Kathmandu - Wikipedia

25/05/2022, 13:14 Kathmandu - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 27.7172°N 85.3240°E
Kathmandu
Kathmandu (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐫𑐾𑑃 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂‎/ येँ देय् , Nepali: काठमाडौँ)
officially the Kathmandu Metropolitan City (Nepal Bhasa: Kathmandu
𑐫𑐾𑑃 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐐𑐬𑐥𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐎𑐵‎ / येँ महानगरपालिका, Nepali: काठमाडौँ महानगरपालिका), is 𑐫𑐾𑑃 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂‎/ येँ देय् (Newar)
the capital and the most populous city of Nepal with 845,767
काठमाडौँ (Nepali)
inhabitants living in 105,649 households in 2021[1] and 2.9
million people in its urban agglomeration. It is located in the Kantipur, Nepal Mandala, Yen
Kathmandu Valley, a large valley in the high plateaus in central Capital city
Nepal, at an altitude of 1,400 metres (4,600 feet). It is the
second largest city proper in Himalayan hill region after Kathmandu Metropolitan City
Srinagar, and the largest Metropolitan region in the Himalayan
hill region.
The city is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the

world, founded in 2nd century CE. The valley was historically
called the "Nepal Mandala" and has been the home of the Newar
people, a cosmopolitan urban civilization in the Himalayan
foothills. The city was the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal
and hosts palaces, mansions, and gardens of the Nepalese
aristocracy. It has been home to the headquarters of the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) since
1985. Today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese
republic, established in 2008, and is part of the Bagmati
Province.
Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal's
history, art, culture, and economy. It has a multi-ethnic
population within a Hindu and Buddhist majority. Religious
and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people
residing in Kathmandu. Tourism is an important part of the
economy in the city. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third
among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by
TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia. The city is considered the
gateway to the Nepalese Himalayas and is home to several
World Heritage Sites: the Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Clockwise from top: Kathmandu Skyline,
Tundikhel, Pashupatinath Temple, Ghantaghar
Boudhanath and Pashupatinath. Kathmandu valley is growing
at 4 percent per year according to the World Bank in 2010,
making it one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in
South Asia, and the first region in Nepal to face the
unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and
modernization at a metropolitan scale.[2]
Flag
Seal
Historic areas of Kathmandu were severely damaged by a 7.8
magnitude earthquake in April 2015. Some of the buildings have Motto(s): Nepali: सांस्कृ तिक सहर, काठमाडौं महानगर,
been restored while some remain in the process of lit. 'Cultural City, Kathmandu Metropolitan City'
reconstruction.
Contents Kathmandu
Etymology
History
Ancient history
Licchavi era Show map of Bagmati Province
Malla era Show map of Nepal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu 1/33
Medieval era Show map of Asia

Early Shah rule Show all
Coordinates: 27.7172°N 85.3240°E
Rana rule
Country Nepal
Geography
Kathmandu administration Province Bagmati Province
District Kathmandu
Climate
Founded by Manjushri
Air quality No. of Wards 32
Government and public services Government
Civic administration • Type Mayor–council government
Law and order • Body Kathmandu Metropolitan
Fire service Government
Electricity and water supply • Mayor Vacant
• Deputy Vacant
Waste management
mayor
Demographics Area
Ethnic groups • Capital city 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi)
Architecture and cityscape • Metro 899 km2 (347 sq mi)
Durbar Squares Elevation 1,400 m (4,600 ft)
Pashupatinath temple Population (2021)[1]
Boudhanath • Capital city 845,767
Swayambhu • Rank 1st
Rani Pokhari • Density 17,103/km2 (44,300/sq mi)
• Metro 2.9 million
Culture
• Metro_Rank 1st
Arts
Museums Time zone UTC+05:45 (Nepal Standard
Time)
Art galleries
Literature Postal Code 446088
Area code(s) 01
Cinema and theatre
Music Website www.kathmandu.gov.np (htt
p://www.kathmandu.gov.np)
Cuisine
Festivals
Religions
Hinduism
Buddhism
Kirat Mundhum
Other religions
Education
Healthcare
Medical colleges
Economy
Tourism
Transport
Road
Air
Ropeways
Media
Sports
International relations and organizations
Twin towns – sister cities
Proposed sister cities
Local Elections
Local Level Election 2074

Notable people
Gallery
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Etymology
The indigenous Nepal Bhasa term for Kathmandu is Yen. The Nepali name Kathmandu comes from
Kasthamandap, which stood in the Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kāṣṭha (Sanskrit: काष्ठ) means "wood" and
Maṇḍapa (Sanskrit: मण्डप) means "pavilion". This public pavilion, also known as Maru Satta in Newari, was
rebuilt in 1596 by Biseth in the period of King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The three-storey structure was made
entirely of wood and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legends, all the timber used to build the
pagoda was obtained from a single tree.[3] The structure collapsed during a major earthquake in April 2015.
The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap
Mahānagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahānagar means "great city". The city is called Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap in a vow that
Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap. During medieval
times, the city was sometimes called Kāntipur (Sanskrit: कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words
– Kānti and Pur. Kānti is a word that stands for "beauty" and is mostly associated with light and Pur means
place, thus giving it the meaning, "City of light".
Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as Yeṃ Dey (Newar: येँ देय्), and Patan and
Bhaktapur are known as Yala Dey (Newar: यल देय्) and Khwopa Dey (Newar: ख्वप देय्) respectively.[4] "Yen" is
the shorter form of Yambu (Newar: यम्बु), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu. The older
northern settlements were referred to as Yambi while the southern settlement was known as Yangala.[5][6]
The spelling "Katmandu" was often used in older English-language text. More recently, however, the spelling
"Kathmandu" has become more common in English.[7]
History
Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient
civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was
dated at 185 AD.[8] The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an
inscription in Brahmi script. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old.[8]
Stone inscriptions are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for
the history of Nepal.
The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit

Fathers the Portuguese Jesuit, Fr. Joao Cabral who passed through the Kathmandu
Valley in the spring of 1628[9] and was received graciously by the king of that time,
probably King Lakshminarasimha Malla of Kathmandu on their way from Tibet to
India,[10] and reported that they reached "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal
Manjushree, with
kingdom.[11]
Chandrahrasa, the Buddhist
deity said to have created
the valley
Ancient history
The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends.
According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha", as
it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjushree with his sword, and the water was
evacuated out from there. He then established a city called Manjupattan, and made Dharmakar the ruler of the
valley land. After some time, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet, and the valley again turned into a lake.
Then Lord Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur, and again drained out the water by Cutting the edge of
Chobhar hill with this Sudharshan Chakra. He brought some Gopals along with him and made Bhuktaman the
king of Nepal.[12][13][14]
Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, Shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city, which was famous
for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.
Very few historical records exists of the period before medieval Licchavi rulers. According to Gopalraj
Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchy, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas,
Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kiratas, and Somavanshi.[14][15] The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During
the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-
Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in
the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti,
Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.
Licchavi era
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the
Kirats, establishing the Licchavi dynasty, circa 400 AD. During this era,
following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors
migrated north and entered the forest monastery lora masquerading as
Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and
Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of
Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only
surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world.[16] With their
migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin
Koligram[17] during most of the Licchavi era.[18] Map of Kathmandu, 1802
Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and

Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu.[18] The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa,
the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is
still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade
between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as
Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travellers
and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang
described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma.[19] The trade route also led to
cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu
Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater
Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbours. For
example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal
who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.
Malla era
The Licchavi era was followed by the

Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon
being attacked by the Delhi Sultanate,
fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They
intermarried with Nepali royalty, and
this led to the Malla era. The early years
of the Malla era were turbulent, with
raids and attacks from Khas and Turk
Skyline of Kathmandu, circa 1793 Muslims. There was also a devastating Kathmandu Durbar Square, 1852
earthquake which claimed the lives of a
third of Kathmandu's population,
including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the
Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various
monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during
most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard
currency in trans-Himalayan trade.
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four
fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as
the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with
each other in the arts, architecture, esthetics, and trade, resulting in
tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or
involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and
temples, as well as the development of waterspouts, the institutionalisation
of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and
the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from
India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a
stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found
from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), View of the Kathmandu valley from
medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, Swayambhunath, 1863
and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD,
was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include
Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur,
Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.
Medieval era
Early Shah rule
The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of
Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in
Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of
the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha
empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this The now demolished old royal
era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with palace in 1920
characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of
Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of
continual war with neighbouring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the
development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower
Dharahara was originally built during this era.
Rana rule
Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot massacre of 1846, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar.
During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jung Bahadur Rana and his
supporters. Another massacre, the Bhandarkhal Massacre, was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in
Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to
the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of
these buildings include Singha Durbar, Garden of Dreams, Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The
first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the New Road, was also built during this era.
Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar High School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir
Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Education was only accessible to
the privileged class. Rana rule was marked by despotism, economic exploitation and religious
persecution.[20][21]
Geography
Kathmandu is in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers
an area of 50.7 km2 (19.6 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level.[22] The city is
bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur
Metropolitan City (Patan), with which it forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by
Kirtipur and to the east by Madyapur Thimi. To the north the urban area extends into several municipalities;
Nagarjun, Tarakeshwor, Tokha, Budhanilkantha, Gokarneshwor and Kageshwori Manohara. However, the
urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighbouring municipalities, e.g. to Bhaktapur, and nearly covers
the entire Kathmandu Valley.
Panoramic view of the Kathmandu valley from Swayambhu
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the
Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumante Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The
mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–
9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley.[23][24][25] An ancient
canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.
The city of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley are in the Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone (altitude range of
1,200–2,100 metres (3,900–6,900 ft)), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree
species in this zone are oak, elm, beech, maple and others, with coniferous trees at higher altitude.[26]
Urban expansion in The green, vegetated slopes Araniko Highway connects

Kathmandu, 2015. that surround the Kathmandu Kathmandu to Bhaktapur and
metro area (light grey, image onwards to the Chinese border.
centre) include both forest
reserves and national parks
Northeastern Kathmandu with

Gaurishankar in background.
Kathmandu administration
Kathmandu and adjacent cities are composed of neighbourhoods, which are utilized quite extensively and more
familiar among locals. However, administratively the city is divided into 32 wards, numbered from 1 to 32.
Earlier, there were 35 wards which made it the metropolitan city with the largest number of the wards.
Climate
Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the Kathmandu

city with lower elevations (1300-1400m) which is 88 Climate chart (explanation)
percent of total have a humid subtropical climate
J F M A M J J A S O N D
(Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations
generally have a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). In
the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its 25
28 29 29 28 29 28 27
24
valley's climate, the average summer temperature 19 21

20

varies from 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F). The average 19 20 20 19
16
winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).
Five major 12 13
8 8
climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, High hills 5 4
2
of Kathmandu Valley including Chandragiri hill is in
the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from
1,200 to 2,300 metres (3,900 to 7,500 ft)), where the
climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This
14 19 34 61 124 236 363 331 200 51 8.3 13
zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with
elevation varying between 2,100 and 3,300 metres Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
(6,900 and 10,800 ft).
Precipitation totals in mm
The city generally has a climate with warm days Imperial conversion
followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable J F M A M J J A S O N D
weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop
to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013
84 84 84
cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu 77
82 82 82 81
75

dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature 66 70

68
was recorded on 10 January 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). 66 68 68 66

61
Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the 54 55
46 46
total concentrated during the monsoon months of June 41 39
36
to September), and decreases substantially (100 to
200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western
Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400
millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and
0.6 0.7 1.3 2.4 4.9 9.3 14 13 7.9 2 0.3 0.5
averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of
Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%.[23][27][28] Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Precipitation totals in inches
Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, Weather
Meteorology for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The
annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the
table above.[28] The decade of 2000–2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in
Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon. For example, 2001
recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season. In contrast,
2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totaling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an
exceptionally strong monsoon season.
Climate data for Kathmandu (1981–2010 averages; 1967–1994 extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high 24.4

28.3
33.3
35.0
36.1
37.2
32.8
33.3
33.3
33.3
29.4
28.3
37.2
°C (°F) (75.9) (82.9) (91.9) (95.0) (97.0) (99.0) (91.0) (91.9) (91.9) (91.9) (84.9) (82.9) (99.0)
Average 19.1
21.4
25.3
28.2
28.7
29.1
28.4
28.7
28.1
26.8
23.6
20.2
25.6
high °C (°F) (66.4) (70.5) (77.5) (82.8) (83.7) (84.4) (83.1) (83.7) (82.6) (80.2) (74.5) (68.4) (78.1)
Daily mean 10.8

13.0
16.7
19.9
22.2
24.1
24.3
24.3
23.3
20.1
15.7
12.0
18.9
°C (°F) (51.4) (55.4) (62.1) (67.8) (72.0) (75.4) (75.7) (75.7) (73.9) (68.2) (60.3) (53.6) (66.0)
Average low 2.4

4.5
8.2
11.7
15.7
19.1
20.2
20.0
18.5
13.4
7.8
3.7
12.1
°C (°F) (36.3) (40.1) (46.8) (53.1) (60.3) (66.4) (68.4) (68.0) (65.3) (56.1) (46.0) (38.7) (53.8)
Record low −9.2

