The Effects of Covid-19 to Mental Health Status of Selected

College Students in the Colleges of Sciences, Technology and Communications INC.

Submitted by:

Abler, Arabelle S.

Bautista, Arielle

Bautista, Rhona Mae

Introduction

Academic achievement is most often hampered by mental health difficulties. Mental

illness can have an impact on students' motivation, attentiveness, and social connections, all of

which are important variables in their academic success. Despite the growing demand for mental

health services at postsecondary institutions, only a small percentage of students who commit

suicide contact their institution counseling facilities, possibly due to the stigma associated with

mental illness. Negative stigma associated with mental health diagnosis and treatment has been

linked to lower treatment adherence and even early treatment termination. The COVID-19

pandemic has heightened awareness of the mental health of those who have been impacted.

Epidemics are known to amplify or produce new stressors, such as fear and worry for oneself or

loved ones, restrictions on physical movement and social activities due to quarantine, and drastic

and drastic lifestyle changes. Infection worries, frustration, boredom, limited resources, poor

information, financial loss, and stigma were all recognized stresses in a recent assessment of

virus outbreaks and pandemics. Much of the existing material on COVID-19's psychological

effects comes from the first hotspots in China. Although some studies have looked at mental

health difficulties in epidemics, the majority of them have focused on health care personnel,

patients, children, and the general public. However, there is no evidence of the psychological or

mental health consequences of the present pandemic on college students, who are considered to

be a sensitive demographic, with the exception of a few studies, most notably from China.

Although the results of these research have all pointed to an increase in mental health difficulties

among college students, the contributing factors may not be universally applicable to populations

in other nations. There is an urgent need to analyze the consequences of the present epidemic on

the mental health and well-being of college students, as stated in several recent correspondences.
With school closures, switches to distant learning, and limited campus life, the COVID pandemic

has drastically changed higher education. These fast and severe shifts have produced issues that

may jeopardize college students' mental health and well-being. According to some research, the

COVID epidemic had a significant negative impact on the health of college students. In a big

Texas poll, the vast majority of college students reported changes in sleeping and eating habits as

a result of the epidemic, with nearly 80% reporting melancholy and 71% reporting worry.

Depression, anxiety, suicide thoughts, and substance use among national samples of college

students increased after the pandemic began. High levels of despair and anxiety were also

discovered in a qualitative investigation. Concerns about their health, difficulties concentrating,

and sleep interruptions were cited as sources of stress among students. Furthermore, low-income

and ethnic minority students experience significant stress as a result of campus closures,

including lost revenue from on-campus jobs, technological gaps, limited study space at home,

increased family commitments, and psychological discomfort. COVID-related campus closures

are expected to have a disproportionately negative impact on students who are already on the

margins, such as those who are vulnerable due to their or their parents' liminal legal status.

Undocumented students make up one in every 50 students enrolled in postsecondary education in

the United States, with California accounting for 20% of these students. The number of U.S.

citizen college students with undocumented parents is unknown, although it is undoubtedly a

sizable and growing group. According to 2013 estimates, 4.5 million U.S. citizen children have

at least one illegal parent; in California, this is the case for approximately one in every eight K–

12 students. Undocumented immigrants are overrepresented among vital jobs and have limited

access to healthcare. Furthermore, Latinos, who account for the majority of California's

undocumented population, have borne the brunt of COVID-19's health and economic expenses.
Furthermore, undocumented immigrants and their citizen family members are not eligible for

stimulus payments, and undocumented college students are not eligible for emergency grant aid.

COVID-related risks, like other unintended outcomes of immigration policies, are shared by

undocumented immigrants' U.S. citizen family members.

