C D

4. Yield Criterion
Form of Initial Yield Surface
" "" "
Isotropic Metals
Denote the initial yield surface by
0 ) (
0
=
ij
f
with
f
0
a function of stress only. Assume material is isotropic in its reference state (t
= 0), i.e., it has no preferred directions. Then
f
0
is independent of the particular
(Cartesian) coordinate system used. At a fixed point, take

; axes along the principal
directions of the stress tensor; the value of
f
0
depends on
1
,
2
,
3
the principal
directions, i.e.,
) , , ( ) , , ( ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1 0
I I I F g f
ij
= = (1)
where
1
I ,
2
I and
3
I are the invariants of
ij
and
i
satisfy
0
3 2
2
1
3
= + I I I
The invariants can be written as
kk
I =
1
) (
2
1
2 ij ij jj ii
I =
) det(
3 ij
I = .
Also
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , (
3 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 1
g g g = =
etc. That is,
g
is completely symmetric in
1
,
2
,
3
.
Define hydrostatic pressure p by
1
3
1
3
1
I p
kk
= =
In general F depends on
1
I but this dependency is found (experimentally) to be very
C D
slight for metals.
Assume (for metals) that yield surfaces, initial and subsequent, are independent of
hydrostatic stress. Then
a) A hydrostatic stress alone does not cause plastic flow, i.e.,
ij ij
p = lies inside
the yield surface for all p .
b) If
ij
is a plastic state, so is
ij ij ij
p q = for all p .
NOTE : This is not true for soils and metal powders.
Define deviatoric stress
ij
by
ij ij ij kk ij ij
p + = =
3
1
then
0
3
1
= =
kk mm kk kk


ij
is unchanged by addition of a hydrostatic stress to
ij
and also
ij
defines
ij

uniquely to within a hydrostatic stress. Therefore for isotropic metals, the yield stress
can be defined in terms of the invariants of
ij
.
Define
0
1
= =
kk
J
) (
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
+ + = =
ij ij
J
) (
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
2
3
1 3
+ + = =
kl jk ij
J
Then the initial yield surface can be written as
( ) 0 ,
3 2
= J J F (2)
C DD
Assume : No Bauschinger effect initially-yield strength is same in tension as
compression. If
ij
is a plastic state as is
ij
. Then F in (2) must be even
in
3
J .
Yield Locus in

-plane (isotropic metals)
Consider the form of (1) of initial yield surface
0 ) , , (
3 2 1
= g
Instead of 9-D space, we need only 3-D space for representing stress state in terms
of
1
,
2
,
3
If ) , , (
3 2 1
is on yield surface, as is ) , , (
3 2 1
+ + + .
Hence yield surface is a cylinder with generators parallel to the line
3 2 1
= =
[(1, 1, 1) vector] and perpendicular to the -plane, where
-plane : 0
3 2 1
= + +
The yield surface is determined by its intersection with the

-plane.
C DD
perspective view
If ) , , (
3 2 1
is on yield surface, so is ) , , (
2 3 1
, etc., by isotropy. So yield
surface is symmetric w.r.t.
1
,
2

3
axes (in -plane).
No Bauschinger effect

locus is symmetric w.r.t.origin.
Therefore locus is symmetric about 6 equally spaced lines. Then B, C, D, E, F all lie
on locus. Locus must lie outside or on hexagon ABCDEFA since yield surface must
be convex. Likewise it must lie inside or on A'B'C'D'E'F'A'.
Therefore it is bounded by these two hexagons and the location of point A, the yield
stress in tension, severely restricts its locations.
C DD
Specific Yield Criteria - Surfaces
1) Tresca's Criterion (1864)
Plastic yielding occurs when the maximum shear stress reaches a critical value, say
T
k . If
2 3 1
the maximum shear stress is ) (
2
1
2 1
. Thus the Tresca's
criterion is
T j i
j i
k 2 max
,
=
Note that
T
k 2
2 1
= is normal to (1, 1, 0) and parallel to (1, 1, 1) and (0, 0, 1).
projecting
T
k 2 ) (
2 1
= , we have
C DD
Therefore, it is shown that Tresca's criterion is represented by a hexagon in the

-
plane. Also note that this Tresca's yield criterion satisfies all the conditions for initial
yield criterion.
For uniaxial tension
0 , 0 ,
3 2 1
= = = Y
From the Tresca's yield criterion
T
k Y 2
1 2 1
= = =
C DD
For pure shear
0 ,
3 2 1
= = =
shear
k
The Tresca's criterion states
T shear
k k 2 2 ) (
1 1 2 1
= = =
Therefore,
k
T
in the Tresca's yield criterion in the same as the yield stress in shear,
shear
k .
Considering the results from uniaxial tension and pure shear, Tresca's criterion
implies
shear T
k k Y 2 2 = =
2) Von Mises yield criterion (1913)
Plastic yielding occurs when
J
2
reaches a critical value
2
2
2
1
M ij ij
k J = =
or
2 2
3
2
2
2
1 2
) (
2
1
M
k J = + + =
If we use,
ij kk ij ij

