels in politics. This is partly because " socialism" is sometime used to
designated every ideology to the left of liberalism and conservatism.

FASCISM
is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible
suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy that rose to
prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

Auguste Comte
He is the father of Sociology
He coined the term sociology in 1838
He believes that every society goes through three stages of development
• Religious
• Metaphysical
• Scientific

THE PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY

Harriet Martineau
• She is the first sociologist who agreed with Comte.
• She thought it useful to translate Comte's ideas into English for wider accessibility.

Herbert Spencer
• An Englishman
• He had a different view of how society works.
• He believed that a society can be compared to a living organism

Karl Marx
• He wrote the Communist Manifesto
• Observe the underlying conflict, exploitation, and the seeds of revolution

Emile Durkheim
• An Englishman
• He had a different view of how society works.
• He believed that a society can be compared to a living organism

Max Weber
 A German Sociologist believe that sociologist must go beyond what people do, beyond what can
be observe directly.
 THE HUMAN SOCIETY
OBJECTIVES
• explain the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural understanding
• identify the human society and its background
• analyze the anthropological and sociological perspectives on culture and society

FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOCIETY

1) STATUS — it means prestige
TYPES:
A. Ascribed Status
B. Achieved Status
2) ROLES - rights and obligations

OVERVIEW ABOUT CULTURE

CULTURE
 Rituals and celebrations
 Courtesies and manners
 Language
 Religion
 Behaviors
 Thought and ideas
 Child rearing methods
 Clothes and dressing
 Customs
 Food
 Practices
 Communication

CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

ASPECTS OF CULTURE
1. SYMBOLS
• the basis of human culture
• We can create culture and communicate to a group members and future generations
• It stand for something
• Word, gesture, image, sounds, physical objects, event or element
2. LANGUAGE
• The most obvious aspects in culture
• The organization of written or spoken symbols
• Means of communication
3. VALUES
• •Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
4. NORMS
• Shared rules of conduct to tell people how to act in a specific situations
• Expectations for behavior and not the actual behavior
FOLKWAYS
general rules, customary and habitual ways and patterns of expected behavior

Cultural Relativism
• the idea that a person's beliefs, values. and practices should be understood based on that
person's own culture. rather than be judged against the criteria of another
• culture should be studied only in relation to itself and not judged by an external cultural
standards or by a universal standards
• understanding of other culture; neutrality

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture Is Learned
• All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited.
• The process of transmitting culture from one generation to the next is called enculturation.
• Through enculturation individuals learn the socially appropriate way to satisfy biologically
determined needs.

Culture is Dynamic
• Cultures are dynamic systems that respond to motions and actions within and around them.
• When one element within the system shifts or changes, the entire system strives to adjust, just
as it does when an outside force applies pressure.
• A culture must be flexible enough to allow such adjustments in the face of unstable or changing
circumstances.

Culture is Patterned/ Integrated

• One aspect of culture reflects other aspects
• They all fit into a pattern as a whole
• Examples of integration

• Extreme example: Teotihuacan's Pyramid of the Sun (upper photo) probably wasn't built by
tribesmen like these Kawelka (lower photo)
• But pig feasts did fit in with Kawelka tribal culture. How did they?

Culture is Shared
• A group with common language and custom shares a culture
• Groups may be as small as 50 (!Kung band (upper photo)
• They may comprise a nation of millions, such as Japan, the most uniform ethnic nation in the
world (represented by these schoolgirls in the lower photo)
Culture Is Based on Symbols
Symbols are signs, emblems, and other things that represent something else in a
meaningful way.
• Culture is transmitted through ideas, emotions, and desires expressed in
language.
• Through language, art & behavior, humans transmit culture from one generation
to another. Mandalas

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE
Cultural Traits
• Smallest unit of a culture.
• Cultural Trait — single object, action, or belief.
• Examples: Wedding Ring, handshake, the belief that washing one's hands helps prevent the
spread of germs.
• Cultural traits usually combine to form culture
• Culture Complex— set of Interrelated traits.
• Example: All people eat, and may cultural traits surround this action.

CULTURAL COMPLEXES
• Culture Complex- a cluster of interrelated traits
• Example: The game of football
- Material traits are football, cleats, helmets, etc.
- Specific acts include kicking, passing, catching, tackling, etc.
- Beliefs related are to be a good sport, certain rules to the game, penalties given for
violations, etc.

CULTURE PATTERNS
• Culture Patterns- the combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated
whole.
• For example, the complexes of sports such as basketball, softball, swimming, tennis, and
soccer combine to form American athletics.

