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    Gas turbines operate by compressing air, adding heat through combustion, and expanding the heated gas through a turbine to produce work. There are two main types: constant pressure combustion turbines and constant volume combustion turbines. Constant pressure turbines are further divided into open cycle and closed cycle types. Open cycle turbines exhaust combustion gases directly to the atmosphere while closed cycle turbines recapture heat from the exhaust. Gas turbines have advantages over internal combustion engines including higher mechanical efficiency, lighter weight, and ability to operate at high speeds. However, their thermal efficiency is lower, particularly at part loads, and they require a speed reduction device due to high operating speeds. Major applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, the oil and gas industry, and marine prop

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    Gas turbines operate by compressing air, adding heat through combustion, and expanding the heated gas through a turbine to produce work. There are two main types: constant pressure combustion turbines and constant volume combustion turbines. Constant pressure turbines are further divided into open cycle and closed cycle types. Open cycle turbines exhaust combustion gases directly to the atmosphere while closed cycle turbines recapture heat from the exhaust. Gas turbines have advantages over internal combustion engines including higher mechanical efficiency, lighter weight, and ability to operate at high speeds. However, their thermal efficiency is lower, particularly at part loads, and they require a speed reduction device due to high operating speeds. Major applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, the oil and gas industry, and marine prop

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    52 views77 pages

    Chapter 3 and Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Amey gaikwad
    Gas turbines operate by compressing air, adding heat through combustion, and expanding the heated gas through a turbine to produce work. There are two main types: constant pressure combustion turbines and constant volume combustion turbines. Constant pressure turbines are further divided into open cycle and closed cycle types. Open cycle turbines exhaust combustion gases directly to the atmosphere while closed cycle turbines recapture heat from the exhaust. Gas turbines have advantages over internal combustion engines including higher mechanical efficiency, lighter weight, and ability to operate at high speeds. However, their thermal efficiency is lower, particularly at part loads, and they require a speed reduction device due to high operating speeds. Major applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, the oil and gas industry, and marine prop

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    of 77

    25 Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion

    2S.t. Go.• t1ll'bme"5-111'!1<nll ..pe,:t,i. 25.2. CJ3,_s,rifimtioo of itm' ,uri,ines, 25.3. Menlo nf !f,111
    turbines.. 25.4. CorulUUll presau.rt1 t'timbuationgas t.utbine:i,,-Opan cycle btn.S t.urbi.nca-Melhodti
    (orl:rup1vve1ucnt of thermal effidency ofopen qde.gu turbina J)lan�Effect ofopemtl:ng vanables
    on thc.rmnl tl'fficlcncy-ClWIM c;yde gn,..turbi�M.e.rib and d<-mlmt. orcl08C'd eycle pa turbin.,
    ov«opon eyd•1!11• tu rhino. 25.5. eo,,,.....,l volumeoombulll.ion lurbin..,. 26.6. l/"6ofgo• wrbinoa.
    25.7. ('""' tummo fuol� 2S.8. J<I pn,pul•l<,o-'r.n,o.,elr-'Turbo-pn,p-Rnm•�i..-JM..,gin.,_
    Rotkct. cnginc.,_FJ.ighliRht:.-0bjc,ohw., Type QuOcJLion.,_Tha�radent Q1,1c1t.io.na-Un51)l\•cd
    f:amplea.

    Mi GAS TURBINES-GENERAL ASPECTS


    Probably a wind-mill was t.be 6n,"t turbiJle to produce ull<!ful work, wherein the there l• no
    pre-compression and no combustion. The charact.eristic features of a gas turbine as we lhlnk of the
    name today include: n compression process and a heat addition (or combustion) proctss, Tho gas
    turbine rtprell<!nt& P"rhnps the most satisfacto,y way of producing very large quantities or power
    in a soJf.rontaiood nnd compact unit. Tho gas turbine may hove o future use in oonjunction with
    the oil. engine. 1-'or .amaUer gas tu.rbino units, lhe incfficicnciee ln compresaion ft.nd expans.io·o
    proce&ses be<:ome greater and to improve the thermal efficiency it is necessary to use " beat
    exchanger. In order that a small gas turbine may compete for econ.omy with the simll oil engine
    or petrol e.ngine it is necessary that o compact a.O"ective hoat cxeb.onger be u.aed in the gas turbine
    cyde. The thermal efficiency of the gas turl>ine alone is still quite modest 20 to 301, compared with
    that or a modem steam turbine plant 38 to -iOII,. It is poosible to construct combined plant& whoee
    efficiencies are or order or 46% or more. fligher efficiencies might be attained io future.
    The following are the major fields of application of gas turbines :
    I. Aviation 2. Power generation
    3. Oil and gas industry 4. Marine propulJlion.
    The c.fficicncy of o grui turbine is not. the criteria for the choice of this plant.. A gos turbine
    is used in aviation and marine fields because it is self contained, light weight 1tot re.quiring
    t.-ooling u.'tlltl" and generally fit in.to tile ooerall sh.ope of the strucitJro. It is selected for power
    gonc.rntioo because of its simpli.city, loclt of cooling water, needs quick in.stolla-tion and qu.ick
    Slartiflll. It is used in oil and gas industry because of cheaper suppl.y off�I on.d low in6//JJ/4lilm C08t.
    The gas turbines have the following limitations : (i) Th,iy ""' not �If ••arlins ; (ii) low
    effu:kncks Cl/ f>(lrt loods ; (iii) rum•reveniibility : /iv) higher roror speeds and (v) ooeroll e{fickncy
    of th, planJ low.

