C Programming:decision Making, Control Structures and Arrays

Module1
C Programming :decision making ,

control structures and arrays
History of C
 C is a programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell labs

in 1972.
 It is a middle level language.
 C is a procedural oriented language.
 C is machine independent programming language.
Mrs.RakshithaP_AssistantProfessor_Dept_MCA 07-05-2022 2
C Structure
 Example code:
Datatypes:
 ANSCII C provides three Classes of datatypes.
1. Built in or Primary data type:
Input and Output Statement
 Input Statement/read statement

 scanf() method:
 It reads the value from the console as per the type specified.
Syntax:
scanf(“format
specifier”,&variable);
 Output/write statement
 printf() method:
It prints or write the value on the console Screen.
Syntax:
printf(“statement with format

specifier”,variable);
Decision making in C
1. if statement
2. switch statement
3. conditional operator statement
4. goto statement
 IF
 if statements is a powerful decision making
statements and used to control the flow of execution
of statements.
if(test expression)
statement;
 The if statement implemented depending on the complexity of conditions to be tested.
 simple if statement
 if……else statement
 nested if….else statement
 else if ladder
 Simple if
 General form:
if(test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
Statement-x;
 If ….else
 General form:
if(test expression)
{
True block- statement;
}
else
{
False block- statement;
}
Statement-x;
 Nested if else statement:
 General form
 Else if ladder
 General form:
SWITCH:
C has a multi way decision statement known
as a switch.
The keyword is switch.
The switch statement tests the value of a
given variable or expression against a list of
case values and when a match is found , a
block of statements associated with that case
is executed.
 General Form:
 Flowchart:
?: OPERATOR  THE
 It is two way decisions.
 This operator commonly called as conditional
operator.
 This operator combination of ? and :, and takes three
operands.
 The conditional expression evaluated first , if the
conditional expression is true then first statement is
executed .otherwise second statement is executed.
 General form:
Conditional expression? expression1: expression2
GOTO
 c supports the goto statement to branch unconditionally
from one point to another in the program.
 Goto requires a label in order to identify the place where
the branch is to be made.
 A label is any valid variable name, and must be followed
by a colon(:).
 Goto have two variations
Forwardjump.
Backward jump.
 General Form:
 LOOPING
 A loop allows a program to repeat a group of statements,

either any number of times or until some loop condition
occurs
 • Convenient if the exact number of repetitions are
known.
• Loop Consists of
• Body of the loop.
• Control Statement.
 Steps in looping:
Initialization of condition variable.
Execution of body of the loop.
Test the control statement.
Updating the condition variable.
Common Loops
 While Loop
 Do while Loop
 For Loop
While Loop
 The while is an entry controlled statement.

 The test condition evaluated first, then
executes the body of the statement until
condition becomes false.
 General form:
 Example:
THE DO….WHILE STATEMENT
 The do…while is a exit controlled loop.

 Here, body of the loop evaluated first, then
the condition will be checked.
 General form:
 Example:
FOR LOOP
 It is entry controlled loop.

 It checks the condition, then executes the
body of the loop.
 General form:
 Example:
Nested for loop
 Nesting of loops nothing but one for

statement within another for statement.
 Inner loop executes first then the outer loop
executes.
 General form:
 Example
Jump in loops
 Jumping out of a loop

Break
goto
Break in loops
Goto in loops
The continue statement
 The loop to be continued with the next

iteration after skipping any statements in
between.
 The continue statement tells the compiler,
”SKIP THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
AND CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
ITERATION”.
Program:
ARRAYS
 Array is a fixed size sequenced collection

of elements of the same data type.
 Types of array
One dimensional array
Two dimensional array
Multi dimensional array
One dimensional array
 A list of items can be given one variable

name using only one subscript and such a
variable is called a single dimensional
array.
Declaration of one dimensional array
 General form: data-type variable-name[size];

 Example:
 int a[5];
float array1[10];
char name[10];
Initialization of one dimensional array
 There are two stages:

 At Compile time
At run time
Compile time initialization
 Initializing
the variable in ordinary way.
 General form:
data_type variable_name[size]={list of
values};
 Example:
int array1[2]={4,2};
int array2[]={1,2,3};
char array3[]={‘j’,’o’,’h’,’n’,’\0’};
char name[]=“john”;
int array4[5]={20,30};
int array5[2]={1,2,3,4}//error
Example code
Run time initialization
• Usually applied for initializing large arrays.

• It uses scanf() function to access one dimension
array.
Print/display onedimensional array
Two dimensional array
 A table of items can be given one variable

name using two subscript and such a
variable is called a two dimensional array.
 Used to represent tabular data.
 Having ROW and COLUMN
Declaration
 Syntax:
 Datatype arr_name[row_size][col_size];
 Example:
 int matrix[3][3];
Initialization
 There are two stages:

 At Compile time
At run time
Compile time
 data_type
variable_name[row_size][col_size]={list of
values};
 Example:
 int matrix[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
 int matrix[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
 int matrix[3][3]={0};
 int matrix[][]={1,2,3,4};
Runtime initialization
 Takes the value in the runtime using scanf()

function.
Accessing/reading one dimensional array
Writing two dimensional array
 Printing the array element in the monitor.
Mrs.RakshithaP_AssistantProfessor_Dept_MCA 07-05-
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2022

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Module1

C Programming :decision making ,

 C is a programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell labs

 ANSCII C provides three Classes of datatypes.

 Input Statement/read statement

printf(“statement with format

Conditional expression? expression1: expression2

 A loop allows a program to repeat a group of statements,

 The while is an entry controlled statement.

 The do…while is a exit controlled loop.

 It is entry controlled loop.

 Nesting of loops nothing but one for

 Jumping out of a loop

 The loop to be continued with the next

 Array is a fixed size sequenced collection

 A list of items can be given one variable

 General form: data-type variable-name[size];

 There are two stages:

• Usually applied for initializing large arrays.

 A table of items can be given one variable

 There are two stages:

 Takes the value in the runtime using scanf()

 Printing the array element in the monitor.

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