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Basic Maths Formulae
Basic Maths Formulae
Basic Maths Formulae
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
2
LOGARITHMS
a x = m ⇒ log m = x (a > 0 and a ≠ 1)
a
1. loga mn = logm + logn.
m
2. loga = logm – logn.
n
3. loga mn = n logm.
log a
4. logba = .
log b
5. logaa = 1.
6. loga1 = 0.
1
7. logba = .
log a b
8. loga1= 0.
9. log (m +n) ≠ logm +logn.
10. e logx = x.
11. logaax = x.
PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
a, a + d, a+2d,-----------------------------are in A.P.
nth term, Tn = a + (n-1)d.
n
Sum to n terms, Sn = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] .
2
If a, b, c are in A.P, then 2b = a + c.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
a, ar, ar2 ,--------------------------- are in G.P.
a(1 − r n ) a(r n − 1)
Sum to n terms, Sn = if r < 1 and Sn = if r > 1.
1− r r −1
a
Sum to infinite terms of G.P, S∞ = .
1− r
If a, b, c are in A.P, then b2 = ac.
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Reciprocals of the terms of A.P are in H.P
1 1 1
, , , ----------------- are in H.P
a a + d a + 2d
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P, then b = .
a+c
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + -----------------+n = ∑ n = .
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12+22 +32 + -----------------+n2 = ∑ n =
2
.
6
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
3
n 2 (n + 1) 2
13+23 +33 + ----------------+ n3 = ∑n 3
=
4
.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATION
n!
n Pr =
( n − r) ! .
n!
nCr = .
r!( n − r ) !
n!= 1.2 3.--------n.
nCr = nCn-r.
nCr + nCr-1 = (n + 1) Cr.
(m + n)!
(m + n)Cr = .
m!n!
BINOMIAL THEOREM
(x +a)n = xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + nC3 xn-3 a3 +------------+ nCn an.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Distance between the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane is
(x 2 − x1 ) 2 + (y 2 − y1 ) 2 OR (x1 − x 2 ) 2 + (y1 − y 2 ) 2 .
2. Section formula
mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
, (for internal division),
m+n m+n
mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1
, (for external division).
m−n m−n
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
4
4. Centriod formula
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y3
, .
3 3
5. Area of triangle when their vertices are given,
1
2
∑ x1 (y2 − y3 )
1
= [ x1 (y 2 − y3 ) + x 2 (y3 − y1 ) + x 3 (y1 − y 2 ) ]
2
STRAIGHT LINE
Slope (or Gradient) of a line = tangent of an inclination = tanθ.
Slope of a X- axis = 0
Slope of a line parallel to X-axis = 0
Slope of a Y- axis = ∞
Slope of a line parallel to Y-axis = ∞
y 2 − y1
Slope of a line joining (x1, x2) and (y1, y2) = .
x 2 − x1
If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal (m1= m2)
If two lines are perpendicular, then their product of slopes is -1 (m1 m2 = -1)
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE
1. y = mx + c (slope-intercept form)
y - y1 = m(x-x1) (point-slope form)
y −y
y − y1 = 2 1 (x − x1 ) (two point form)
x 2 − x1
x y
+ = 1 (intercept form)
a b
x cosα +y sinα = P (normal form)
Equation of a straight line in the general form is ax2 + bx + c = 0
a
Slope of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is –
b
m1 − m 2
2. Angle between two straight lines is given by, tanθ =
1 + m1m 2
Length of the perpendicular from a point (x1,x2) and the straight line ax2 + bx + c
ax1 + by1 + c
= 0 is
a 2 + b2
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
5
Equation of a straight line passing through intersection of two lines a 1x2 + b1x + c1
= 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is a1x2 + b1x + c1 + K(a2x2 + b2x + c2 ) = 0, where K is
any constant.
Two lines meeting a point are called intersecting lines.
More than two lines meeting a point are called concurrent lines.
Equation of bisector of angle between the lines a1x + b1y+ c1 = 0 and
a1x + b1 y + c1 a x + b 2 y 2 + c2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is =± 2
a12 + b12 a 22 + b22
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
6
TRIGNOMETRY
1 2
Area of a sector of a circle = r θ .
2
Arc length, S = r θ.
opp adj opp adj hyp hyp
sinθ = ,cosθ = ,tanθ = ,cotθ = , secθ = , cosecθ = .
hyp hyp adj opp adj opp
1 1 1 1
Sinθ = or cosecθ = , cosθ = or secθ = ,
cos ecθ sin θ sec θ cos θ
1 1 sin θ cos θ
tanθ = or cotθ = , tanθ = , cotθ = .
cot θ tan θ cos θ sin θ
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1; ⇒ sin2θ = 1- cos2θ; cos2θ = 1- sin2θ;
sec2θ - tan2θ = 1; ⇒ sec2θ = 1+ tan2θ; tan2θ = sec2θ – 1;
cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1; ⇒ cosec2θ = 1+ cot2θ; cot2θ = cosec2θ – 1.