    -OLASS,IFICATION OF GAS TURBINES


    The gas turbines ore mainly divided into two groups
    L Constant prcssur� combu.stion gas turbine
    (a) Open ,cyde constant pressure gas turbine
    (bl Closed cyde constant pressure gas I.Urbine.

    1342
    I GAS TIJRatNES ANO 11?T PROPVUHON

    2. Constant volume combustion gas turrbine


    In almost all the fields open cycle gas turbine planl• <tre 11..d. Clos,,d cycle p/an/.JJ were
    introduced at one stage because of their ability to burn cheap fuel. In between 1hoir progress
    remained slow because of avnilability ofcheap oil and natural gas. Because of rising oil prices, now
    again, the attention is being prud w closed cycle plant.a.

    MERITS OF GAS TURBINES

    (rl Merits over LC. engines :


    I. Tho mochnnical efficiency of• gos turbine (95%) is quite high as oomparod with l.C.
    engine (85%) �incc the I.C. engine has a large number of sliding par1J1.
    2. A gas turbine does not require a flywheel as the torque on the shllft is c;,,ntinuous and
    uniform. Wherc,u; u ny,n,hecl i$ o mU8t in cnse or nn J.C. engine.
    8. The weight of gas tu.rbine per H.P. develoP<,-d is IORs thnn that of nn I.C. engine.
    4. The gas turbine can be driven nt a very high speeds (40000 r.p.m.) whereas this is
    not possible with l.C. e.ngines.
    5. The work developed by a gas turbine per kg of air is more ru, compared to an J.C.
    -engine. This is due to the ract that gQ.S€!S can be ex_panded upto str,nQapheric: prcSl:ruTC
    in case of n gas turbine whereas in ao l.C. engine expansion upto otmospberic pres­
    sure is not possible.
    6. Tho oompononts of the gos turbine can be made lighter stnce tho pressure:8 used in it
    nre very low. say 5 bar compared with I.C. enj,'ine, say 60 bar.
    7. In the gas tu.rbine the ignition and lubrication systems are much simpler as com•
    pared with l.C. engines.
    8. Chci:ipcr foels such os po.rnffino type, residue oils or powdc.red cool can be used wbc'J'cas
    special wodc fuels ore employed in petrol engine to check knocking or pinking.
    9. The exhiust from gas turbine is less poUut.ing compa.rath•ely sinc.-e excess air- is used
    for combua-tion.
    JO. BecauMl of' low specific weight the gru, turbine• are particularly •-uitable for use in
    aircrn.fts.
    Demerits of gas turbines
    I. The thermal efficienry of a simple turbine cycle is low ( 15 to 20"1 I as t-ompared with
    l.C. engines (2.5 to 3W ).
    2. With wide operating speeds the fuel <'<lntrnl is cornp:rmtively difficult.
    3. Due 1-0 hi1:1hcr r,pe
    , ratlng speeds of the turbine. il it- imperative to ha\'e u speed reduction
    device.
    I. h is difficult 11, --tart n gn� turbine n!C t11mp11n•cl to an l.C. c.:nb'lnc.
    5. ·rhc ga.s t.,urb1nc blodcK 1\0L--d n spc.---cial eooling Ayr<Wn1.
    6. One of the: mnin demerits of a JJas turbine is it.S t•rry poor thermal efficiency al pa.rt
    /oods. as thC' quantity of :air rem11iru1 sttnll! lrl"Mlpec.-tive oflo.fld, and output is reduced
    by reducing the quantity of fuel Alpplied.
    7. Owing to tfo· use nf nic.-kt•l-chromium alloy the manufacture of the- b)ndes is di'fficult and
    oostly.
    8. For lho same uu1pu1 uu.• �'US tu• bi:1..- prOlh.,1..,:-.. 111.t• 11mc.-s exhaust. gases thnn l.C. E'ngine.
    9. Bocoui,u uf pn:\'Ult'llt'l! of hi�h lt'mpm-n.Lut't.• • 1000 K for blnde1; and 2500 K for C.'Ombus­
    lion chamber> o.nd cenirifugal fi>rce the lifo of the combustion chambe.r and blades is
    short/small.
    7
    1344 TitERMAL ENOINEERING I

    (ii1 Merits over steam turbines :


    The gas turbine entaili the following cuwantag-.
    ouer steam tw·biM•
    1. Capita.I and nmning C06t lc&B.
    2. For the same output the space required is for less.
    a. Starting is more easy and quick,
    4. Weight per H.P. is rar less.
    5. Can be installed anywhere.
    6. Control or gas turbine is much easier.
    7. Boiler along with acceBSOries not required.