Cultural Universals
Researchers have identified more than 70 traits in all cultures
Clothing, Food, Shelter, Communications, Transportation, Business, jobs,
Economy
Services, Goods, Technology, Tools, Trade
Institutions Economy, Religion, Education, Government, Family
Arts Folk Tales, Crafts, Music, Theater, Dance, Literature, Art
Language Words, Expressions, Pronunciations, Alphabet, Symbols
Environment Communities, Geography, Geology, Habitat, Wildlife, Climates, Resources
Recreation Games, Toys, Arts, Media, Holidays. Festivals
Beliefs Values, Traditions, Ethnicity, Customs, Religions, Morals
Learning Objectives:
 analyze the aspects of social organization
 identify one's role in social groups and institutions
 recognize other forms of economic transaction such as sharing, gift exchange, and redistribution
in his/her own society.

BECOMMING PART OF -SOCIETY -

Harry Potter
"there is no adventure greater than that of growing up".

SOCIALIZATION VS ENCULTURATION
SOCIALIZATION
The process of learning bow to live in a way acceptable to one's own society.
ENCULTURATION
The process by which an individual adopts the behaviour patterns of the culture in which be or she is
immersed.

TALCOTT PARSONS
 A sociologist
 Spoke of the birth of new generations of children as a recurrent barbarian invasion.
 They have no conception of the world, no language, nor a morality

BERRY (2002)
 The term enculturation developed within the discipline of cultural anthropology and first
defined and used by MELVILLE HERSKOVITS
 A process of socialization into and maintenance of the norms of one's indigenous culture.
 The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire
values and behaviors appropriate in the culture.

E. ADAMSON HOEBEL
• "both conscious and unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as a child and adult,
achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture becomes thoroughly
enculturated".

TWO PHASES OF ENCULTURATION

(HERSKOVITS)
1. UNCONSCIOUS STAGE
- early years in human growth
2. CONSCIOUS STAGE
- later years

GRANIAND AND MAYERS (1988)

• Enculturation -major aspects
1. informal- child training
2. formal- education
Identity Formation
• The development of an individual's distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting
entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognize c
Who are We?

Values & Norms

NORMS
• KROEHLER (2009)-as a rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given
situations.
• Norms also established standards of behavior maintained by a society.

VALUES
• SCHAEFER (2012)
• As a collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper.
• Are regarded as consisting of people's belief about the goals or way of life that is desirable
for themselves

CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

Conformity
• behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
• The anticipated behavior to follow.
• is the desire to go along with the norms of a group of people, so you will be accepted as an
In-group person (and not rejected as an out- group undesirable person).

Deviance
• departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
• A behavior that violates expected rules and norms

Primary Deviance
 You made an offense but it’s not punishable by law
 Example: you cheat on test

Secondary Deviance
 Punishable by law
 Example: murder, arsonist, rape, etc.

Social Control
• State or government may clearly define acceptable behavior, friends or fellow employees
may encourage quite different behavior patterns
• Functionalist-must respect social norms if a group can survive-societies could not function if
massive amounts of people defied standards of appropriate behavior
• Conflict Theorists-widespread resistance to social norms was necessary to overthrow slavery
PURPOSES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• It helps in reestablishing the old system
• It promotes obedience to social decisions
• It regulates social behavior and establishes social unity
• It brings conformity in society

THREE MAIN TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

1. Those that lead us to internalize our society’s normative expectations.
2. Those that structure our world of social experience
3. Those that employ various formal and informal social functions

FORMS OF DEVIANCE
1. PHYSICAL DEVIANCE - most visible form of deviance
2. SEXUAL DEVIANCE
3. DEVIANCE IN CYBERSPACE
4. ELITE DEVIANCE
5. POSITIVE DEVIANCE

2 forms of DEVIANCE
Criminal DEVIANCE
 violation to society
 minor traffic offense
 sexual assault

Non-Criminal DEVIANCE
 where most sociologist argues its like xenophobia and homophobia

HUMAN DIGNITY RIGHTS AND THE COMMON GOOD

THE ORGANIZATION AND SOCIETY

WHAT IS A GROUP?
It can pertain to social aggregate or collection of people who just who can in one place at the same time.

WAYS TO IDENTIFY SOCIAL GROUPS ACCORDING TO GELLES AND LAVINE (1999)

1. Members of a group have shared identity
2. Members of a social group interact regularly
3. Social groups have a social structure
4. Social groups depend on consensus

GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY:

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS
PRIMARY GROUP
Charles Horton Cooley
A fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the Individual.
SECONDARY GROUP
A cool and impersonal association whose members relationships are limited and instrumental.