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the effects of Covid-19 to the mental health to college students of

College of Sciences, Technology and Communication, Inc.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following question:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age

1.2 sex

1.3 course

1.4 mental health status

2. What is the mental health preference of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 depression

2.2. anxiety disorders

2.3 mood disorders

2.4 trauma- relay disorders

2.5 eating disorders

3. What are the factors that influence mental health of the respondents;

3.1 gender

3.2 age

3.3 negative health behaviors

 3.4 lower level of physical activity

3.5 poor social emotional wellbeing

Significance of the Study

The study focused on the factors that influence the mental health of college students. The

useful and relevant information acquired from the study will eventually help for the following:

Students. This study will help to encourage the college students in controlling their

mental health and it will give them the idea on the things that make them better. Moreover, this

study could give variety of knowledge and option that is suitable to their preferences specifically

for their habits.

Parents. This study will serve as their reminder that they shall be primarily responsible

in treating and holding words for their students.

Professors. This study will help to facilitate the educators in executing and encouraging

the students on the proper control they need to maintain for their mental health and which is

good for them.

School administrators. This study will persuade the school administrators to give in

maintaining the safety and security of the students.

Future Researcher/s. This study will be a useful reference for the researchers who

would plan to make any related study about the mental health of college students.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The focus of this study is about the factors that effects the mental health of college

students. Also, the study is limited in determining the proper mental health control preference of
the said respondents. The respondents of the study will be Thirteen (13) Hospitality Management

students and Twelve (12) Tourism Management students of the College of Sciences, Technology

and Communications Inc. during the Academic Year 2021-2022. The respondents will be

composed of exactly one hundred pupils.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study the following terms are defined operationally.

Covid-19. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the

SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to

moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. However, some will become

seriously ill and require medical attention.

Mental Health. Includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects

how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others,

and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and

adolescence through adulthood.

College Students. A student enrolled in a college or university.

 CHAPTER II

Background

This chapter presents the literature and studies. The purpose of this review of the

literature and studies is to analyze, review, and synthesize existing research regarding to the

factors of Covid-19 that effects the mental health of college students.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter present the review of related literature and studies which could help the

readers obtain more knowledge and deepen their insight about this study. The literature gives the

researchers further knowledge about their study that guided them in analyzing the concept under

this study.

According to Xiaomei Wang, Sudeep Hedge e.t.a.l (2020), Evidence suggests that the

COVID-19 pandemic has generally increased levels of stress and depression among the public.

However, the impact on college students in the United States has not been well-documented.This

paper surveys the mental health status and severity of depression and anxiety of college students

in a large university system in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.An online

survey was conducted among undergraduate and graduate students recruited from Texas A&M

University via email. The survey consisted of two standardized scales—the Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 and the General Anxiety Disorder-7—for depression and anxiety, and additional

multiple-choice and open-ended questions regarding stressors and coping mechanisms specific to

COVID-19.

According to Cindy H. Liu (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic has already produced

profound impacts on college students, with unprecedented directives for student relocation from
their college campuses and dormitories mid-semester and coursework that took place through

virtual learning. The current disruptions and anticipated potential long-term changes call for

immediate prioritization regarding next steps for addressing college mental health and well-

being. This viewpoint article highlights two urgent priorities for addressing current college

mental health needs: the development of strategies for ensuring mental health service access, and

intentional outreach to college students with special circumstances. The current crisis also

represents an opportunity for campus administrators, mental health professionals, researchers,

and policymakers to leverage innovative models of care as well as identity-related student assets,

strengths, and resilience-promoting factors to support students’ eventual return to campus and to

respond more effectively to future massive disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic has upended

millions of lives worldwide. Given concerns regarding the potential spread of the virus on

college campuses during March of 2020, students throughout the United States were confronted

with the unprecedented directive to suddenly relocate from their college campuses and to engage

in remote learning. Schools around the world have been grappling with how to re-open their

campuses and to carry on with the “new normal.”1 These changes have no doubt created

psychological distress, not only among students but with staff and faculty. A concern is the

extent that these changes will affect college students’ mental health and the structures for

supporting their mental health. In an April 2020 survey of over 2,000 college students conducted

by the nonprofit organization, Active Minds, one in five respondents reported that their mental

health had significantly worsened during the pandemic.2 Our prior research has added to the

significant evidence demonstrating high baseline levels of stress and mental health challenges