    CONSTANT PRESSURE COMBUSTION GAS TURBINES

    25.4, I. Open Cycle GB$ Turbines


    Refor Fig. 2li.1. The fondamental gas turbine unit is one operating on the open cycle in
    which a rotary compressor and a turbine are mounted on a common shaft. Air is drawn into the
    compressor and aft.er compression passes to a combustion chamber. Energy is supplied in the
    combustion chamber by spraying fuel into the air stream, and the reaulting hot g&Be11 expand
    through the turbine to the atmosphere. lo ord.e r to achieve network output from the unit, the
    t.urbine must develop more grosa work out.put than ia requin,d t.o drive the co.mpre.saor and to
    overcome mochanicaJ losses in the drivo. The products of combustion coming out Crom tho turbine
    are exbaUBted to the atmosphere as they cannot be used any more. The working iluida (air and
    fuel) muat be replaced continuou."11.y ms thoy u.ru exhuwited into tho utmo.phorv.
    Fuel (Heat)

    Combustion
    chamber
    (C.C.)
    -------- -
    Compressor - Turbine
    (C) Shatt

    Air in 4'
    ExhaUSt

    Fi5r. 2.:i. I. Open eyc:le gas turbine.


    Ir preasure loss in the combUBtion chamber is neglected, this cycle may be drawn on a T-s
    diagram as shown in Fig. 25.2.
    • 1·2' represents : Irreversible adiabatic. compre.uion.
    • 2'-3 represe.nt., ; Corn,tant. prt.88ure heat supply in the tY>mbUstion chttm�r.
    • 34' represents : Irreversible od«Aatic expan.&ion.
    I 0"5 TUR81NllS ANl> /£T PROPULSION

    • 1-2 represents : Ide.al ;.senJropic compT'f!ssion.


    • 3-4 repnl$8nt& ; Ickol isentropic expansion..
    T

    '
    I
    -'
    2'
    ' \
    P,
    2 I \

    --·
    I

    I
    .I

    �---------------------+$

    fig. 25.2
    Assuming change in kinetic energy between the various point.a in the cycle to be negligibly
    small compared with c.nthalpy changet1 and then applying the flow equation to each part of cycle,
    for unit ·mass, we have
    Work input (compressor) a cP (T./ - T 1)
    Htlat supplied (combustwn chamber) = c, (T3 - T2')
    Work output (turbine) = c, (T3- T4')
    :. Network output = Work outpul - Work inpul
    • c, (T3 - T,') - c,(T T1) z-
    Network output
    and 'ltA.n-mal = -,,,---�-=-
    Heat supplied
    _ ce(T3 -T4 ')-ce(T,: '-T1 )
    -
    c,(Ta-T2')
    Compressor isentropic efficiency, '1<0mp
    \Vork input required .in isentropic compression
    =
    Actual work required
    c0(T2 -T,) T -T,
    = : 2 ...(25.11
    c p(T -T1) T -1j
    2
    2
    Turbine i=tropi.c efficiency, 11,.,.,,,,,,
    Actual work output
    lsentropic work output
    1346 THERMAL ENOINEl!RJNO,I

    < (T3 -T,) Ta-Ti'


    � , • ...(25.2)
    c,(T3 -T•) T 3 -T•
    Note. With the variatiuo in temperature, the value or,he tp('Cifie bea.tof a rt:8.1 gas. varies, and also i.n the
    open cycle, the specific heat of ihe ga:aes in the combustion chamber and in birbine is different &om that in the
    O()mpressor because fucl hau. beert added and o chemica.J chaogc baa taken plat'C. CUr\•ea ahowing the variation of
    c,. v.;th Lemperature and air/fuel mtioc:on he w;ed,nnd a ,..-uitable mean value nfc;., :md hence ream be found out. Jt
    UI u,ual in gu turbine proctioo to BMWDti filed menn value ore, a.nd yfor the upo.iwion proecS$, o.od fLXed mco.n
    values of c and y for the compression proceSI, In an open cycle gas turbine unit the mass Oow of gases in turbine
    i, greater ilian that in oomprouor duo to maaa of fuel burned. but it ia poasible to neglect ma.uof fuel, sioco the aid
    fuel redoes used are large. Also, in many CR!e.!I-; Air is b'.led from the compreS&Or for MOllng purpoges, <Jr int.he case
    or oir-cm.J\. nt high nhie:udca, bled air is UMKl for dc--icing und cabin fliN)Ondilioning. This urriount of air blod ii
    approximalcly the same'"' tM tnD.SS of fuel iJlject.ed therein.
    25.4.2. Methods for lmprovement or Thermal Efflcleney of Open Cycle Gu
    Turbine Plu.ni
    Tho following: methods are employed to incrtase t!IB .�peoific output and thermal ,fficiVJcy
    of the plant ;
    1. lnterc:oolin;g 2. R,,1,cating 3. Regeneration.
    l. lnleN:OOling. A compressor in a gas ·turbine cycle utilises the major percentage of power
    developed by the gu turbine. The work required by the comp,,,.,.,, can be n,duced by compreasing
    the air in two stages and incorporoting an interoookr between the two as shown in Fig. 25.3. The
    corresponding r.,.dfagnun for the unit is shown in Fig. 25.4. '!'he actual prooesscs t.ako place as
    foUowa :
    1-2' L.P, (Low pressu,e) compression
    lnteroooling
    H.P. (High p""ssurel compression
    C.C. (Combus-tion chamber)-heating
    T (Turbino)--expan.sion