−1.1
1.7
4.4
9.4
13.9
16.1
16.1
13.3
5.6
0.6
−1.7
−9.2
°C (°F) (15.4) (30.0) (35.1) (39.9) (48.9) (57.0) (61.0) (61.0) (55.9) (42.1) (33.1) (28.9) (15.4)
Average
14.4
18.7
34.2
61.0
123.6
236.3
363.4
330.8
199.8
51.2
8.3
13.2
1,454.9
precipitation
(0.57) (0.74) (1.35) (2.40) (4.87) (9.30) (14.31) (13.02) (7.87) (2.02) (0.33) (0.52) (57.28)
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation 2 3 4 6 12 17 23 22 15 4 1 1 110
days
Average
relative 79 71 61 53 57 73 81 83 82 79 85 80 74
humidity (%)
Mean
monthly
223 254 260 231 229 186 136 159 132 252 244 250 2,556
sunshine
hours
Source 1: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,[29] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)[30]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity),[31] Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes)[32]
Air quality
Air pollution is a major issue in the Kathmandu Valley[33][34][35] thereby earning the nickname "The Dust
Bowl".[36][37][38] According to the 2016 World Health Organization's Ambient Air Pollution Database,[39] the
annual average PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentration in 2013 was 49 μg/m3, which is 4.9 times higher than
recommended by the World Health Organization.[40][41] Starting in early 2017, the Government of Nepal and
the Embassy of the United States in Kathmandu have monitored and publicly share real-time air quality data. In
Nepal and Kathmandu, the annual premature deaths due to air pollution reached 37,399 and 9,943 respectively,
according to a Republica news report published on 23 November 2019. This indicates, around a quarter of the
total deaths due to air pollution in Nepal are in Kathmandu.[42][43]
Government and public services
Civic administration
Kathmandu Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the chief nodal agency for the
administration of Kathmandu. The Municipality of Kathmandu was
upgraded to a metropolitan city in 1995.
Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the
East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic
administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Office of the Prime Minister of Nepal
Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its
in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu
177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual
meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major
policy decisions.[23][44] The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu
Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and
condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities,
parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and
planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local
inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.[45]
Kathmandu is the headquarters of the surrounding Kathmandu District.
Law and order
The Metropolitan Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city. It is headed by a commissioner of
police. The Metropolitan Police is a division of the Nepal Police, and the administrative control lies with the
Ministry of Home Affairs.
Fire service
The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya (Nepali: वारुण यन्त्र
कार्यालय), opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single-
vehicle.[46] An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for a
fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were
designated as accident-prone areas.[46] In 1944, the fire service was
extended to the neighbouring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a
fire service was established in Kathmandu central airport.[46] In 1975, a Consulate of the Netherlands.
West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu hosts 28 diplomatic
Kathmandu's fire service.[46] The fire service in the city is also overlooked by missions
an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer
Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose
of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.[46]
Electricity and water supply
Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the Nepal

Electricity Authority (NEA). Water supply and sanitation facilities are
provided by the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). There is
a severe shortage of water for household purposes such as drinking, bathing,
cooking and washing and irrigation. People have been using bottled mineral
water, water from tank trucks and from the ancient dhunge dharas (Nepali:
ढुङ्गे धारा) for all the purposes related to water. The city water shortage should
be solved by the completion of the much plagued Melamchi Water Supply
Public baths, Kathmandu. 1979
Project by the end of 2019.[47][48]
Waste management
Waste management may be through composting in municipal waste management units, and at houses with
home composting units. Both systems are common and established in India and neighbouring countries.[49]
Demographics
Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal. According to the
National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 in 254,292 households
with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001.[50] 70% of the total
population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.
In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected
to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of
5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the
population density which was 85 in 1991 remained 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in
2021.[51]
Ethnic groups
The largest ethnic group is the native Newars, whose various caste groups combined have a population of 25%.
Almost equal in population is the Bahuns with 24%, while the Chhetri population is 18%. Other groups in
Kathmandu include the Janajatis, including the Tamang (8%), Magar (4%), Gurung (3%), Rai (2%) and Limbu
(1%).[52] More recently, other hill ethnic groups and caste groups from Terai have come to represent a
substantial proportion of the city's population, and there are even around 12,000 Marwadis, mainly merchants.
According to data from 2011, the major religions in Kathmandu city are Hinduism 81.3%, Buddhism 9%, Islam
4.4% and other 5.2%.[53]
The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its
strong bias towards the Hindu culture. Sanskrit language therefore was preferred and people were encouraged
to learn it even by attending Sanskrit learning centres in Terai. Sanskrit schools were specially set up in
Kathmandu and in the Terai region to inculcate traditional Hindu culture and practices originated from
Nepal.[54] As of the 2011 census, 61.26% of the city spoke Nepali, 19.00% Newar, 5.55% Tamang, 2.82%
Maithili, 1.81% Hindi, 1.60% Bhojpuri, 1.23% Gurung, 1.16% Magar and 1.04% Sherpa as their first language.
English is also understood by many.[55]
Architecture and cityscape

The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site (WHS)
Seven Monuments and Buildings
Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions
from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and
architecture.[56] The monuments of Kathmandu City have been
influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious
practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has
been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage
monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven
groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven
monuments zones cover an area of 189 hectares (470 acres), with the
buffer zone extending to 2,394 hectares (5,920 acres). The Seven
Monument Zones inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor
modification in 2006 are the Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka,
Patan and Bhaktapur, the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and
Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhunath and
Boudhanath.[57][58]
Durbar Squares
The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces." There are

three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one • Kathmandu Durbar Square in 1920 •
unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is in the • Kathmandu Durbar Square in 2007 •
• Pashupatinath • Changunarayan •
old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms • Swayambhunath • Boudhanath •
(Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest being the • Patan Durbar Square •
Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in • Bhaktapur Durbar Square •
two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the
Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace.
The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 earthquake.
Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the royal palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty. It
is spread over five acres. The eastern wing, with ten courtyards, is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th
century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in
this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen
languages.
Kumari Ghar is a palace in the centre of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a royal Kumari
selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-
pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the
selection process is very rigorous. Previously, during the time of the monarchy, the queen and the priests used
to appoint the proposed Kumari with delicate process of astrological examination and physical examination of
32 'gunas'. The china (Nepali: चिना), an ancient Hindu astrological report, of the Kumari and the reigning king,
was ought to be similar. The Kumari is believed to be a bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali
name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious
illness or a major loss of blood from an injury also causes her to revert to common status. The current Kumari,
Trishna Shakya, age three at the time of appointment, was installed in September 2017 succeeding Matina
Shakya who was the first Kumari of Kathmandu after the end of the monarchy.[59]
Kasthamandap is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of Gorakhnath. It was built in the 16th century in
pagoda style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word Kasthamandap. It was built under the reign of
King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India
and Tibet at Maru square. It was originally built as a rest house for travellers.
Pashupatinath temple
Panorama of the Pashupatinath Temple from the other bank of Bagmati river
The Pashupatinath Temple (Nepali: पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर) is a famous 5th century

Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Located on the banks of the Bagmati
River, the Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in
Kathmandu.[60] It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath,
until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was
destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing
remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands
today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the
black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old.[61] The
temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[61][62] Shivaratri, or the night of Pashupatinath as seen from the
banks of the Bagmati river
Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting
thousands of devotees and sadhus.
Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors
are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River.[61] The priests who perform the services
at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka in southern India since the time of Malla king Yaksha
Malla.[63] This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to
unify the states of Bharatam, a region in south Asia believed to be ruled by a mythological king Bharat, by
encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified
by Adi Shankaracharya.
The temple is built in the pagoda style of architecture, with cubic constructions and carved wooden rafters
(tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.
Boudhanath
Buildings around the Boudhanath Stupa
Boudhanath (Nepali: बौद्ध स्तुप; also written as Bouddhanath, Bodhnath,

Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in
Nepal, along with the Swayambhunath. It is a very popular tourist site.
Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by
speakers of Nepali.[64] About 11 km (7 mi) from the centre and northeastern
outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the
largest spherical stupas in Nepal.[65] Boudhanath became a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1979.
Boudhanath Stupa, one of the
The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha largest in Nepal, shown during
Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four renovations following the 2015
or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. [66] earthquake.
At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to
Ajima, the goddess of smallpox.[66] Every year the stupa attracts many
Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the
stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray.[66] Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa
downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the
construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.
Swayambhu
Swayambhunath (Nepali: स्वयम्भू स्तूप) is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This
is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both
Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with
the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions. There are pentagonal toran above each of the four sides, with
statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a
small space above which lies a gajur.
Rani Pokhari
Ranipokhari (Nepali: रानी पोखरी, lit. 'Queen's Pond') is a historic artificial pond nestled in the heart of Kathmandu.
It was built by king Pratap Malla in 1670 AD for his beloved queen after she lost her son and could not recover
from her loss.[67] A large stone statue of an elephant in the south signifies the image of Pratap Malla and his two
sons. Balgopaleshwor Temple stands still inside the temple above the pond. Rani Pokhari is opened once a year
during the final day of Tihar i.e. Bhai Tika and Chhath festival. The world's largest Chhath takes place every year
in Ranipokhari. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and
aesthetic significance.However, Ranipokhari is now under development, which began in 2019 and is expected to
be finished next year, according to reports.
Culture
Arts
Kathmandu valley the City of Newars is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which
are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas,
chaityas and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open
ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu
valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide
recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.[54]
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic

symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-
Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother
goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi (wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BCE,
apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the
Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have Stone carvings, called Chaityas,
embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and seen in street corners and
architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the courtyards
Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000
to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period
(1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.[68]
A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These
artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used
are: stone art, metal art, wood art, terracotta art, and painting.[69]
Museums
Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and
the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions,
Hinduism and Buddhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and
palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries
throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artefacts and
paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archaeological exportation.[70]
Museums and art galleries in Kathmandu include:[70]
The National Museum

The Natural History Museum
Hanuman Dhoka Palace Complex
The Kaiser Library
The National Art Gallery
The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery
The Nepal Art Council Gallery
Narayanhiti Palace Museum
The Taragaon Museum
The National Museum is in the western part of Kathmandu, near the

Swayambhunath stupa in a historical building constructed in the early 19th
century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the
country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of
historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a
collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this
museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and
ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons,
National Museum of Nepal
including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the
18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone
and paintings.[71]
The Natural History Museum is in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of
different species of animals, butterflies, and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from
prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.[71]
The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces
including his personal belongings, letters, and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a
rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to the
King Mahendra (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as
decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his
cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar,
contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which
contains items related to the second-last monarch, King Birendra.[71]
The enclosed compound of the Narayanhiti Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu.
"Narayanhiti" (Nepali: नारायणहिटी) comes from Narayana (Nepali: नारायण), a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu,
and Hiti (Nepali: हिटी), meaning "water spout" (the temple of lord Vishnu is opposite to the palace, and the water
spout is east of the main entrance to the precinct). The current palace building was built in 1970 in front of the
old palace, built in 1915, in the form of a contemporary pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of
the then crown prince and heir apparent to the throne, Birendra. The southern gate of the palace is at the
crossing of Prithvipath and Durbar Marg roads. The palace area covers 30 hectares (74 acres) and is fully
secured with gates on all sides.[72][73][74] This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of
the monarchy, it has been converted into a museum.
The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu valley.[75] It seeks to document 50 years
of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists,
photographers, architects, and anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th
century. The actual structure of the museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the
built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandu Valley)[76] in
1970 and constructed in 1971.[77] Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the
Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the
use of circle, triangles and squares.[76] The museum is within a short walk from the Boudhanath stupa, which
itself can be seen from the museum tower.
Art galleries
Kathmandu is a centre for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists
in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an
ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant,
demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great
number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided
into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and
perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the
country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style
painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric
elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.[71]
Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art
Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.[78]
Kathmandu houses many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the A Buddhist statue display in
Arts and crafts Department of the Nepal Academy is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo- Kathmandu
classical old Rana palace.[71]
The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of
contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening
classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, in a three-storied building in Bhimsenthan
which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a
medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery near the former royal
palace in Durbarmarg displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council
Gallery, in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national
and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.[71]
Literature
The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000
books in English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books
in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, in the
Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books
is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects
including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to
be over 1,000 years old.[71] The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building,
and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.
The Asa Archives are also noteworthy. They specialize in medieval history
and religious traditions of the Kathmandu valley. The archives, in
Kulambhulu, have a collection of some 6,000 loose-leaf handwritten books
and 1,000 palm-leaf manuscripts (mostly in Sanskrit or Nepal Bhasa) and a
manuscript dated to 1464.[71]
Cinema and theatre
Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theatres. The city contains several Asa Archives
theatres, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga
Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in
1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu
International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world.[79] A mini theatre has been opened at
the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.
Kathmandu has a number of cinemas (old single screen establishments and some new multiplexes) showing
Nepali, Bollywood and Hollywood films. Some old establishments include Vishwajyoti Cinema Hall, Jai Nepal
Hall, Kumari Cinema Hall, Gopi Krishna Cinema Hall and Guna Cinema Hall. Kathmandu also houses some
international standard cinema theatres and multiplexes, such as QFX Cinemas, Cine De Chef, Fcube Cinemas,
Q's Cinemas, Big Movies, BSR Movies and many more.
Music
Kathmandu is the center of music and dance in Nepal, and these art forms are
integral to understanding the city. Musical performances are organized in cultural
venues. Music is a part of the traditional aspect of Kathmandu. Gunla is the
traditional music festival according to Nepal Sambat. Newar music originated in
Kathmandu. Furthermore, music from all over Nepal can be found in Kathmandu.
A number of hippies visited Kathmandu during the 1970s and introduced Rock and
Roll, rock, and jazz to the city. Kathmandu is noted internationally for its jazz
festival, popularly known as Jazzmandu. It is the only jazz festival in the Himalayan
region and was established in March 2002. The festival attracts musicians from
countries worldwide, such as Australia, Denmark, United States, Benin, and
India.[80]
Traditional Buddhist
The city has been referenced in numerous songs, including works by Cat Stevens musical performance during
('Katmandu', Mona Bone Jakon (1970)), Bob Seger ('Katmandu', Beautiful Loser Gunla
(1975)), Rush ('A Passage to Bangkok', Pulling into Kathmandu; 2112, 1976), John
Lennon ('Nobody Told Me' (1984, posthumously)), Krematorij ('Kathmandu', Three
Springs (2000)), Fito Páez (Tráfico por Katmandú – "Traffic through Kathmandu") and Cavalcade
('Kathmandu Kid') 2019.
Cuisine
The staple food of most people in Kathmandu is dal bhat. This consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served
with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. Momo, a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has
become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors and restaurants selling it. It is one of the most popular
fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo,
and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu.
Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the
practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be
found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and
considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very
common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu,
especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal.
Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to
the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a
place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and
One of the typical Nepali meals Dal
Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran
bhat in Kathmandu
while Hindus eat all varieties except beef as they consider cow to be a
goddess and symbol of purity. The chief lunch/snack for locals and visitors is
mostly Momo or Chowmein.
Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955.[81] A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu
have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular.
Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in
Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such
as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added
on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine.[81] Continental cuisine can be found in selected
places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened
there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins.[82]
Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea, locally known as Chiya, is widely
served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar,
and spices. Tea shops that specially serve tea with other snacks are widely available. Alcohol is widely drunk,
and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities
have a zero-tolerance policy.[83] Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of
Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or
barley) and raksi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However,
shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.
Festivals
Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu

originated in the Malla period or earlier.
Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by
Newars. In recent years, these festivals have
found wider participation from other
Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the
Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated
in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city,
the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from
President of Nepal Ram Baran the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and
Yadav observing the street festival Mithila from the south meet in the capital and
of Yenya, which literally means mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the
"festival of Kathmandu" Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain
Samyak, a Buddhist festival
Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more
during which statues of
are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist Buddhas from the ancient
communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social monasteries are displayed
regulation in the codes enacted incorporates Hindu traditions and ethics. These together. Note the statue of
were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and Hanuman next to the
protectors of the Buddhist religion. Buddhas in the picture, a
common example of
Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of religious harmony in
goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities Kathmandu.
include the Ajima,[84] Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani or Taleju Bhawani)[85] and her other
form : Digu Taleju (or Degu Taleju)[86] and Kumari (the living goddess).[87] The
artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is
maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.[88]
Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those
previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Maghe Sankranti,
Nag Panchami, Janai Purnima, Pancha Dan, Teej/Rishi Panchami, Pahan
Charhe, Jana Baha Dyah Jatra (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and
Matatirtha Aunsi.[56]
Religions
Nepali Lakhe dancer
Hinduism
Hinduism is one of the indigenous beliefs of the city. Assumedly, together

with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the endogam
social stratification of the caste was established in Kathmandu Valley. The
Pashupatinath Temple, Changu Narayan Temple, and the Kasthamandap
are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in
Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include Bajrayogini Temple,
Dakshinkali Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple, and the Shobha Bhagawati Kathmandu valley as seen from
shrine. Halchowk during Deepawali, 2013
The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy

river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are on the banks of this river. The importance of
the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its
side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati
before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy
riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in
the Bagmati or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to
purify people spiritually.
Buddhism
Buddhism was brought into Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 –
483 BCE[89]). They established a forest monastery in Sankhu. This monastery was renovated by Shakyas after
they fled genocide from Virudhaka (r. 491–461 BCE).
During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively
led to the formation of Newar Buddhism, which is still practiced in the primary liturgical language of Hinduism,
Sanskrit.
Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245–1306 CE) from that tradition of Kathmandu
valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional
monasteries (Bahals and Baháʼís) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent
Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan
Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars
have been established.
Kirat Mundhum
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by the Kirat people. Some
animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of
Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga
Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu.
Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city.[90]
Other religions
Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in
Kathmandu which is now defunct.
Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their
faith.
According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Nepal, there are approximately 300
followers of the Baháʼí Faith in Kathmandu valley. They have a national office in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The
Baháʼís also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu.
It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare
organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British
armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion.
They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in
particular.[91][92]
Education
The oldest modern school in Nepal, the Durbar High School, and the oldest college, the Tri-Chandra College, are
both in Kathmandu. The largest (according to number of students and colleges), the oldest and most
distinguished university in Nepal the Tribhuvan University, located in Kirtipur. The second largest university,
Kathmandu University (KU), is in Dhulikhel, Kavre on the outskirts of Kathmandu. It is the second oldest
university in Nepal, established in November 1991.[93] Not surprisingly the best schools and colleges of Nepal
are located in Kathmandu and its adjoining cities. Every year thousands of students from all over Nepal arrive at
Kathmandu to get admission in the various schools and colleges. One of the key concerns of educationists and
concerned citizens is the massive outflux of students from Nepal to outside Nepal for studies. Every year
thousands of students apply for No Objection Certificates for studying abroad. Consultancy firms specializing in
preparing students to go abroad can be found in all prominent locations. The reason for such an outflux range
from perceived low quality of education, political instability, fewer opportunities in the job market,
opportunities for earning while learning abroad and better job prospects with an international degree.
Healthcare
Healthcare in Kathmandu is the most developed in Nepal, and the city and surrounding valley is home to some
of the best hospitals and clinics in the country. Bir Hospital is the oldest, established in July 1889 by Bir
Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Notable hospitals include Bir Hospital, Nepal Medical College and Teaching
Hospital (Jorpati), Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine (Teaching Hospital), Patan Hospital, Kathmandu
Model Hospital, Scheer Memorial Hospital, Om Hospital, Norvic Hospital, Grande International Hospital,
Nobel Hospital and many more.
The city is supported by specialist hospitals/clinics such as Shahid Shukraraj Tropical Hospital, Shahid Gangalal
Foundation, Kathmandu Veterinary Hospital, Nepal Eye Hospital, Kanti Children's Hospital, Nepal
International Clinic (Travel and Mountain Medicine Center), Neuro Center, Spinal Rehabilitation center and
Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital. Most of the general hospitals are in the city center, although several clinics are
elsewhere in Kathmandu district.
Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology is an Ophthalmological hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the