among college students.3 Pandemic-related stresses, including relocation, online learning, social

distancing, and anxiety over health and economic risks are likely to persist as long-term
stressors. Social support usually plays a critical role in mitigating mental health risks, yet social

distancing and isolation strategies restrict this coping strategy. Particularly vulnerable student

populations include those with preexisting mental health conditions whose relocation may

disrupt active treatment. Marginalized communities such as racial/ethnic minorities, students

from low-income families, sexual minorities, and first-generation college students, may

experience exacerbated barriers to accessing and engaging in mental health treatment. The

current disruptions and anticipated potential long-term changes require us to prioritize next steps

to address college mental health and well-being.4 Our report highlights two areas that currently

deserve further attention in its implementation: the development of strategies for ensuring mental

health service access and the intentional outreach to college students with special circumstances.

According to Yusen Zhai (2020) College students encounter unique challenges leading to

poor mental health in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. Before the pandemic started, one in

five college students experienced one or more diagnosable mental disorders worldwide. The fact

that the COVID-19 pandemic affects collegiate mental health underscores the urgent need to

understand these challenges and concerns in order to inform the development of courses of

action and public health messaging that can better support college students in this crisis. This

article provides recommendations that prepare higher education institutions and health

professionals for addressing collegiate mental health needs and challenges posed by COVID-19.

According to Martha Zimmermann e.t.a.l (2020), The spread of the novel coronavirus has

led to unprecedented changes in daily living. College students may face unique challenges

associated with these changes. In the present study, college students (N = 205) completed a

battery of questionnaires in April of 2020, after having completed similar measures 8, 5, and 2

months prior as part of a larger study. A repeated measures ANOVA suggested significantly
greater depression and anxiety symptom severity during the pandemic than at any other time

during the 2019-2020 academic year. Static and modifiable factors associated with psychological

distress and controlling for pre-existing psychological distress were examined. Cognitive and

behavioral avoidance was the most consistent predictor of psychological distress during the

pandemic. Online social engagement and problematic Internet use also conferred greater risk.

Women and Latinx participants were more likely to experience elevated distress during the

pandemic, even when controlling for distress prior to the pandemic.

According to Jane Cooley Fruehwirthe e.t.a.l (2021), The Covid-19 pandemic has

brought unprecedented stress to students and educational institutions across the world. We aimed

to estimate the effect of the pandemic on the mental health of college students. Use data on 419

first-year students (ages 18–20) at a large public university in North Carolina both before

(October 2019-February 2020) and after (June/July 2020) the start of the Covid-19 pandemic.

After evaluating descriptive data on mental health and stressors by students’ demographic

characteristics, we estimated the associations between Covid-19 stressors (including work

reductions, health, distanced learning difficulties and social isolation) and mental health

symptoms and severity controlling for students’ pre-pandemic mental health, psychosocial

resources, and demographic characteristics.

According to Aleksandar Kecojevic e.t.a.l (2020), The COVID-19 pandemic has been a

period of upheaval for college students. The objective of this study was to assess the factors

associated with the increased levels of mental health burden among a sample of undergraduate

college students in Northern New Jersey, the region of the U.S. severely impacted by the

outbreak of COVID-19. College students (N = 162) enrolled in an introductory core curriculum

course completed a cross-sectional survey. The survey collected information on demographics,

knowledge levels and sources of COVID-19 information, behavior changes, academic and

everyday difficulties, and mental health measurements (depression, anxiety, somatization, and

stress). Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with

mental health outcomes.

According to Rajib Ahmed Faisal, Mary C. Jobe, Oli Ahmed e.t.a.l (2021). The current

COVID-19 pandemic has affected people of all ages across the world both physically and

psychologically. Understanding COVID-19’s impact on university students’ mental health status

in Bangladesh has been limited, yet is a necessary population to study, since they are particularly

vulnerable to stress and mental health issues. This study assessed anxiety, depressive symptoms,

and mental health status among university students in Bangladesh. The Generalized Anxiety

Disorder-7, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Revised Scale, and Mental Health

Inventory-5 were translated into Bangla and administered to university students (N = 874) online.