    lntercooler Fuel (Heat)

    5
    4'

    L.P H.P T Work


    C C

    1 ,s•
    Air in Exhaust

    Fig. 25..'t Turbim, p)nnt, with int.en:ooler.


    I OAS TVRalNJ;.S 1\/!D nrr rRoruLS10N

    'fhe ideal cycle for this orrongement is 1.2��3-4-5-·6 ; the comptess-ion process without
    int.en:ooling is shown as J-L' in the actual case, and 1-L in the ideal isentropic case.

    '
    I
    I
    •'
    \
    \
    \
    \

    �-- -------------------► $

    Now,
    Work input (umh intercoolin;JJ)
    = c,,(T,' - T,) + ,,er; - 1',) ••.(25,SI
    Work input (1uil/1oul intercooJing)
    = c,,(T, - T,> = c,(T,' - T,) + c,(Tr,' - 7' 2) ... (25.4!
    By comparing equation (25.4) with equation (25.3) it can be observed that the work
    iriput witl1 in.u'TC'OlXing is less rh-on the work i.ripu1 wi1h no intercooling, when cP er.� - TJ is
    ks• than c,(T1,' -'l,'). Thi• is so if it is w,sumcd that iscntropic efficiencies of the two compressors,
    operating t:1eparJtely, nro each equal to the iscntropic efficiency of tbe single compressor which
    would be required if no inlert001ing were used. 1'hen (T; - T•) < (7i,' - T2) since the pressure lines
    diverge on the T·• diagram from lelt to the right.
    Network output
    Again, wotk ratio
    Gro.,:;s work output
    = \Vork of expansion - Work of compress.ion
    Work of eipan.sion
    From this we may conclude that whe11 the compre.'<SOT work input is reduced then the worlr
    ratio ii, iru:reased.
    Howovc·r, the hcnt supplied iin the combustion eh.nmbcr when intc.rcooling is used in the
    cycle. is given by,
    Heat •upplied with inu,rrooli rog = c,(T6 - T,'>
    Also \,he heat supplied when inLercooling is not used, wlt.h the same maximum cycle tem­
    pen1ture r., i$ given by
    Heat supplied wilhour inten:ooling = •• CT6 - '/"0 'l
    Thua, the 1,,at •uppli�d u•/a,n 1111�n-,H>l111R •• 11,rtl r• ifr.-at�r thnn 11•1tli no ini.l'ft>oli..
    Alllt""6A tit, Mluw-lt (111lp1�, l!t ,nrrt•nq•tf "" ,nt,•rn>tiltnl,l " ,_. {11t1ml tn Jl••m.·rol that the illO'loat
    in la,at to hr 1mppilrt( rnu,ir>,., llu th,•rm,,I j•/7irwm""'t ,,, ,l,•rr.•n..,,· Whrn mh•rc.oohn'{ is ueed 1
    supply of coolin,i wnh•r mu�t t,,, n•nd,h 11vnil11l>l1• Th•• udtl1t11111·,l hulk nf lh,· umt mny ofJ11:et the
    advan� to ht' J..'ll11w<I lw 111ercafillll>{ 11w work rot10
    2. Rt'ht'11lin,r. 'l'h,• nutpul ofn f!OS turhine can be nropb· improved hy ,-xpnndrng lhe gases
    in l\\'l'I ,itu._f\.\� ,,1th H l"t'h!'off'r between the two� sho\1;rn in F'ig. 25.5 The 11 T' turbme drive.q fhe
    compn.-.s<1r .111,I th,• L.l'. lurhine p,-ovides the useful power output. The corre.p<,nd,ng T-� d1 1!.gr8m
    is slu"' n m Fii; :.!fi ti. Th� hne 4'-L' represents the expans10n in the L,P. turbine ii rchenlin g is"'-''
    cmpl,\H'<I-

    c.c, "-- C.C 2


    Reheater
    5
    2' 4'

    H.P. L.P.
    T Work
    T

    1 6'
    Air in Exhaust

    Fig . 25.5. (h1� l.urbine. ,,,.ith rehea.ter.