Ingroups and Outgroups

• Everyone favors some groups over others.
• AN INGROUP — a social group commanding a member's esteem and loyalty.
• AN OUTGROUP — a social group toward which one feels competitive or opposition.
• Tensions among the groups sharpen their boundaries.
• What are your ingroups and outgroups?

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS

• REFERENCE GROUPS
• NETWORKS
• ACTIVITY
 KINSHIP, MARRIAGES, AND THE HOUSEHOLD
“Kinship”
 The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in group

KINSHIP
 Is a universal phenomenon that is recognized by all cultures
 Is the relatedness of certain individuals within a group, have norms and expectations that
structure, and govern kin behavior
 A relation between two or more persons that is based on common ancestry
 Is the socially recognized relationships between people in a culture, who are either held to be
biologically related or given the status of relatives by marriage, adoption, or other rituals
 A system of dynamic relations between person and person in a community
 A persons related by real, putative, or fictive consanguinity

Characteristics of Kinship
1. Recognized for Social purposes
2. The ways in which relatives so recognized are classified or grouped in social categories
3. The particular customs by which thee behavior of these relatives is regulated in daily life
4. The various rights and obligations which are mediated through kinship
5. The linguistic form which are used to denote the various categories of kin

BASES OF KINSHIP
 Blood relationship (Consanguineal)
 Marriage (Affinal)

DEGREE OF KINSHIP
1. Primary Kin
2. Secondary Kin
3. Tertiary Kin

RELATIONSHIP ACCORDING TO DECENT

 Patrilineal Descent
 Matrilineal Descent
 Bilateral Descent

RELATIONSHIP ACCORDING TO AUTHORITY

 Patriarchal
 Matriarchal
 Equalitarian

RELATIONSHIP ACCORDING TOPLACE OF RESIDENCE

 Patrilocal
 Matrilocal
 Bilocal
  Neolocal
 Avunlocal

Types of Kinship
Unilineal
This traces decent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female. Both males and
females are members of unilineal family, but descent of one gender. The two basic forms of
unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and matrilineal.

MARRIAGE
MONOGAMY
The practice of having only one spouse at one time. In some cases, monogamy means having
only one spouse for an entire life span.
 Social monogamy: two persons/ creatures that live together have sex with one another,
and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food, clothes, and money.
 Sexual monogamy: Two persons/ creatures that remains sexually exclusive with one
another and have no outside sex partners.
 Genetic monogamy: Two partners that only have offspring with one another.
 Marital monogamy: Marriages of only two people.
 Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One persons has only one partner at a time,
and then moves on to another partner after severing the relationship with the first.

Polygamy
Two different types of Polygamy:
 Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual partner at a
time.
 Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry there are
many variations on the marriages style

GROUP MARRIAGE
 Endogamy
o The custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or
tribe.
 Exogamy
o The custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

Arranged Marriage
Child marriage
It happens when parents arrange for the marriage of the child long before the marriage takes
place. The marriage will be consummated in the future
Diplomatic marriage
Established between two royal or political families in order to forge political or diplomatic
alliances

FAMILY
The basic unit of social organization

Nuclear Family
A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children.
What is kinship?
The bond of blood or marriage which binds people together in group

TYPES OF KINSHIP
Consanguineal relatives: people on both sides of family related to you by blood.
Affinal relatives: people who are related to you through marriage.
Fictive kinship: patterned on kin-like relations but not actually based upon blood or marriage.

Functions of kinship
1. Vertical function — binding together successive generations, thereby providing social continuity.
• Passing on property, political office, & tradition.
2. Horizontal function — tying people together across a single generation through marriage practices.
• Kin groups usually practice some degree of exogamy — rule which states that you must
marry outside a certain group.
• People must normally look outside for marriage partners and create alliances with other
groups.
• Alliances can be useful for political, economic, ceremonial purposes.

Kinship by Blood
Descent
• Socially recognized links between ancestors & descendants.
Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships to make them more
understandable.

Unilineal Descent
This traces descent only through a single line of ancestors, male or female. Both males and females are
members of a unilineal family, but descent links are only recognized through relatives of one gender.
The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and matrilineal.

Patrilineal Descent
Both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not their mother's. However, only males
pass on their family identity to their children.
A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal line…
Patrilineal Descent
The red people in the diagram below are
related to each other patrilineally.
Matrilineal Descent
The form of unilineal descent that follows a female line. When using this pattern, individuals are
relatives if they can trace descent through females to the same female ancestor.

Matrilineal Descent
While both male and female children are members of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only
daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring.
The green people below are related to each other matrilineally.

Kinship by Marriage
Marriage
- is an institution that admits men and women to family life.

Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable connection between male and
female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of offspring.
Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.
Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production and maintenance of children.
According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that define the rights, duties and
privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.

Polygamy
is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage".
It is a marriage pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at a time.

Two different types of Polygamy:

Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual partner at a time.
Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry there are many variations
on the marriage style.

Residence Pattern (Four major residence patterns)

Neolocal Residence is most common with North American couples. This is where the couple finds their
own house, independent from all family members.
Patrilocal Residence is most commonly used with herding and farming societies. It's where the married
couple lives with the husband's father's family. By living with the husband's family, it lets all the men,
(the father, brothers, and sons) continue to work together on the land.
Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural groups. It's where the couple moves to live
where the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems.
Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies however in this case the couple moves to
live with the husband's mother's brother. They live with the most significant man, his uncle, because it's
who they will later inherit everything from.

Ritual Kinship
Compadrazgo
Ritual kinship in the form of god parenthood. Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her
baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The godparents were then tied to the parents as co- parents.

Family and The Household

Nuclear Family A family consisting of a married man & woman and their biological children. The main
issue for children is to help them under- stand that their two-parent, heterosexual family is a fine family,
and is one kind among many other kinds of families
Extended Family
A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play major roles in the children's upbringing. This may
or may not include those relatives living with the children. These family
members may be in addition to the child's
parents or instead of the child's parents.
Conditionally Separated Families
A family member is separated from the rest of the family. This may be due to employment far away;
military service; incarceration; hospitalization. They remain significant members of the family.
Transnational family these families live in more than one country. They may spend part of each year in
their country of origin returning to the U.S. on a regular basis.
The child may spend time being cared for by different family members in each country.

Politics of Kinship
Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where kin genealogy is applied to
determine the system of communal leadership. It is the traditional pattern of bequeathing political
power family members.
Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle: blood is thicker than water.
It asserts that power should be distributed among family members.
For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship connections
and must be circulated only among those who are tied by blood.

Cultural, social and political institutions

NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS
 FAMILY
o The foundation of the nation
o In the Philippines the family is considered a vital social institution.
o Aristotle considered the family as having arisen from man's desire to leave something of
himself behind.
 ECONOMY
o The economy is an institution that addresses questions regarding limited resources of
society.
o The economy must address some basic questions:
o What should be produced?
 o How are these products going to be produced?
o How much are these products?
 EDUCATION AND HEALTH
o Two institutions that uphold basic human rights.
o Educational institutions ensure that individuals are functionally literate while health
institutions ensure that individuals have access to health services to promote universal
public health.
 HEALTH
 RELIGION
o Religion is an institution that involves a set of beliefs and practices of a particular social
group.
o The beliefs of religious groups affect the behavior of their members.

Political institution
 POLITICS
o Activities through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under
which they live.
 POWER
o The ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome.
 AUTHORITY
o Legitimate power.
o This means that person who has authority has the right to exercise power.

Legitimacy - Latin word "legitimare"

-to declare lawful
-"Rightfulness"

TYPES OF AUTHORITY
 TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
o "always existed"
o Inherited it or they occupy a position that has been passed on to them.
 CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
o "BORN LEADERS"
o Presumed special and extraordinary characteristics or qualities possessed by a certain
individual.
 LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY
o typical type of authority.
o Leaders can rightfully wield authority if they obtain their positions according to
established procedures such a election.

SOCIAL and POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

STRATIFICATION - comes from the Latin word "strata" which means level
 System of individual statuses within a group, community or organization
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION- system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
 the common bases of social stratification include wealth, property, access to material and
cultural goods an access to political power.
BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
WEALTH - With
income and occupation
POWER - ability of one party to affect the behavior of another patty
PRESTIGE – the distinction or reputation and how people are subjectively evaluated by others

Systems of Stratification
 Closed System- Impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among
members who belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.
 Open System-Allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, and better
interaction among social groups an classes.
 Caste System - This are closed stratification system because people are unable to change their
social standing.
-People born into caste society are socialized to accept their social standing. People are born
into a caste society are socialized to accept their social standing.
  Class System is a stratification system based on the ownership of resources and the individuals
occupation or profession.
-A social class is composed of people who share the same background and characteristics such
as income, education, and occupation.

The openness in class systems results in the prevalence of:

Exogamous marriages- marriages between people who come from different social classes.
Endogamous marriages - marriages between people from the same social class.
Meritocracy - another system that is determined by personal effort and merit.
-Social standing and advancement in this system is determined by how well a person performs his or her
social role.