3
1
= , then
2
J can be represented by
[ ]
2 2
31
2
23
2
12
2
11 33
2
33 22
2
22 11 2
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
6
1
M
k
J
= + + +
+ + =


Consider a point ) , , (
3 2 1
in the principal stress space. The component parallel
C D
to (1, 1, 1) is
) (
3
1
) , , (
3
1
,
3
1
,
3
1
ON
3 2 1
3 2 1


+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Since

-plane is perpendicular to (1, 1, 1), the projection of OP onto

-plane will have
length
OP
when
( ) ( )
[ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
1 1 3
2
3
2
3 3 2
2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
) ( ) ( ) (
3
1
) 2 2 2 (
3
1
) 2 2 2 2 2 2 (
3
1
) 2 2 2 (
3
1
) (
3
1
ON P O






+ + =
+ + + + + =
+ + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + =
C D
Therefore, distance from an arbitrary point ) , , (
3 2 1
in the principal stress space to
(1, 1, 1) line is
[ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
) ( ) ( ) (
3
1
distance + + =
Comparing this with
J
2
expression in the stress space
[ ]
3
) ( ) ( ) (
6
1
2
2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1 2
Y
k J
M
= = + + =
Von Mises criterion is represented by a circle with its origin at (0, 0, 0) on

-plane. On

-plane, the radius of the circle is

M
k 2 , or Y
3
2
.
For uniaxial tension.
M M
k Y k Y
J
Y
3
3
1
=
) (
6
1
0 ,
2 2
2
2
2
1 2
3 2 1
= =
+ =
= = =


For pure shear
[ ]
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
3 2 1
) (
) 2 (
6
1
0 ,
M shear
shear
k k
J
k
= =
+ + =
= = =


Therefore, Von Mises condition gives
shear
k Y 3 =
In a famous experiment, Taylor & Qunney concluded that the Mises condition was
C D
better than the Tresca condition. However, if we set
T M
k k =
So that the yield surface agree in the pure shear state, then
M M T M T T
Y Y k k k Y 155 . 1
3
2
2 2 2 = = = = =
If we take
T M
k k = 08 . 1
then the yield loci of Tresca and Mises in the

-plane differ everywhere by less than
8%.
C D
Projection of a general point onto

-plane
Consider a point in 3-D stress space, ) , , (
3 2 1
. We are trying to locate the
projection of ) , , (
3 2 1
on the

-plane.
The coordinate system on

-plane is in such a way that OY axis coincide with the
projection of
3
, and OX is perpendicular to OY.
The unit vector n is obtained by projecting (0, 0, 1) onto

-plane.
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
3
2
,
3
1
,
3
1
3
1
,
3
1
,
3
1
) 1 , 0 , 0 (
3
1
,
3
1
,
3
1
1 , 0 , 0
3
1
,
3
1
,
3
1
) 1 , 0 , 0 ( n
Note that
C D
3
2
9
4
9
1
9
1
| | = + + = n
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
3
2
,
6
1
,
6
1
| | n
n
n
Now m is contained in

-plane 0
3 2 1
= + + m m m
m is perpendicular to n 0 2
3 2 1
= + m m m
From the two equations, we have
2 1
3
0
m m
m
=
=
Therefore |
.
|

\
|
= 0 ,
2
1
,
2
1
m .
For a general point ) , , (
3 2 1
, the projected coordinate system (a, b) can be
calculated by
3
2 1
3 2 1
2 1
3 2 1
3
2
6 6
) , , (
2 2
) , , (

+ = =
+ = =
n
m
b
a
Then
C DD
[ ]
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
2 1 3
2
2 1
2 2 2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
3
1
) 2 (
6
1
2
) (
J
b a r
ij ij
= =
+ + =
+ + =
+

=
+ =





or
2
2
2
3
2
2 = = J r
( )
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

1 2
2 1 3 1 1
3
2
tan tan

a
b
or

) (
) 2 (
tan 3
1 2
2 1 3 1

o1
Projection of Tresca's Yield Criterion onto -plane

When
1 3 2
> > Tio:u: v+o1d i+Ioi+on hoomo:


1 2
2 = = k Y
T
1

1 +: no:mu1 !o 1 1 O und ou:u11o1 !o 1 1 1



o?