production of low cost intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are used in cataract surgery.[94] The team of Dr. Sanduk
Ruit in Tilganga pioneered sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS),[95][96] a technique which has been
used to treat 4 million of the world's 20 million people with cataract blindness.
Medical colleges
Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuvan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is in
Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. Other
major institutions include Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical
College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences
(NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also in or around Kathmandu.[97]
Economy
The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the
development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is in an
ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped
form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location
between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important
trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient
profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked
India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of
Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to
Central Bank of Nepal spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia.[98] Other traditional
occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and
pottery.[99]
Kathmandu is the most important industrial and commercial centre in Nepal. The Nepal Stock Exchange, the
head office of the national bank, the chamber of commerce, as well as head offices of national and international
banks, telecommunication companies, the electricity authority, and various other national and international
organizations are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are the New Road, Durbar Marg, Ason and
Putalisadak.[99]
The economic output of the metropolitan area of around Rs. 550 billion approximately per year alone is worth
more than one third of national GDP (nominal), while the per capita income of $2200 is approximately three
times the national average.[100] Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper;
trade accounts for 21% of its revenues.[99][100] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the
revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured
products.[100] Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%),
and hotels and restaurants (5%).[100] Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.
Tourism
Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry

started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended
the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation
was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and
Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created
in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism
Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation
Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international
Hotel Shanker is one of the city's
tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations popular heritage hotels
further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training
of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for
the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.[101] Since then, tourism in
Nepal has thrived. It is the country's most important industry.[102] Tourism is a major source of income for most
of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all
over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath,
Changunarayan and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number increased to 491,504
in 1999/2000. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started
declining. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise in the number of tourist
arrivals, with 509,956 tourists recorded in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country transitioned
into a republic. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich
cultural heritage of the country.[101]
The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto",

packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to
tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name
for Jhamsikhel that was coined to rhyme with Thamel.[103] Jhochhen Tol,
also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveller's haunt, made
popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular
alternative to Thamel. Ason is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old
Hyatt Regency, Kathmandu trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional
neighbourhood.
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel
industry drastically improved.[104] Now Kathmandu boasts several luxuries such as the Hyatt Regency,
Dwarika's, Hotel Yak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel,
Shangri-La Hotel (not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and Hotel Shanker. There are several four-star
hotels such as Akama Hotel, Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel,
Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De
L'Annapurna, and Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels with casinos as well.[105]
Transport
Road
The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be 17,182 km (10,676 mi), as of

2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the
country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming,
industry and also tourism.[106] In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes
place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the
Tribhuvan Highway to the south connecting India, Prithvi Highway to the west and
Araniko Highway to the north connecting China. The BP Highway connects
Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal through Sindhuli.[107] The fast-track is
under construction which will be the shortest route to connect Terai with the
valley.[108] Arch bridges over the Dhobi
Khola river in Baneshwor,
Sajha Yatayat provides regular bus services throughout Kathmandu and the Kathmandu
surrounding valley. Other bus companies including micro-bus companies operate
several unscheduled routes. Trolleybusses used to operate on the route between
Tripureshwor and Suryabinayak on a 13-kilometer route.
Air
The main international airport serving Kathmandu valley is the Tribhuvan International Airport, about 6
kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city centre and is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.[109] It has two
terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, it connects 30 cities around the globe in Europe, Asia
and the Middle East such as Istanbul, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur,
Dhaka, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Hong Kong.[109] Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul
to Kathmandu.[110] Oman Air also connects Muscat to Kathmandu since 2010.[111] Nepal Airlines started flying
to Tokyo-Narita from 2 March 2020.[112] Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including
Buddha Air, Nepal Airlines, Shree Airlines and Yeti Airlines to other major towns across Nepal.
Ropeways
Ropeways are another important transportation means in hilly terrain.[113] A ropeway operated between
Kathmandu and Hetauda over a length of 43 km (27 mi) which carried 25 tonnes of goods per hour. It has since
been discontinued due to poor carrying capacity and maintenance issues. During the Rana period, a ropeway
was constructed between Mathatirtha in Kathmandu to Dhorsing in Makawanpur of over 22 km (14 mi) in
length, which carried a cargo of 8 tonnes per hour. At present, a cable car service is operated in Kathmandu in
Chandragiri Hills.[114]
Media
Kathmandu is the television hub of Nepal. Nepal Television, established in 1985, is the oldest and most-watched
television channel in Nepal, as is government-owned NTV PLUS and also Kantipur Television, Image Channel,
Sagarmatha Television, Himalaya TV, AP1 TV and other channels.
The headquarters of many of the country's news outlets are also in the city including Kathmandu Tribune, the
government-owned Gorkhapatra (the oldest national daily newspaper in Nepal), The Kathmandu Post, Nepali
Times, Kantipur Publications and its paper Kantipur, Naya Patrika, The Himalayan Times, Karobar Economic
Daily, Aarthik Abhiyan National Daily and Jana Aastha National Weekly.
Nepal Republic Media, the publisher of myRepublica, joined a publishing alliance

with the International Herald Tribune (IHT), to publish the Asia Pacific Edition of
IHT from Kathmandu from 20 July 2011. There is a state-run National News
Agency (RSS).
Radio Nepal is a state-run organization that operates national and regional radio
stations. These stations are: Hits FM, Radio Kantipur, HBC 94 FM, Radio
Sagarmatha and Image FM. The BBC also has an FM broadcasting station in
Kathmandu. Few Community radio stations such as Radio Pratibodh – 102.4 MHz,
Radio Upatyaka – 87.6 MHz etc. also broadcast within the valley.
Sports A Nepal Bhasa magazine

cover in 1951
Football and cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in
Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city.[115] The sport is governed
by the National Sports Council from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The
only international football stadium in the city is the Dasharath Rangasala, a
multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events,
in the neighbourhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal
with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. Martyr's Memorial
League is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated
with Chinese aid before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu
and floodlights were installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football
Dasharath Rangasala
clubs of Nepal such as Ranipokhari Corner Team (RCT), Sankata Club and
New Road Team (NRT). Other prominent clubs include Manang Marsyangdi
Club, Machhindra FC, Tribhuvan Army Club (TAC) and Nepal Police Club.
Kathmandu is also home of some of the oldest cricket clubs in Nepal, such as Yengal Sports Club. Kathmandu
Kings XI represents Kathmandu in the Everest Premier League.[116]
International relations and organizations

The Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international
relations, has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC).
KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of
Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by
establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: Matsumoto City
(Nagano Prefecture, Japan), Rochester (New York City), Yangon (formerly
Rangoon, Myanmar), Xi'an (Shaanxi, China), Minsk (Belarus), and
Pyongyang (North Korea). KMC's constant endeavour is to enhance its
interaction with SAARC countries, other international agencies and many
other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and SAARC Secretariat in Kathmandu
developmental programs for Kathmandu.[117] Kathmandu is home to several
international and regional organizations, including the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
Twin towns – sister cities
Kathmandu is twinned with:[118]
Amargadhi Lhasa, China

Boulder, United States Matsumoto, Japan
Chandannath Melamchi
Chengdu, China Pakhribas
Eugene, United States Pyongyang, North Korea
Fredericksburg, United States Ramgram
Rochester, United States Xi'an, China

Varanasi, India Yangon, Myanmar
Proposed sister cities
Bangkok, Thailand[118]
Local Elections

Total Population : 975,453
Total Eligible Voters : 279,306
Number of Wards : 32
Mayor/Chairperson
Party Mayor/Chairperson Number of Vote Header text
CPN (Unified Marxist–Leninist) Bidhyasundar Shakya 64913 Vote Elected
Nepali Congress Rajuraj Joshi 45269 Vote Runner up
Deputy Mayor/Chairperson
Party Mayor/Chairperson Number of Vote Header text
Nepali Congress Hariprabha Khadgi Shrestha 58952 Vote Elected
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Rajaram Shrestha 34854 Vote Runner up
List Of Mayor/Chairperson & Deputy Mayor/Chairperson candidates

Party Mayor/Chairperson Deputy Mayor/Chairperson Results
Independents Balendra Shah
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified
Keshav Sthapit Sunita Dangol
Marxist–Leninist)
Nepali Congress Srijana Singh -
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist
- -
Centre)
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Madan Das Shrestha Binita Magaiya
Bibeksheel Sajha Party Samiksha Baskota Kriti Kansakar
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified
- Rameshwore Shrestha
Socialist)
Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party Surendra Maharjan Sabita Shrestha
Aamul Pariwartan Mashiha Party Rupa Suwal -
Nepa Rastriya Party Vijaya Prakash Sainju -
Nepal Samabeshi Party Ram Bahadur Khadka -
Unnat Loktantra Party Prem Sagar Karmacharya
Sachet Nepali Party Dilli Ram Rajbhandari Sangeeta Acharya
CPN (Socialist) Kaji Lal Shrestha -
Nepali Janata Dal Nischal Joshi Bandana Bajracharya
Nepal Janata Party Sarita Ghimire -
Maulik Jarokilo Party Manoj Raj Acharya Kalpana Ojha
Mangol National Organization Sita Tamang -
Nepal Pariwaar Dal Piya Ratna Maharjan -
Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch Suraj Shrestha -
Rastriya Yatharthawadi Party Ananda Raj Joshi -
Nepali Congress (BP) Bhakta Raj Bhushal Indira Adhikari Thapa
Adhunik Nepal Samajwadi Party Suresh Ratna Bajracharya -
Nepal Sushashan Party - Pushpa Kharel
Adhunik Nepal Samajwadi Party Guna Bahadur Banjara Kshetri -
Independents Suman Sayami
Independents Vinaya Sthapit
Independents Bachpan Raj Shrestha
Independents Shailendra Man Shrestha
Independents
Amot Maharjan, Pranesh
Bahadur Malla
Ranjit Man Shakya, Gyanu

Lama Tamang
Madhusudan Khadka KC,

Deepak Silwal
Rajan Karki, Kanti Tuladhar

Bajracharya
Rahul Manandhar, Ravi Kanta

Manandhar
Kiran Ranjit, Surendra

Bajracharya
Manish Shrestha, Nhyuj

Manandhar
Jetha Maharjan, Bipin Raj

Baidhya
Roshan Shahi, Sushil Thapa
Kshetri
Swait Thapa, Babu Raja

Sangat
Umesh Kumar Singh, Sandesh

Shakya
vijaya Manandhar, vijaya

Manandhar
vijaya Manandhar, Rajendra

Basnet
Shailesh Dhungana, Nimkanta

Pandey
Pranesh Bahadur Malla, Indra

Mani Kapali
Surya Thapa Shrestha, Sunil

Shrestha
Independents Bidhya Shrestha Maharjan

Independents Ramesh Prasad Joshi
Independents Ramesh Prasad Joshi
Rinku Shrestha, Mohan

Krishna Shrestha
Krishna Tandukar, Ranajan

Dangol
Rajesh Shahi, Narendra Man

Dangol
Aashish Chandra Tuladhar,

Ravi Napit
Independents
Vishwa Bijaya Shrestha, Jugal
Tandukar
Rajendra Khadgi, Benji Singh

Maharjan
Ambar Bahadur Khatri,

Aashish Maharjan
Sanu Maharjan, Sahem

Khadgi
Notable people
King Tribhuvan Manisha Koirala, Bollywood actress
King Mahendra Rajesh Hamal, actor
King Birendra Amrita Acharia, actress
Bhimsen Thapa, Prime Minister of Nepal Curtis Waters, recording artist
Jung Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal Anuradha Koirala, social activist
Rana Jang Pande, Prime Minister of Nepal Pushpa Basnet, social activist
Gehendra Sumsher Rana, first scientist of Nepal Pardeep Bastola, Nepali movie actor
Laxmi Prasad Devkota, writer Baikuntha Manandhar, marathon runner
Four martyrs of Nepal: Narendra Man Singh, football player
Dharma Bhakta Mathema Paras Khadka, cricket Player
Dashrath Chand Priti Rijal, professional tennis player
Shukraraj Shastri Sushma Shakya, artist
Gangalal Shrestha Gagan Thapa, politician
Madan Krishna Shrestha, actor and comedian Prakash Man Singh, politician
Hari Bansha Acharya, actor and comedian Priyanka Karki, actress
Gallery

Kathmandu valley as Singha Durbar Basantapur Durbar Entrance to a building in

seen from the Square the Durbar Square
Shivapuri hills
Ghanta Ghar and Dharahara Alleyway in Boudhanath