Theoretical Perspective on Social Stratification

FUNCTIONALISM
Functionalist believes that each part or aspects of society serves an important purpose.
Certain task in society are more valued than others, and the greater individuals who are able to perform
highly valued work are rewarded with greater income, prestige, and power in society.

CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict theories believed that stratification perpetuates inequality.
Conflict theories draw many of their ideas from the works of KARL MARX
Karl Marx believed that social stratification is influenced by economic forces, and that relationships in
society are defined by factors of production.

SOCIAL MOBILITY
The ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social stratification system

Types of Social Mobility

Upward Mobility - upward movements in social class. Individuals who rose to fame or power like
politicians and celebrities.
Downward Mobility- lowering of an individual's social class. Brought about economic setbacks,
unemployment, illness, and dropping out of school.
Structural Mobility - Large scale changes in society can result in the improvement or decline of the
conditions and status of a large group of people.
Intragenerational Mobility - Focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same generation.
Intergenerational Mobility - refers to the changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging
in to different generation.

Society is divided into two groups:

BOURGEOIS - or Capitalists who own the factors of production such as resources, land and businesses.
PROLETARIAT - lacks power and influence, and experiences great hardships.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Theory of conspicuous consumption
-Buying certain products to make a social statement about status.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INEQUALITIES

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
-Social inequality refers to the unequal access to social, political, and symbolic capital of individuals in
society.
-This phenomenon exists every time individuals and institutions are categorized or differentiated into
classes or district groups, or socially constructed as desperate entities.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY BASED ON GENDER

-Members of society are socialized into being boys or girls and men or women. Sex and gender
inequality is not just about placing or designing gender labels; it is also a form of negative socialization in
a stratified society.
-a female who acts boyish is tagged as a lesbian; a male with effeminate qualities is branded as gay. This
labeling is called gender stereotyping.

Sex roles dictate gender role as well.

-For example, a woman should behave like a woman and do chores intended for a woman. This
phenomenon, however, is now challenged by feminist frameworks in recent years, which calls for
women empowerment at home and workplace.

Sexism also results to social inequality.

-Sexism is a system of beliefs, rooted in the assertion that men and women are naturally different. It
promotes the perceived superiority of one sex and tolerates gender discrimination.

Sex roles dictate gender role as well.

-For example, a woman should behave like a woman and do chores intended for a woman. This
phenomenon, however, is now challenged by feminist frameworks in recent years, which calls for
women empowerment at home and workplace.

Sexism also results to social inequality.

-Sexism is a system of beliefs, rooted in the assertion that men and women are naturally different. It
promotes the perceived superiority of one sex and tolerates gender discrimination.

WEEK 15: SOCIAL INEQUALITY BASED ON RACE AND ETHNICITY

-Individuals are also categorized according to race.
-This occurs when the inborn biological features of people are used as a basis of their social status.

Ethnicity is a grouping of people whose common identity is determined according to their no biological
traits like language, culture, history, and the like.

Racism is also a type of social inequality.

-Racism also added to the inequalities present in the society. This term refers "to the belief that humans
are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical
capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior. "

SOCIAL INEQUALITY BASED ON DISABILITIES

-According to the United Nations, disability results from the "interaction between persons with
impairment and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation
in society on an equal basis with others"
-People with disabilities do not just suffer inequality because they are handicapped. They further
experience inequality because some societies do not cater to their needs. Stereotyping of people with
disabilities as useless also limits their opportunities in society.

GLOBAL INEQUALITY
-Global inequality includes the concentration of resources in certain powerful countries while other
countries are left behind; thus, affecting the opportunities and lives of people impoverished and less
powerful countries.
-Globalization creates unbalanced outcomes. While wealth is created in powerful economies and
countries because of globalization, some countries and people are unable to enjoy the benefits of globe.

GLOBALIZATION
-TECHNOLOGY as the primary factor that includes social change. (William Ogburn)
-GLOBALIZATION key driver of social change. Refers to the economic, cultural, and political processes
that connect state and non-state elements in a manner that transcends territorial boundaries.

WEEK16-17: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL, CHANGE

SOCIAL CHANGE
-Social change is the alteration in patterns of culture, social structure, and social behavior over time.
-Social change occurs because of transformation in the Physical and cultural environment.

Acculturation- The process by which individuals or groups learn aspects of a culture in their own.
-It occurs when there is blending of two or more cultures. resulting in the emergence of two highbred
culture that combine elements from various cultures.

Assimilation- The process by which an individual or by groups fully adopts another culture.
-Full assimilation often results in lost of native culture.