    T

    3 5
    \

    \
    2' ,,,...
    ,,.... s·
    2 I
    I 6
    I
    I L
    I

    1
    '--------------------s
    Fig. 25.6. T,s diagram for the uruL
    GAS TURBINES AND JET AAOPULSIOH 1319

    N,gll!dln8 m«hanical louu tha worl ouJput of th, H.P. turbine mrut be UJadJy ,qual to
    111, work lnpuJ required for the eomprtuor L,., c,.. U'i - T1) = c,., (T3 - Ti>
    Tho work output (net output) of L.P. turbine le given by,
    Net work output (wiLh reheating) • •n (T, - T0)
    and Net work oulput (without reheating) " •,. (T.' - T,,')
    Since the pr888Unl linee dlvorgo to tho right on T-• diogrrun it cnn be aeen thnt the tempera­
    ture ditrennce <T,-1'1') lo alway,igrtotu than (T. -T,,'l, IIO Lhatre/,ealu!8 UIU<fUU the net worl
    output.
    Although net work la incruo<d b7 rehoati11g the heot to be supplied it alao Iner sed, N>d
    the net cll'ect can be to ,-,du« 1M tlwm,,l tffi•�=Y
    Heatrupplied • •., (T1 -T2') + e., (T1 - T,').
    -• Uldc,.alud , ... ipec:i6c ....IIot'elr U>d1pa .....,..i;,.ly alCOOllaal piWWWWe.
    ..
    3. Re,en.,...lion. Tbe exhaust gases from a gas turbine carry a tarp quantil;y of beat with
    them IR.DOO their temperature la far above tho ambient tempcratwe. Tboy COD be used to heat tho
    air coming from the eompreac,r then,by roducing tho mue of fuel rupplied lo the eombu1tloo
    chamber. Fig. 25.7 abOW11 a gas turbine pleat with o regenerator. The coneol)Mding T-, diagram
    l1 abown in Fig. 25.8. 2'-<I rep,.,..,nta the ruial flow into tho compreased air during Ito pa-p
    through the heal exchanger and S-4 represents tho beat taken in from the combultioo of roel.
    Point 6 representa tbe tempcreture of exhaust ga;oe,, at dill<harge from the heal exdtanger. Tbe
    maximum temperature to which tbe Bir could be .heated in I.be beat exchanger la ideally that of
    mthaust BDI""', but le11 than this la obtoincd in prru:tiee becouae a temperature gradient must eidat
    for an •maBSl•ted lranlfer of energy. The effectiuenu• of tbe heal exchanger II given by :

    6 Exhaust Heat
    exchanger
    5'

    3 5'
    2' c.c
    4

    C T Work

    Alrln
    1
    l'lg. 25.7. Gu turblna wtth "8•"""'"''·
    1350 THERMAL ENGlNEERJNG I

    Increase in enthalpy per½'1of air


    Effectiveness. ••
    Available increaae in enthalpy per kg of air
    (T,-Ti)
    2 .•.(25.5)
    (T6-T )
    (888uming • and •., to be equal)
    ,.

    ..
    T

    I
    \ \
    \
    \

    s·
    5
    I
    I
    I

    ,I
    6

    L----------------------- ♦ S

    t'lg. 25.8. r.. diagrom for the uniL


    A heat ext:htJn.ger itt uaually uaed in lo rge go.a turbine unit& for marine propul•ion or
    indU$trial power.
    211.4.3. Effect of Operating Variables on Thermal Efficiency
    The thermal efficiency of actu.al op,n cycle depend., on the following thermod)'!' am.ic
    variables
    Cil Pressute ratio
    (ii) Turbine inlet tempcrntUte (T3)
    (iii) Compressor inlet temperature (T1 )
    (iu) Efficiency of the turbine (11,.,i,,.)
    (o) Efficiency of the compressor ('l.,,,.p).
    Effeet o.f turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio :
    If the permissible turbine inlet-lcmperat.u.re (with the other variables being constant) of an
    open cycle gaa turbine power plant i• increased its thcnnal efficiency is amply improued. A practical
    limitation to increasing the turbine inlet temperature. however. is the ability of the material
    nvnilnble for tho turbine blading to withstand the high rot,:,ti"" and thermal ,t,..,.s,ea.
    Refer Fig. 25.9. For a given turbine inlet 'tJJ.mperalure. aa the. prt!tsu.n rntio incrtt1sea, th#.
    heat supp/kd as well as 1M heal rejected are redured. But the rotio of clwnge of heat supplied �
    - a, Iii• ratio of clia1111, heat ,.,,j,ctcd. Aa a con•equcnce, there txi•t• an optimUIII
    --"""' produci"I( maximum rhrrmal r/nc11,nry for n gn•cn t11rb1ne mlet temptrotutY.
    NA the preo•un, ratio incre6•<'•. the lhom,ol cfficocncy olso ,ncrease• until 1l becomes mut­
    ... and then ot drop,, olT with n f'urth�r oncrellae ,n pres•urc rnt,o IF'ig 2510• Further, as the
    IIIIWne inl•I l<'n>pl'rnturt' incl'\'o•cH, lh� peok• or the curves Oatlen r,ul gn"ng n greater range of
    19Uol of pn,8flll\' �plnnnm cffi<ll'nCy.
    T (T<'mp)