Goddess Kumari in a
surrounding areas in 2014
chariot procession
See also
Kathmandu District
Kathmandu Valley
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Further reading
Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Translated
by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
Mayhew, Bradley; Bindloss, Joe; Armington, Stan (2006). Lonely Planet (https://books.google.com/books?id
=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38). Lonely Planet. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-74059-699-2. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20211009091520/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSIz1vwg4YC&pg=PA38) from the original
on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
Mayhew, Bradley; Bindloss, Joe; Armington, Stan (2006). Nepal (https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad).
Lonely Planet. p. 166 (https://archive.org/details/nepal00brad/page/166). ISBN 978-1-74059-699-2.
Mayhew, Bradley; Brown, Lindsay; Vivequin, Wanda (2003). Lonely Planet Nepal. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-
1-74059-422-6.
Nanjio, Bunyiu (1883). A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Pantheon. Oxford at the
Clarendon Press.
Shaha, Rishikesh (1992). Ancient and Medieval Nepal. Manohar Publications, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-
85425-69-6.
Shreshta, S.H (2005). Nepal in Maps. Kathmandu: Educational Publishing House. p. 129.
Shreshta, Vinod Prasad (2007). A Concise Geography of Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandal Publications. p. 126.
ISBN 978-99946-55-04-5.
Snellgrove, David (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors. Two
Volumes. Shambhala Publications, Boston. ISBN 978-0-87773-311-9 (v. 1); ISBN 978-0-87773-379-9 (v. 2).
Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (2001). "A Kushan-period Sculpture from the reign of Jaya Varma, CE
184/185, Kathmandu, Nepal." (2001). Asianart.com (http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100103112719/http://asianart.com/articles/jaya/index.html) 3
January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Tamot, Kashinath, and Ian Alsop. (date unknown. Update of previous article). "A Kushan-period Sculpture
from the reign of Jaya Varman, CE 185, Kathmandu, Nepal." Asianart.com (http://www.asianart.com/articles/
jaya/index.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100103112719/http://asianart.com/articles/jaya/ind
ex.html) 3 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur; Murayama, Yuji; Ale, Shailja (2008). "Kathmandu" (https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?a
ction=repository_action_common_download&item_id=17585&item_no=1&attribute_id=17&file_no=1). Cities.
25: 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.10.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2007.10.001).
hdl:2241/102252 (https://hdl.handle.net/2241%2F102252). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200802
205531/https://tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=17585&item_
no=1&attribute_id=17&file_no=1) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
Thapa, Rajesh; Murayama, Yuji (2009). "Examining Spatiotemporal Urbanization Patterns in Kathmandu
Valley, Nepal: Remote Sensing and Spatial Metrics Approaches" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs1030534).
Remote Sensing. 1 (3): 534–556. Bibcode:2009RemS....1..534T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Re
mS....1..534T). doi:10.3390/rs1030534 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs1030534).
Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur; Murayama, Yuji (2010). "Drivers of urban growth in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal:
Examining the efficacy of the analytic hierarchy process". Applied Geography. 30: 70–83.
doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2009.10.002).
Thapa, Rajesh Bahadur; Murayama, Yuji (2011). "Urban growth modeling of Kathmandu metropolitan
region, Nepal". Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 35: 25–34.
doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.07.005 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compenvurbsys.2010.07.005).
Vibhaga, Nepal Sūcanā (1975). Narayanhity Royal Palace, home of the King of Nepal (https://books.google.
com/books?id=N2kKAQAAIAAJ). His Majesty's Govt., Ministry of Communications, Dept. of Information.
p. 14. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211009082732/https://books.google.com/books?id=N2kKAQ
AAIAAJ) from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
Watters, Thomas. (1904–05). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. (629–645 CE). Royal Asiatic Society.
Second Indian Edition. Munshhiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. (1973).
Woodhatch, Tom (1999). Nepal handbook (https://archive.org/details/nepalhandbook0000wood). The Royal
Palace. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 194 (https://archive.org/details/nepalhandbook0000wood/page/194).
ISBN 978-1-900949-44-6. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
Turkish Airlines - News - turkishairlines.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083413/http://www.turkis
hairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/news/turkish-airlines-launches-a-new-route-to-kathmandu)
External links
Official website (http://www.kathmandu.gov.np)
Geographic data related to Kathmandu (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4583125) at
OpenStreetMap
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathmandu&oldid=1089554529"
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25/05/2022, 13:14 Kathmandu - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 27.7172°N 85.3240°E

The city is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the

Medieval era Show map of Asia

Local Level Election 2079

The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit

Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and

The Licchavi era was followed by the

Early Shah rule

Panoramic view of the Kathmandu valley from Swayambhu

Urban expansion in The green, vegetated slopes Araniko Highway connects

Northeastern Kathmandu with

Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the Kathmandu

was recorded on 10 January 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). 66 68 68 66

Climate data for Kathmandu (1981–2010 averages; 1967–1994 extremes)

Record high 24.4

Daily mean 10.8

Average low 2.4

Record low −9.2

Government and public services

Kathmandu is the headquarters of the surrounding Kathmandu District.

Law and order

Electricity and water supply

Electricity in Kathmandu is regulated and distributed by the Nepal

Architecture and cityscape

The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces." There are

The Pashupatinath Temple (Nepali: पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर) is a famous 5th century

Buildings around the Boudhanath Stupa

Boudhanath (Nepali: बौद्ध स्तुप; also written as Bouddhanath, Bodhnath,

The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic

Museums and art galleries in Kathmandu include:[70]

The National Museum

The National Museum is in the western part of Kathmandu, near the

Cinema and theatre

Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu

Hinduism is one of the indigenous beliefs of the city. Assumedly, together

The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy

Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology is an Ophthalmological hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the

Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry

The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto",

The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be 17,182 km (10,676 mi), as of

Nepal Republic Media, the publisher of myRepublica, joined a publishing alliance

Sports A Nepal Bhasa magazine

International relations and organizations

Twin towns – sister cities

Kathmandu is twinned with:[118]

Amargadhi Lhasa, China

Rochester, United States Xi'an, China

Proposed sister cities

Local Level Election 2074

Local Level Election 2079

List Of Mayor/Chairperson & Deputy Mayor/Chairperson candidates

Ranjit Man Shakya, Gyanu

Madhusudan Khadka KC,

Rajan Karki, Kanti Tuladhar

Rahul Manandhar, Ravi Kanta

Kiran Ranjit, Surendra

Manish Shrestha, Nhyuj

Jetha Maharjan, Bipin Raj

Swait Thapa, Babu Raja

Umesh Kumar Singh, Sandesh

vijaya Manandhar, vijaya

vijaya Manandhar, Rajendra

Shailesh Dhungana, Nimkanta