POLITICAL CHANGE
-Occur when the rulers of the country lose power or the type of governance in the country change.
-Political change is a normal function in politics.
“Global warming” refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
“Climate change” refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time
including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

Ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more contending ethnic groups.

The source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must
expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society.

A religious war or holy war (Latin: bellum sacrum) is a war primarily caused or justified by differences in
religion.
In the modern period, debates are common over the extent to which religious, economic, or ethnic
aspects of a conflict predominate in a given war

Ideological Conflicts —A war of ideas is a clash or disagreement of opposing ideals, ideologies, or

concepts.
Peacemaking activities - refers to the negotiation of a peace agreement between conflicting parties,
often mediated by third- party negotiations.
Peacekeeping activities- the preservation of peace efforts through the involvement of civilian
monitoring teams and military peace keeping forces.
Peacebuilding activities - rebuilding of economic and social infrastructures that will sustain the peace
efforts.
1. Kinship, marriage, and the household
a. Kinship by blood Descent and marriage (unilineal, matrilineal, patrilineal, bilateral)
b. Kinship by marriage Marriage rules cross-culturally (monogamy vs. polygamy, post-marital residency
rules, referred marriage partners)
c. Kinship by ritual (Compadrazgo)
d. Family and the household Nuclear, extended, and reconstituted families (separated, transnational)
e. Politics of kinship (political dynasty, alliances)

REFERENCE: https://www.slideshare.net/abyko/kinship-marriage-and-the-household

2. Political and leadership structures

a. Political organization
i. Bands
ii. Tribes
iii. Chiefdoms
iv. States and nations
b. Authority and legitimacy
i. Traditional
ii. Charismatic
iii. Rational

3. Economic Institutions
a. Reciprocity
b. Transfers
c. Redistribution
d. Market transactions
e. Markets and state

4. Nonstate institutions
a. Banks and corporations
b. Cooperatives and trade unions
c. Transnational advocacy groups
d. Development agencies
e. International organizations

5. Education
a. Functions of education in society (formal and nonformal)
i. Productive citizenry
ii. Self-actualization
iii. Primary education as a human right

6. Religion and belief systems

a. Animism
b. Polytheism
c. Monotheism
d. Institutionalized religions
e. Separation of church and state
7. Health
a. Culture-specific syndromes and illnesses (e.g., “bughat”, ”usog”/”buyag”)
b. Systems of diagnosis, prevention, and healing (e.g., traditional, western, alternative healing systems)
c. Health as a human right

KINSHIP 
 The bond of blood or marriage binds people together in a group. 
 According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, kinship system includes socially
recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical
ties. 
 These relationships are the result of social interaction and recognized by society.

TYPES OF KINSHIP

 Affinal Kinship Relationships based upon marriage or

cohabitation between collaterals (people treated as the same generation) 

 Consanguineous Kinship Connections between people that are

traced by blood.

KINSHIP BY BLOOD

 Descent Systems Kinship is reckoned in a number of different

ways around the world, resulting in a variety of types of descent patterns and kin
groups. Anthropologists frequently use diagrams to illustrate kinship relationships
to make them more understandable.
 Unilineal Descent  This traces descent only through a single line of
ancestors, male or female. Both males and females are members of a unilineal
family, but descent links are only recognized through relatives of one gender. 
The two basic forms of unilineal descent are referred to as patrilineal and
matrilineal.

 Patrilineal Descent Both males and females belong to their father's

kin group but not their mother's. However, only males pass on their family identity
to their children. A woman's children are members of her husband's patrilineal
line. The red people in the diagram below are related to each other patrilineally.

 Matrilineal Descent  The form of unilineal descent that follows a

female line. When using this pattern, individuals are relatives if they can trace
descent through females to the same female ancestor. While both male and
female children are members of their mother's matrilineal descent group, only
daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring. The green people below
are related to each other matrilineally.
  Bilineal Descent  When both patrilineal and matrilineal descent
principles are combined

Kinship by Marriage
Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life. 
Edward Westermarck defined marriage as the more or less durable connection
between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the
birth of offspring. 
Lowie defined it as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates. 

Malinowski defined marriage as a contract for the production and maintenance of

children. 

According to Lundberg Marriage consists of the rules and regulations that define
the rights, duties, and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.

MONOGAMY  is the practice of having only one spouse at one time. In some
cases, monogamy means having only one spouse for an entire life span. Out of the
different types of marriages, monogamy is the only one that is legal in the United States
and in most industrial nations. 

 Social monogamy: Two persons/creatures that live together, have sex

with one another, and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food,
clothes, and money. 

 Sexual monogamy: Two persons/creatures that remain sexually

exclusive with one another and have no outside sex partners. 