STANDARD ANGLES
0 or
π π π π π 5π
00 0 30
or 450 or 600 or 900 or 150 or 750 or
6 4 3 2 12 12
Sin 1 1 3 3 −1 3 +1
0 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cos 3 1 1 3 +1 3 −1
1 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
Tan 1 3 −1 3 +1
0 1 ∞
3 3
3 +1 3 −1
Cot 1 3 +1 3 −1
∞ 1 0
3 3 3 −1 3 +1
Sec 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 ∞
3 2
3 +1 3 −1
Cosec 2 2 2 2 2
∞ 2 1
2 3 3 −1 3 +1
ALLIED ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of angles which are in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants can be
obtained as follows :
If the transformation begins at 900 or 2700, the trigonometric functions changes as
sin ↔ cos
tan ↔ cot
sec ↔ cosec
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
7
where as the transformation begins at 1800 or 3600, the same trigonometric functions
will be retained, however the signs (+ or -) of the functions decides ASTC rule.
COMPOUND ANGLES
Sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB.
Sin(A-B)= sinAcosB-cosAsinB.
Cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB.
Cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB.
tan A + tan B
tan(A+B)=
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
tan(A-B)=
1 + tan A tan B
π 1 + tan A
tan + A =
4 1 − tan A
π 1 − tan A
tan − A =
4 1 + tan A
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
tan(A+B+C)=
1 − (tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A)
sin(A+B) sin(A-B)= sin 2 A − sin 2 B = cos 2 B − cos 2 A
cos(A+B) cos(A-B)= cos 2 A − sin 2 B
MULTIPLE ANGLES
2 tan A
1.sin 2A=2 sinA cosA. 2. sin 2A= .
1 + tan 2 A
3.cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
=1-2 sin 2 A .
= 2 cos 2 A − 1
1 − tan 2 A
=
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A 1
4. tan 2A= , 5. 1+cos 2A= 2 cos 2 A , 6. cos 2 A = (1 + cos 2A) .
1 − tan A
2
2
1
7. 1-cos 2A= 2sin 2 A , 8. sin 2 A = (1 − cos 2A) , 9.1+sin 2A= (sin A + cos A) 2 ,
2
10. 1-sin 2A= (cos A − sin A) = (sin A − cos A) 2 , 11.cos 3A= 4 cos3 A − 3cos A ,
2
3 tan A − tan 3 A
12. sin 3A= 3sin A − 4sin 3 A , 13.tan 3A= .
1 − 3 tan 2 A
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
8
SUM TO PRODUCT
C+D C−D
Sin C + sin D = 2sin cos .
2 2
C+D C−D
Sin C –sin D = 2 cos sin .
2 2
C+D C−D
Cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos .
2 2
C+D C−D
Cos C- cos D = −2sin sin
2 2
OR
D+C D−C
Cos C- cos D = 2sin sin
2 2
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
9
a 2 + c2 − b2
b2 = a2 + c2 -2ac cosB or cosB = ,
2ac
a 2 + b2 − c2
c2 = a2 + b2 -2ab cosC or cosC = .
2ab
Projection Rule: a = b cosC +c cosB
b = c cosA +a cosC
c = a cosB +b cosA
Tangents Rule:
B−C b−c A
tan = cot ,
2 b+c 2
C−A c−a B
tan = cot ,
2 c+a 2
A−B a−b C
tan = cot .
2 a+b 2
Half angle formula:
A (s − b)(s − c) A s(s − a) A (s − b)(s − c)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s − a)
B (s − a)(s − c) B s(s − b) B (s − a)(s − c)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 ac 2 ac 2 s(s − b)
C (s − a)(s − b) C s(s − c) C (s − a)(s − b)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 ab 2 ab 2 s(s − c)
Area of triangle ABC = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ,
1 1 1
Area of triangle ABC = bcsin A = ac sin B = ab sin C .
2 2 2
LIMITS
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536
10
1
5. Lt = 0 , if p > 0 and nLt n p = ∞ if p > 0
n →∞ np →∞
sin x tan x x x
6. Lt = Lt ( x in radians ) = xLt = Lt =1
x →0 x x → 0 x → 0 sin x x → 0 tan x
sin x 0 tan x 0 π
7. Lt = Lt =
x →0 x x → 0 x 180
sin x 2
8. Ltπ =
x→ x π
2
sin −1 x tan −1 x
9. lim = 1 = lim
x →0 x x →0 x
x n − an
10. lim = nan − 1 , where n is an integer or a fraction.
x→a x−a
ax − 1 ex − 1
11. lim = log a , lim = log e = 1
x →0 x x →0 x
n
1 1
12. lim 1 + = e , lim ( 1 + n ) n = e
x →∞ n x →0
f ( x) lim f ( x)
= provided lim g( x ) ≠ 0
x→a
lim
g ( x) lim g ( x)
x→a x→a
x→a
S B SATHYANARAYANA
M. Sc., M.I.E ., M Phil .
9481477536