In total, 40% of the participants had moderate to severe anxiety, 72% had depressive symptoms

and 53% had moderate to poor mental health status. Moreover, path analysis showed worrying

about COVID-19 and knowledge about the virus predicted anxiety and moderate to poor mental

health status; knowledge and belief about COVID-19’s severity in Bangladesh predicted

depressive symptoms. Thus, revealing that mental health issues were high and COVID-19 worry

predicted psychopathology symptoms among Bangladeshi university students. Overall, these

results, examining students’ mental health during COVID-19, in April 2020, can be helpful to

compare how students have adjusted over the pandemic’s progression.

The world is experiencing a pandemic after the first novel coronavirus disease 2019 case

registered with the World Health Organization (WHO) in Wuhan, China on the last day of 2019.
The COVID-19 disease (stemming from the virus: SARS-Cov-2), has affected almost all

countries and territories in the world. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of

COVID-19 to be a global health crisis and a pandemic—which it has proven to be the second

deadliest of this century so far (Goodman and Schulkin 2020; Washington Post 2020;

Worldometer 2020, November 19). The COVID-19 pandemic has been a non-discriminatory

health crisis that has impacted people from all countries, continents, races, and socioeconomic

classes (Shanafelt et al. 2020).

Similar to others around the world, the number of COVID-19 positive cases as well as deaths

continue to rise in Bangladesh. As of November 19, 2020, there were a total of 438,795 positive

cases of COVID-19 and 6275 people who had died from the virus in Bangladesh (Institute of

Epidemiology Disease Control and Research 2020, November 19). Pandemics, like COVID-19,

or other outbreaks of infectious diseases are simply not reckoned by the medical field; they also

reveal more nuanced aspects of human life (Ansari and Yousefabad 2020). Moreover, higher

rates of dependency or assistance from others in times of difficulty are the weaknesses that can

be experienced by a possible global health problem—such assistance from others in trying times

is often difficult or requires the use of physical protection measures to be set in place, like spatial

distancing, home quarantine, and school and work closures (Taylor et al. 2010). As the SARS-

Cov-2 spreads around the world, it triggers widespread anxiety, apprehension, and stress, all of

which are natural and common reactions to the evolving and unpredictable situation in which

everyone finds themselves in (Limcaoco et al. 2020; WHO 2020). Overall, the outbreak of

COVID-19 is an international public health emergency that constitutes a threat to psychological

resilience (Wang et al. 2020).

Early published literature during this crisis predicted that a persisting pandemic would have a

substantial impact in highlighting the importance of an individual’s psychological needs during

these times (Casale and Flett 2020). For example, within the first month after COVID-19 was

declared a pandemic, Bangladesh, like others around the world, implemented precautionary

measures (spatial distancing, quarantine, self-isolation, etc.) to prevent individuals from being

exposed to COVID-19 contaminations. However, with such good intentioned practices at play,

remaining indoors from quarantining for an extended period was shown to affect risk factors for

anxiety and stress disorders (Ansari and Yousefabad 2020). Recent literature indicates this too,

revealing that people who are held in isolation and quarantine experience considerable distress in

the form of anxiety, frustration, uncertainty and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (Brooks et al.

2020). Overall, it has been found that as a result of COVID-19, people experience significant

psychopathology (Lee 2020; Lee and Crunk 2020).

Since the outbreak, epidemiological data in Bangladesh has revealed that mental health issues

due to the COVID-19 pandemic and mass isolation are prominent (Ahmed et al. 2020b; Mamun

et al. 2020). Early on in the pandemic, one contributing factor to these mental health implications

for Bangladeshis was found to be fear (Sakib et al. 2020). Studies have reiterated that COVID-19

related worries and fears for Bangladeshi samples are associated with increased COVID-19

anxiety, generalized anxiety, depression, and lower mental well-being (Ahmed et al. 2020a; Al

Banna et al. 2020; Faisal et al. 2020; Zubayer et al. 2020). Thus, altogether, showing to some

extent how the pandemic can impact Bangladeshis psychologically.