 Genetic monogamy: Two partners that only have offspring with one
another. 

 Marital monogamy: Marriages of only two people. 

 Serial monogamy: A series of relationships. One person has only one
partner at a time and then moves on to another partner after severing the
relationship with the first.

Polygamy is a Greek word meaning "The practice of multiple Marriage". 

It is a marriage pattern in which an individual is married to more than one person at a
time. Ex: Tiwi (North Australia) 

Two different types of Polygamy: 

  Polygyny is the practice of one man having more than one wife or sexual
partner at a time. Ex: Mormonism 
  Polyandry involves one woman having multiple husbands, within Polyandry,
there are many variations on the marriage style. fraternal polyandry (Ex: Tibet
and Nepal) secondary marriage (Ex: Northern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon)

Four major residence patterns: 

Neolocal Residence is most common with North American couples. This is where the
couple finds their own house, independent of all family members. 

Patrilocal Residence is most commonly used with herding and farming societies. It’s
where the married couple lives with the husband’s father’s family. By living with the
husband’s family, it lets all the men, (the father, brothers, and sons) continue to work
together on the land. 

Matrilocal Residence is most familiar among horticultural groups. It’s where the couple
moves to live where the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems. 

Avunculocal Residence is also related in matrilineal societies however in this case the
couple moves to live with the husband’s mother’s brother. They live with the most
significant man, his uncle because it’s who they will later inherit everything from.

 Ritual Kinship Compadrazgo 
Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood 

 Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism, confirmation, and
marriage. 

The godparents were then tied to the parents as co-parents. 

Ideally, co-parents should be a married couple; they were preferred because their
unions were typically more stable and they were more likely to be able to provide a
home for the child should the need arise. 

In most communities, however, there were not enough couples to serve as godparents
for all children, so single women of good reputation were frequently chosen. 

It was important that the person asked should be of proper character and good standing
in the community.

Family and The Household

  Nuclear Family A family consisting of a married man & woman and their
biological children. The main issue for children is to help them under- stand that
their two-parent, heterosexual family is a fine family, and is one kind among
many other kinds of families

 Extended Family  A family where Grandparents or Aunts and Uncles play

major roles in the children’s upbringing. This may or may not include those relatives
living with the children. These family members may be in addition to the child’s parents
or instead of the child’s parents.

 Conditionally Separated Families A family member is

separated from the rest of the family. This may be due to employment far away;
military service; incarceration; hospitalization. They remain significant members
of the family.

 Transnational family These families live in more than one country.

They may spend part of each year in their country of origin returning to the U.S.
on a regular basis. The child may spend time being cared for by different family
members in each country

Politics of Kinship

Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where
kin genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal leadership. It is the
traditional pattern of bequeathing political power family members. 

Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle: blood is thicker than
water. It asserts that power should be distributed among family members. 

For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship
connections and must be circulated only among those who are tied by blood.

Political dynasties have long been present in the Philippine political structure. 

Political dynasties started emerging after the Philippine Revolution when the First
Republic of the Philippines was established. Over the years, newer dynasties emerged
as some of the initial ones became inactive. The majority of the positions in the
Philippine government are currently held by members of political dynasties. Notable
Philippine political dynasties include the Aquino and Marcos families.
UCSP (REVIEWER)
11.Medical Anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in,
and the cultural dimension of, economic development.
development anthropology
12.Plato was one of the greatest influential figure of Western History
Aristotle
13.Political Science is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services.
Economics
14.Psychology is the study of the past.
History
15.Herbert Spencer believed that a society can be compared to a living organism
true
16.Max Weber wrote the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
17.Emile Durkheim believed that a society can be compared to a living organism
true
18.Max Weber believe that sociologist must go beyond what people do, beyond what can be
observe directly
German sociologist
19.Primatology believe that sociologist must go beyond what people do, beyond what can be
observe directly
German sociologist
20.Biological Anthropology is the study of our nearest animal relatives.
Primatology
21. Major Fields of Anthropology
Biological Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Archeology, Linguistics
22.The relationship of Sociology in other Social Sciences
Anthropology, Psychology, Economics, Political Science, History
UCSP (REVIEWER) 2
I. Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE if it is not on the space provided.
1.Embers in 2002 explains that one of the most controversial aspects of Charles Darwin’s theory
was the suggestion that one species could evolve into another.
(1 Point)
TRUE

2.Homonid is one of the earliest members of the primate family Hominidae.

(1 Point)
TRUE

3.A species is a population that consists of organism’s able inter-breed and produce fertile and
viable offsprings.
(1 Point)
TRUE

4.The oldest tools in Early Hominid found in Gona, Ethiopia.