    ··----·----- ----
    Limiling turbine inlel lemperacure

    s (Entropy)
    Fig. 25.9

    11,,.,,.. = 'll
    w,1,
    ;n, = 0.80
    °
    28 11 = 15.5 c
    t., = 1095'C

    i
    24 980

    870

    ---z
    �
    20
    �
    ,_ 16
    ..:;
    (I/
    12 650

    a
    f-
    4
    540

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    rressur3 ratio
    ·a---25 resaur atio ;,nd turbine inlet tem
    1322 TIIEllMAL ENOINEEIUNO

    Following puticulan an, wortlmoting :


    a... tanp,ratu,U Bffu:un,:y <g,u 1ur1>;nc)
    550 to 600"C 20 to 22'lb
    900 to 1000-C 32to�
    Abovel3oo·c morelhan50'J-
    Bfrect of tarbine a,:sd COL.F M efflefeet... :
    Refer Pig. 26.lL 'lbe tbennal eflicleney of the actual gu twbine cycle ia very 8elllitive lo
    varialioaa in ti-• efflden..._ or!be """PlIIIOI' IIDd turbine. There ia a puticule. p,-u,e ratio at
    wblcb rnulrnn- effldendee ?CCUr. For 1<,wer eftldend-, tbe peak of the thermal effldtmcy occan
    at laww JW L '9 ratioe and vice Y8l"U.

    48
    11 = 15.5"C
    ----
    100,.,,,..

    44

    40
    1, • 815SC
    ·"�---•
    /' •••

    _,.,,,.,,,,
    f
    36 I
    ,
    /
    /
    32

    28 1·
    f
    �
    24
    80

    16

    12 •
    8

    4
    70
    1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 II 10
    PnIIIN radio --+
    Pie, 25.lL EO'ect alam.,, -ot• elF ' >·
    Effect ot oo-pz ar Inlet tee; atare :
    l!el'er Fie, 25.12 (on next pace). With thll 4- in 1h11 compreHor j,akt umpoulru-e
    ,,-., i. .,,.,,...... in thermlJl � o(IM pl,mt. Allo the pub of tbormal efficiency occur at
    bi,b pnaure ratiol end !be curv.. become nau.r alvlng thermal eflldeney over a wider Pre88W'G
    raUo range.
    I GAS TU1U11Nes AND ,n PROPULS1011

    l 28

    24
    o•c

    i..
    "'
    20

    16
    +1811C

    ..
    ;;;
    � 12
    f= ,,_ = 11....,. = 0.8
    8
    1;, = e1s.s•c

    4 .__,__��--+--�---�-�
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Pressuro ratio ,_..
    Fig. 2lU2

    25.4.4. Closed Cycle Gu Turbine (Constant pttBSU.ro or joule �e).


    Fig. 26.13 shows" gDB turbine operating on o constant pressure cycle in which tho clo,;ed
    system consists of sir behaving as on ideal gos. The various operotiona aro as follows : Refer Figs.
    25.14 and 25.15.
    Operation 1-2 : The air is comprossed isentropical)y from the lower pressuro p1 to the
    upper pressuro p2, the temperature ri•ing from T, to T2• No heat Dow •
    occurs.
    Operation 2-3 : Heat flow into the syste :m increasing the volume from V2: to V3 nnd
    temperaturo from T2 to T3 whilst the prossure remains constant at p,.
    Heat received a ""'• ('J'., - T7).
    Operation H : The air is expanded isentropicall,y from Pi w p 1, the temperature fa!Ung
    from T3 to T4• No boat flow occun,.
    Operation 4-1 : Heat il:s rejected from the system as t.he volume decreases from V,. to V1
    and th11 temperature from T4 t o T1 whilst the pr"'OSJl;UJ'C re.main& con•
    stont at p1• Heat r,tiected a me, (T, - T 1)
    Work done
    'la,,...,.ntt.oro' • Heat received
    Heat received/cycle- Heat "licct,ed/cyclo
    Heat reooivecVcyde
    mc.(T 3 -T 2) -mc,(T4 -T1 )
    mc0 (T3 -T2)
    Now. from isentropic expansion
    IJS4 THERMAL ENGINEERING I

    �----12
    Healer 1-------�
    3

    C T Work

    Cooing
    medl.Jm
    fjg. 25.13. Ctoooo cycle gao turbine.