That said, tertiary level students may be especially vulnerable to COVID-19’s psychological

impact because they are in the transition stages of their academic and professional lives and in

general have been prone to experience high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (APA 2013;
Craven 2020; Zivin et al. 2009). These general mental health impacts for college students have

also been found among Bangladeshi students—showing that they experience high levels of

anxiety and depression than adults (Mamun et al. 2019). Within the pandemic context, Khan et

al. (2020b) noted that Bangladeshi college students would specifically be an impacted group, due

to these norm disruptions brought about by COVID-19.

As a part of curbing the spread of COVID-19 in its beginning months, educational institutions in

Bangladesh closed, so students no longer had the sense of stability and stimulation offered by

that community, and had less opportunity to be with their friends and have the social support that

is necessary for good mental health (WHO 2020). On March 18, 2020, when there were only

eight reported cases in Bangladesh, all the educational institutions were closed by the

government for the remainder of the month, until further notice (UNICEF 2020). Dormitories of

public universities in which spatial distancing could not be preserved have remained closed for

the safety of their residents. Overall, this interruption, brought on by the pandemic, of normal

daily operations had already been found to cause tension and anxiety (Ansari and Youse fabad

2020) and college students are no exception to these impacts (Khan et al. 2020b).

For example, previous studies show that outbreaks of infectious diseases have adverse effects on

mental health among students, like in the last SARS outbreak (Akan et al. 2010; Petrosillo et al.

2020); such impacts have also been found between the COVID-19 and SARS outbreaks

demonstrating similar significant associations (Petrosillo et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020). One

sample in China found that, due to COVID-19, 24.9% of university students experienced anxiety

(Cao et al. 2020). For COVID-19 experiences among Bangladeshi college students, one study

found a high prevalence of mild to severe depressive symptoms, especially for those living with

their families or in urban areas (Islam et al. 2020). In addition, nearly 88% of students
experienced mild to severe anxiety symptoms (Islam et al. 2020). Another cross-sectional study

among Bangladeshi university students, during COVID-19, found that about 47% of students

reported mild to extremely severe depression levels and 69.3% reported mild to severe levels of

psychological impact due to the pandemic (Khan et al. 2020a). Although early literature for this

demographic is limited, these studies do demonstrate that Bangladeshi college students

experienced mental health impacts as a result of COVID-19.

This study intends to add to the early conducted COVID-19 research—and is among the first few

to explore Bangladeshi tertiary level students’ psychological impact and mental well-being

during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic (Islam et al. 2020; Khan et al. 2020a). The

present study aims to assess the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identify psychological

stress causing vulnerability and protective factors. Ultimately, these findings can help enable

university administrations, government agencies and healthcare professionals to secure students’

mental well-being in the face of Bangladesh’s COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, these findings

can be used to compare how students are currently adjusting to the pandemic; they may also be

useful in understanding university students in other areas of the world.

Related studies

According to Nubia A. Mayorga, Tanya Smit, Lorra Garey, e.t.a.l (2021). Young adults

are overrepresented in terms of adverse mental health problems related to COVID-19. Emerging

work has identified worry about the consequences and trajectory of COVID-19 and loneliness as

important factors in mental health during the pandemic. However, the main and interactive
effects of worry about COVID-19 and loneliness have not been explored in one overarching

model in relation to mental health problems among young adults.

According to Esther Cuadrado e.t.a.l (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the

confinement of most populations worldwide, through stay-at-home orders. Children have

continued their education process at home, supervised by parents, who, in most cases, have

adopted the role of prime drivers of their learning processes. In this study, the psychological

impact of confinement was explored, as well as the relationship of the forced homeschooling

situation with psychological well-being. During their confinement, 400 individuals residing in