Con:+do:

3
2
3 1 2
2 1
tan
( )
( )

"hon = 0,

2
or 0 2
2 1
3 2 1 3


+
= =

m
=
+ +
=
+ +
+
=
+
1 2 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
3
2
3 2


0
2
2
3
1 2
2 2
2 1
1 1
=

= =

= =

m
m


C DD
|u:o :hou: :!u!o o: o1uno :!:u+n ond+!+on



"hon = 30
D
, or tan =
1
3


2
3 1 2 2 1
=
2 2 0
3 2
=
=
3 2

m
=
+ +
=
+
1 2 3 1 2
3
2
3



3 3
2
3
) ( 2
3
2
2 1 2 1
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1 1 1

=
+
= =

=
+
= =
m
m



un+ux+u1 !on:+on

C DD



C
C
Yield Criteria under Plane Strain ConditionC

|1uno :!:o:: ond+!+on +: dof+nod lv


1 2 3
0 0 0 = , ,

|o: Mises criterion

= + + = J k
2 1 2
2
2 3
2
3 1
2 2
1
6
( ) ( ) ( )

Sul:!+!u!+nu
3
0 = , we have

= + + = J k
2 1 2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
6
( )
2 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
3 Y k = = +

\ o:ooo: oo:d+nu!o !:un:fo:mu!+on :ho: !hu!

( )
1
3
2
) (
2
) (
2
2
2
2
2
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

Y
Y



ho:o
1
and
2
are the coordinate axes of the principal stress space rotated 45
D
from

1
and
2
, respectively.
C D

|o: T:o:u: :+!o:+on

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
= < <
= < <
= > >
= > >
= > <
= < >
2 1 2
1 2 1
1 2 1
2 1 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
, 0
, 0
, 0
, 0
, 0 , 0
, 0 , 0










C
5. Exp e rim e nta l ve rific a tion of yie ld surfa c e



Y+o1d :u:fuo un lo do!o:m+nod oxoo:+mon!u11v lv uoo1v+nu oml+nod
1oud !o::+on und !on:+on !o u !h+n u11od !ulo S+no !ulo u11 +:
!h+n o muv u::umo !hu! ux+u1 :!:o:: and shear stress are uniform in
C D
thickness direction.

Tho o:+n+ou1 :!:o:: un lo ol!u+nod !o uoo1v T:o:u: :+!o:+on lv

2
2
1
2 2


+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
2
2 2


+
|
.
|

\
|
=



Tho T:o:u: :+!o:+on loomo:

T
k Y 2
2
2
2
2
2 1
= = +
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
2
2 4
|
.
|

\
|
= +
Y

1
2
1
2 2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

Y Y



|o: von \+:o: :+!o:+on

[ ]
3
) ( ) ( ) (
6
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Y
k J
zx yz xy x z z y y x
= = + + + + + =

C D
Sul:!+!u!+nu & , we have

3 3
2
2
2
Y
= +

1
3
1
1
2
2 2
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

Y Y







Tuv1o: und Qu+nnov1o1 found oxoo:+mon!u11v !hu! von \+:o: :+!o:+on
+: u: lo!!o: !hun T:o:u:


6. Lod e Stre ss Pa ra m e te r


o
|odo :!:o:: ou:umo!o: +: dof+nod lv

2
3 1 2
1 2


hon
1 3 2
> >

Tho phv:+u1 moun+nv of Iho |odo SIio:: |uiumoIoi un ho found u: fo11o:
on:+doi piooI+on of ( , , )
1 2 3
onIo -plane. Recall that

a
b
=

=


2 1
3 2 1
2
2
3
1
6
1
6




Thon

tan
( )

= =


=
b
a
3
2
3
2 1
3 2 1


o:

= 3tan


C D

2
3 1 2
1 2


"hon = 0,

3
1 2
2
=
+

2 3
2
2
3
2
3
2 3
2
2
3
2
3
1 2
2 1
1 2
3 1 2 3 2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
1 1

=
+

=

=
+ +
=

=
+

=

=
+ +
=
C
0
3
= Csince 0 =
kk
C
3
2 1
2


=
+
=
m
C
C
C = 0 corresponds to pure shear. Also tan = 0 +o = 0

"hon = 1,

1 2 3 1 2
2 = + +
=
2 3


C DD
Tho:ofo:o :!:o:: omoonon! loomo: ( , , )
1
0 0 o: ( , , ) +
1 2 2 2
Also
note that = 30
D
.

"hon =1,

1 2 3 1 2
2 =

1 3


Tho:ofo:o :!:o:: omoonon! loomo: ( , , ) 0 0
2
\1:o = 30
D
.

1n o:do: !o :!udv !ho d+ffo:ono lo!oon T:o:u und \+:o: v+o1d
:+!o:+u +! +: :uff++on! !o :!udv !ho :unuo 1 1 .

dof+n+!+on un lo :o:+!!on u:

3
1 2 1 2
2 2
=
+
+



Sul:!+!u!+nu
3
expression into J
2
or von Mises criterion, we have

[ ]
2
2 1
2
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
2
2 1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
) (
4
3
)
2 2
( )
2 2
( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1

+
=

+
+
+

+
+ =
+ + = Y

2
2 1
3
2

+
=

Y
fo: \+:o: :+!o:+on

Jn !ho o!ho: hund

1
2 1
=

Y



fo: T:o:u: :+!o:+on

C DD
Tho d+ffo:ono lo!oon !ho \+:o: und T:o:u: :+!o:+u un lo ou:+1v
:hon u:uoh+u11v

C