    P, I--------__,,_____.::,.
    4

    V
    Fig. 25.14. p-V diagram.

    I.:.!
    •
    T2 = T1 Cr ) y , where r,, c Pressure ratio

    ).t=..!.
    T- I
    Similarly. ...l.= 1!l. ' orTa =T,. (r )'
    T,.
    T, ( Pa
    p
    _,. .. OftUION

    ._____ ------------------+ s
    Fig.1fi.Jfi. T ,diagram.

    T, -T1
    ljolNt,wtfan! - I f 1 •( 1 :: 1- y •••(�5.6
    1\\rp l 1 -T1(r1,l' \r1,l '
    The ex'l)rcssion showh ltlal the r:f{ich•m-y nf ,he ideal }emit! cycle inc�:.,... es v1 itk the prenUN
    ra110. The absolut,, limit of orr·"·"' , l-� derermined b) the limiting temµ,1raluri! uf thl! mat.erwl l1(
    the turbine of th e? point at 1dl 'ch lhi'f frmperature is r1•aclwd by thl' l'Ompresswn pnx--ess al;,mt·,
    no further heating of //a 1;a.< in rhc ombustion chamber 11•nrtld b,• prrm1ss1ble and the «·o·i< .,,­
    ttpan.$1.on would itJ,, all,._,, .w,t ba!&.J tlt t" tht! Ularl, <f compr(!.5$l01t .so that rlo e.U-i',i:.,;; !t1..,rk u·ould t:i:
    ata1/abll! for ext,•roal us,•.
    Now v.e ,-haJJ provt• th'lt th•» J"r:s,.we ruflo fnr maximum work:'�,, {un,.:tl.:Jn JJ/ the .un,:-fn�
    tempera/ur,• ratio.
    Work output durn1g- 1h, ,yl'lt•
    H1.·Ht ,·et.:�l"l"'dA·ycltf - llrat n�jcctcd·c� ..·lc
    - J' I

    ,,,,. r (
    J .I
    I

    Jn cas.• o(:.; �11v1 u I u, luru I I , 1111tu111um lt'IUJ}t.'rulUrl !\ .rnd th,\ m.t.,nn\u,1 t�tt1lX'liltUt"t' l\
    are prescrilJed, 1', l,L•111ii tlw IN111, ,•• 1ull' c)I lhl' nt1no�pht·1,1 1uhl / tlw m.,,Huwu h.•mpt'r9tu1·c
    which the mctuls ot t.11 1 h1 111..1 wuuM w11l,1,hm,l ('01 1 udt•r tlw "'p�•lilfo· tw.u ,,t ci,msl.u11 �,1�ssuro i:P to
    be constant. 'l'h,·n,
    I I

    Since,

    Using the const.anL .-


    t.,. • - (
    (
    .
    we have1 work output/cycle

    ,T,
    = T1z(r,'f""O
    •
    r<.t•U

    .. rp2, = Th
    Ti
    -1,._
    i.e., r,. (T3'll)21,-u
    r, = (T,17'1),n,,
    Thus the pre,surt ratio (t>r maximum work is a fundion of the limiting temperature ratio.
    Fig. 25.16 shows an arrangement of closed cycle stationary gas turbine plant in which air i&
    continuously circulated. This ensures that the air ia not polluted by the addition of combustion
    waato product, aince the beating of air is carried out in the form of heat exchanger ahowo in the
    diagram as a.ir beater. The air exhausted from t1u, power turbine is cooled before readmiMion to
    L.P. compressor. The various operations as indicated on T-s diagram (Fig. 25.17) are as follows :
    Operation 1-2' : Air i& compressed from p1 to P, ill the L.P. compressor.
    Operation Z-"3 : Air is cooled in the lntercooler at constant pre,,sure p,.
    o,
    t Heal
    exchanger

    Cooler 10
    5
    -External
    4' �-- combustion
    6 (O,J

    l.P. H.P.
    C T
    9' •

    2' 3
    7' .

    lnteroooler

    !o,
    L.P. Work
    T

    Fig. 26. 16. Clooed cy<,le gas turoine plane


    I OAS TURRINf,S AND JllT PROPUI.SION 13571

    Operation 8-4': Air is compressed in the U.P. compre�r f-romp., t.o P?-
    OJ)(lffltion 4'--5 : High prn88uro air LI heated el constant pre88urc by exhaust gases from
    power turbine in the heat exchanger to r•.
    Operation 5-6 : High pressun, air further heated at constant pressure t-0 the maxlmum
    temperature T, by nn air heater (tb,ovgh cxtem.ol combustion).
    Operation 6-7' : The air is expanded in lho H.P. turbine from p2 u, P, producing work to
    drive the oompre.Rsor.
    Operation 7'-8 : Exhaust air from the H.P. turbine i s heated at constant pressure in the
    air heater (through external combustion) to the maximum tempera­
    ture T8(• T6).
    Opemtion �9' : The nir i.s expanded in It.he L.P. turbine from p• t.o Pt, producing energy
    ror a now or work extcmally.
    Ope.ration 9'-10 : Air from L.P. turbine is passed I<> the heat exchanger where energy is
    transferred to tbc air delivered from the H.P. compressor. The
    temperature or air leaving the hent exchanger and entering the cooler
    is T10.