Spain—165 without children at home (Group 1), 104 parents who dedicated little time to

homeschooling (Group 2), and 131 who dedicated more time to homeschooling (Group 3)—

responded to an online questionnaire. The results show that confinement threatened the mental

health of all the participants but especially Group 3 individuals, who had the highest loneliness,

anxiety, and stress levels. Moreover, loneliness, perception of discomfort due to homeschooling,

and anxiety exacerbated the stress experienced during confinement. Discomfort due to the

homeschooling situation was especially relevant in explaining anxiety and stress for Group 3

individuals. These results suggest that forced homeschooling could be associated with the

negative consequences that confinement has on individuals’ mental health. Moreover, the results

suggest that parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling feel more unprotected and more

stressed due to the homeschooling in comparison to Group 2 individuals. Health professionals

must pay special attention to parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling, and

governments and schools must emphasize social support provision to families during

homeschooling situations.
 According to Christian Rauschenberg, Anita Schick, e.t.a.l (2020), Public health

measures to curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates may have negative psychosocial consequences

in youth. Digital interventions may help to mitigate these effects. We investigated the

associations between social isolation, COVID-19-related cognitive preoccupation, worries, and

anxiety, objective social risk indicators, and psychological distress, as well as use of, and attitude

toward, mobile health (mHealth) interventions in youth.

According to Rachel C.ConradabHyeouk “Chris” e.t.a.l (2017) Due to the long-lasting

pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the

COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education. The findings of our study

highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies to address the mental

health of college students. We analyzed cross-sectional survey data obtained from April 9 to

August 4, 2020 on 791 young adults (ages 18–30 years) who were enrolled at a U.S. university.

The CARES 2020 Project (COVID-19 Adult Resilience Experiences Study) is an online survey

of young adults’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recruitment relied on snowball

sampling. Participants were asked if they were required to relocate from campus and among

those who did, their experiences in moving. COVID-19-related worry and grief, loneliness, and

depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms were assessed.

According to Scott Graupen sperger. Alex J.Benson e.t.a.l (2020), Purpose

Physical distancing measures to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus have presented

challenges for the mental health and well-being of college students. As campus activities ceased,

student-athletes abruptly became isolated from teammates and were no longer able to participate
in sport activities that are often central to their identity as an athlete. However, student-athletes

who have supportive social connections with teammates during this pandemic may maintain their

athletic identity to a greater extent and report better mental health. The present study examined

how student-athletes’ mental health was associated with teammate social support, connectedness,

and changes to athletic identity from before to during COVID-19. A sample of 234 student-

athletes completed surveys before COVID-19 physical distancing (February 2020), with 135

(63% female) participating in a follow-up in the month following school closures (April 2020).

Path models estimated the effects of teammate social support and connectedness (during

COVID-19), as well as changes in athletic identity on indices of mental health.

According to Martinez, Amanda Nguyen, Sophie e.t.a.l (2020) The Healthy Minds

Network, which runs the Healthy Minds Study (HMS), in collaboration with the American

College Health Association, which runs the National College Health Assessment (ACHA-

NCHA), developed a new set of survey items related to students’ experiences with the COVID-

19 pandemic. The new items focused on students’ attitudes, concerns, preventive behaviors, and

their perceived supportiveness of colleges and universities related to COVID-19. These items

were fielded to random samples of college students on participating campuses across the United

States between March and May 2020. This brief data report presents results from 18,764 students

on 14 campuses that participated in the surveys from late March through May 2020.

According to oliver w.a, Wilson, Kiley e.t.a.l (2020) Investigating the impact of the

COVID-19 pandemic on both physical activity (PA) and mental health is important to

demonstrate the need for interventions. This study examined the apparent impact of the

pandemic on college students’ PA, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms. From 2015
through 2020, data were collected at the beginning and end of the spring semester at a large

Northeastern US university via an online survey assessing student demographics, PA, perceived

stress, and depressive symptoms. Mixed ANOVA examined differences in PA and mental health

changes over the spring semester between “normal” and COVID-19 circumstances. Two-way

ANOVA examined the interaction between circumstance and changes in PA in relation to

changes in mental health. Participants (n = 1019) were predominately women and non-Hispanic

white. There was a significant decline in PA and an increase in perceived stress under COVID-

19, but not normal, circumstances and a significant increase in depressive symptoms under

COVID-19, but not normal, circumstances among women. A significant decline in PA and

mental health among college students occurred under COVID-19 circumstances, and PA did not

appear to protect against deterioration in mental health. Proactive and innovative policies,

programs, and practices to promote student health and well-being must be explored immediately.