(1 Point)
TRUE

5.Most paleoanthropologist agree that some human ancestor moved from Africa to Asia.
(1 Point)
TRUE

6.Homo erectus was the first hominid to have third molars that were smaller than the second or
first molars, as in modern human.
(1 Point)
TRUE

7.The Sumerians developed an important skill in organized workers to build and repair canals
into river.
(1 Point)
TRUE

8.Rome began as a small town near the coast of Central Italy.

(1 Point)
TRUE

9.A process by which democracy expands.

(1 Point)
TRUE

10.A democratic government is legitimized by the electoral process.

(1 Point)
TRUE

11.Social identities manifest that individual are identical with the other persons which can be
taken as a collective dimension.
(1 Point)
TRUE

12.Forming identity by an individual is believed to have been a complex process.

(1 Point)
TRUE
13.To prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior, there has to be an effective means of social
control.
(1 Point)
TRUE

14.In all levels of society, social control exists.

(1 Point)
TRUE

15.Most familiar examples of nonconformity are negative instances of rule-breaking like

stealing, abusing a child, having a religion.
(1 Point)
TRUE

IDENTIFICATION
Identify what is being asked. Write your answer on the space provided.
16.A technique used as an early tool that apparently made by striking a stone with another stone.
(1 Point)
DIRECT PERCU

17.He found the Pithecanthropus erectus.

(1 Point)
EUGENE DUBO

18.It is the term that refers to civilization that emerged independently.

(1 Point)
CRADLE OF C

19.A government without a king.

(1 Point)
ANARCHY

20.One of the main ingredients of democracy.

(1 Point)
MAJORITY RU

21.He spoke about the birth of a new generations of children as a recurrent barbarian invasion.
(1 Point)
TALCOTT PAR

22.He described enculturation as a process of socialization into and maintenance of the norms of
one’s indigenous culture.
(1 Point)
MELVILLE J. H

23.According to hi the enculturation is both a conscious and unconscious conditioning process.

(1 Point)
ADAMSON HO

24.It refers to the process of deliberate shaping by way of tutelage of the individual.
(1 Point)
SOCIOLOGY
25.It relates to the understandings people hold on and believe to what is meaningful to them as it
may be sourced from gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity.
(1 Point)
IDENTITY

26.It is part of a person’s social identity and defines his/her relationships to others.
(1 Point)
STATUS

27.A social position where people receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life.
(1 Point)
ASCRIBED ST

28.It refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society.
(1 Point)
SOCIAL CONT

29.It is defined as any behavior that violates a cultural norm.

(1 Point)
DEVIANCE

30.It is also called ‘child training’.

(1 Point)
INFORMAL

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Write the letter that corresponds to your chosen answer.
31._____________________________ is sometimes called the Fertile Crescent.
(1 Point)
Asia 
Tigris 
Mesopotamia
India
32. _____________was known as the Gift of the Nile because of the annual flooding of the Nile
River made possible the agriculture in this civilization.
(1 Point)
 Asia 
 Tigris 
Mesopotamia
Egypt
33.The Yellow River Civilization was settled by the _____________.
(1 Point)
soldiers 
 farmers 
 volunteers
dynasty
34.The four features of civilizations are cities, writings, specialization and ______________.
(1 Point)
people
skilled workers 
 government
literature
35.The advisory council called the _________ was the most powerful arm of the government.
(1 Point)
Patricians 
Plebeians D. Politicians
C. Senate
Politicians
36.The crucial test of modern democratic government.
(1 Point)
Popular support of Government 
 Political competition 
Alternation in Power
Popular Representation
37.One of the essential ingredients of democracy that refers to volunteers must elect their
representatives to as legislators to voice and protect their general interest.
(1 Point)
Popular support of Government 
Political competition
Alternation in Power
Popular Representation
38.Cultural ____________ as collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and
proper.
(1 Point)
Norms 
Values
 Attitude
Folkways
39. It is a ‘fuzzy’ group which contains people who come into occasional contact but lack of
sense of boundaries and belonging.
(1 Point)
reference 
in-group
out-group
network
40. __________is a ‘cool’, impersonal association whose members relationships are limited and
instrumental.
(1 Point)
Secondary group
Primary group 
in-group
out-group

Enumeration
Give the following terms.
41.Choose the five Primary group.
(5 Points)
frequent face-to-face association
relationships valued in themselves
high level intimacy
small number of persons/members irreplaceable
community service
42.Choose the five Secondary Group.
(5 Points)
occasional face-to-face interaction
family oriented
limited relationship
relationship are instrumental
low level of intimacy
group size flexible/ members replaceable