According to Gul Muhhamand Baloch, Sheela sundarasen e.t.a.l (2020), As of the present, the

twenty-first century is experiencing what may be one of its most devastating events, in respect to

infected and dead people by the virus. Now known to the world as COVID-19, the devastating

disease of what has become a pandemic started its spread from Wuhan, China and swiftly

engulfed the whole world with almost 11 million cases, in a span of around six months. It has not

only increased the global burden of disease but has heavily dented many social institutions,

including education.

This study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent measures of lockdown,

quarantine, and social distancing have affected students. We look specifically into the effects on
individuals’ mental health, that is, the stress and anxiety levels of college and university students

using the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS).

Among 494 respondents, 61% were females, and the majority (77.3%) of the students were in the

age group of 19–25 years. Among the respondents, 125 (25.3%), 45 (9.1%) and 34 (6.9%)

experienced minimal to moderate, severe, and most extreme levels of anxiety, respectively. The

variables of gender, age and year of study were significant at the 0.25 level by univariate

analyses. Nevertheless, the ordinal regression indicates that only gender was significant. The

odds of a female student being more anxious are higher compared to a male student (OR = 1.779,

95% CI [1.202–2.634], P = 0.004). The most prominent stressors attained from the qualitative

feedback from the Pakistani students are associated with online teaching, concerns about their

academic performance and completion of the current semester, uncertainty related to exam dates,

and the status of the following semester

This study will add to the existing body of literature on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic

on the social and psychological health of students. The study outcomes will provide basic data

for further applied and action research and a framework for universities and policy makers in

Pakistan and the neighboring countries in the region with the same cultural contexts. Thus,

relevant health interventions can be designed for better mental health and educational

attainments of students from higher educational institutions. This pathological pandemic may

well lead to another pandemic of mental and behavioral illness. All stakeholders should join

force regardless of pre-existing differences and inequalities to ensure the well-being of future

generations, specifically students from higher educational institutions. The long-lasting impacts
and the aftermath of this pandemic will unquestionably need further and future investigations.

Keywords: Anxiety, students, mental health, COVID-19, Pakistan.

Synthesis

The researcher included the information cited above with the reason that those statement

strengthened this study and helped the researcher to completely understand the latter, Moreover,

this statement enable the reader to gain more knowledge, deepen their understanding, and clarify

their existing questions about the terminologies used in the study. The researcher cited different

literature so that they would be able to disseminate information to the readers about the effect of

covid-19 to the mental health status of the student,

The pandemic is so dangerous and that is not a joke, many people are not believe in covid-19 but

the people did not know that is so very deadly, many people died because of this kind of disease,

that’s why many workers, teachers and also the student are suffering of this kind of new normal

the life is so much harder than a past 5 years ago, now the student are doing online to study to

avoid eye contact to other people because of the disease, and nowadays many student are

stressful and having anxiety. Student mental health in higher education has been an increasing

concern. The COVID-19 pandemic situation has brought this vulnerable population into renewed

focus. Due to the long-lasting pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and

stay-at-home orders, the COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education. The

findings of our study highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies

to address the mental health of college students.

 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the method used in study, respondents of the study, research locale,

sampling technique used, data gathering instrument, validation of the instrument and statistical

treatment.

Research Design

This study is a Quantitative Research. Quantitative Research is a structured way of collecting

and analyzing data obtained from different sources. It involves the use of computational,

statistical, and mathematical tools to derive results. Description method of research is a fact-

finding study with an accurate and reliable information and interpretation based on the data

collection. Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and

describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.

The Participant/Respondents

The target population is the College student of colleges of Sciences, Technology and

communication INC. With the sum total of 100 participant, consisting of 50 male student and

50 female students.
Ethical Considerations

Its right to privacy, the researcher should not exchange, share, the data gathered from the

respondents. The data will be private and shall be withhold to non-researcher personnel in

respect to RA 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (DPA)

Informed consent, every respondent shall and will be given a informed consent to address the

procedures, limitations and other technicalities the study, a practical sense informed consent

helps to avoid misunderstandings confusion about what to expect in the research procedure.

Safety, Due to global pandemic (Covid – 19) the researchers will be using internet-based

platforms Facebook, messenger, messaging applications. To communicate with the respondents

will be in much safer environment from the deadly virus.

Data Gathering Procedure

After assessing the respondent's background (if he/she is fitted to be part of the study) the

researchers will be passing the informed consent (via Google Forms) that shall be filled up by the

respondents in respect to the research procedure, research limitations, and research technicalities.

The researcher should explain the whole informed consent, and answer the respondent's

questions regarding to the research's procedure etc.

After filling up the informed consent, the researchers will proceed to the questionnaire to get the

essential data needed. The researchers will be using validated and standardized test and it will be

measured by 5 points likert scale measurement.

After completing the data gathering, the researcher should validate the data collected and shall be

check from errors such as unexplained deviations from standard, best practice and methodologies

Over-interpretation of results.

Once the data is validated and free from internal/external errors, the data gathered will be

analyzed and will be interpreted by the researchers. Make conclusion that will be supported .35

validity rate and 0.9 reliability rate from the interpreted data.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used by the researchers during the study:

1. Percentage- for the profile, determine the proportion to a whole such as given the number

of respondents in the relation to entire population that is the ratio of the frequency (f) to

the total number of subjects multiplied by 100.

Where:

P= Percentage

f= Frequency

n=Total number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean- to interpret the indicators

Where:
 = the sum of x

N= number of data

3. Standard Deviation

4. Weighted Average Mean- to sum up the computed mean.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered through the use of

survey questionnaire. The date gathered are meticulously presented in tabular form and

organized based on the statement of the problems to answer the specific questions and objective

of the study.

Results

Participants were recruited from the student population of a STHM Department of College of

Sciences, Technology and Communication, INC. (CSTC). This particular university closed all

their campuses on March 15, 2020, and held all its classes virtually in response to the COVID-19

pandemic. Participants were recruited by undergraduate student researchers through email, text

messaging, and snowball sampling. The only inclusion criteria for participation, was that

participants should have been enrolled as undergraduate students in the College of Sciences,

Technology and Communication, INC. (CSTC). at the time of the interviews.

Stressful=1

Somewhat Stressful= 2

Moderate Stressful= 3

Very Stressful = 4

Extremely Stressful= 5

Table 1.
Stressfu Somewhat Moderate Very Extrem Total
l Stressful Stressful Stressfu ely
1 2 3 l Stressf
4 ul 5
1.How do you perceive the risk 9 7 4 1 4 3.8
of contagion during this period
of Covid-19 pandemic?
2.How do you perceive the 10 5 5 1 4 2.36
condition of social isolation
imposed during this period of
covid-19 pandemic?
3.How do you perceive your 10 4 3 6 2 2.44
academic studying experience
during this period of Covid-19
pandemic?
4.How do you perceive the 9 10 2 0 4 2.2
relationships with your relatives
during the covid -19 pandemic
5.Lack of confidence to interact 9 9 2 3 2 2.2
with other classmates during
online classes.
6.How do you perceive 10 10 2 1 2 2
relationship with your
professors during class?
7.How do you perceive the 8 8 6 1 2 2.24
changes life due to the social
isolation during covid -19
pandemic
8.Do you feel under 11 6 2 3 3 2.24
pressure/stressed when doing
academic works that lacks
proper interaction and
socialization due covid-19
pandemic
9.Do you see yourself as low 9 6 6 1 3 2.32
efficacy and prone to stress like
person, due to covid-19?
10.Do you feel satisfied in 13 8 2 1 1 1.76
pursuit of happiness in the mist
of global pandemic?