    ,,..
    T
    ,,_.

    6 8

    ''
    cf
    ' '
    ,.._ ',
    9'
    7'

    5 7
    9

    '----------------------+&
    Fig. 25.17. T·• diagrrun forthe plant.
    Operation 10-U : Air cooled to T, by the cooler boforo onrering tho L.P. compl'OS!l<)r.
    The energy baln_noo for the whole plant is a@ follows :
    Q1 + Q; - Q,. - Q, ; 1V
    1358 TIIERMAL ENGINEBRJNO I

    ln a closed cycle plant, in practice, the control of power output is achieved by varying the
    mass flow tiy the use of a reser·\·oir in tho circuit. Tho' reurvoir mainJains the design pnuure and
    t,mperature and therefore achieve., an appro:timately canstant level of efficiency for uarying
    loads. ln this cycle sinco it is closed, g(J8tfJ .odiu than au with fauouroble properties """ be used ;
    furthermore it ia possible t.o bum solid fuels in the oombUBtion heaters. The major factor rupomible
    for frie/ficiency in this cycle is the large irreuer8ible temperature drop which occurs in the air
    hearers between the furnace and circulating gas.
    Note.1. ln a clooed eyde ga, turbines, although air bas been einen,ively used, the W!e of'helium• which
    thot13h of a lower denflty, baabocn inviting the attention ofmanufadure:rsforits U&O, for large output gu turbine
    units. T/u'8pc,:ific heot ofh'1ium at con,14,u P"'""" ;,, ol>oul 'fiu, rim,1' thot of olr, th,rafort for each l<g '"418
    flow /hf hml drop and hmt:cf tnc.rgy tkolt wi.llain hdium mad.ind ia MO.riy five lim�• oftho.e in COM ofair. The
    surfaet area ofIM �t adLa.n.ger for helium can be �pl, a., /,ow a, 1/3 of thar. required farp turbiM plant using
    air o• worlt&.s rntdium. Fnr the Mme tempe-ratu:re mtcio •nd for the planta of the t1ame output the t�t-4t(tfonol
    am, r,quind for htlium;,, mutll 1,., thon th<u {or air. It may therefore be concluded Lbol the •lz• ofh,/ium unit
    i, ..,,.!d,,..�ly 1moll comporotw<ly.
    2. ScJ:me fJ8.S turbine plant5 �1)rk on a combination of two cydee the open cycle and the dONd �le. Sudl
    ll oom bint1tion i1 called t.he ttmi,c/Offll cy,ck.. llur. a. P4rt ofth� uorlting fluid ia confin«l witltirt th� plo.nJ and
    anoth,r part flow• from and to oJmoaph,r,_,
    25.4.5. Merits Bnd Demerits of Clo•ed Cyclo Gas Turbine Ovor OP<>n Cycle Gaa
    Turbine
    Merits of closed cycle :
    l . Higher thermal eJUciency 2. Reduced size
    3. No cont&_mfoation '1. lmproved been, t.ranemi8&lon
    6. Improved part load efficiency 6. Lc,,..,r fluid f'riction
    7. No loss of working medium 8. Greater output
    9. Inexpensive fuel
    Demerits of closed cycle :
    l. Complexity
    2. Large amount of cooling water is required. This limit• its use to stationary installation
    or marine uso where water is available in abundance.
    3. Dependent •ystem.
    4., The weight of the system per H.P. developed is high oompamtively. therefore notooonomical
    fOT moving vehicles.
    5. Requires the use of n very large air heater.

    OONSTANT VOLUME COMBUSTION TUBBINBS


    -
    Refer Fig. 2.5.18. ln a oonst.an.t volwne.combUBtion turbine, tho oompresaed air from o.n air
    compressor C is admitted into the combustion chamber D through the valve A When the valve A
    is clo"'1<1, tho fuel is admitted into the chqmbcr by means of a fuel pump P. Then the mixture ia
    ignited by means of a spark plug S. The combustion l.alces place ot constant volume with increase
    of pressure. The valve B opens o.nd the bot gases Oow to the turbine T, and finally. they are
    discharged, into at mosphere. The energy of the hot g:tui.t?a is thereby converted into mechanical
    energy. For continuoUB running of the turbine these operations BT(! repeated.
    The main demerit associated with this type of turbine is that the pressure diffen,nce ond.
    velocities of hot gases are n.ot consl4nl ; so the turbine 8pt1'd (luctuat...
    111!$ UIII IES ..N'D IBT nor1•1 SION
    t
    ►

    l fl
    A, 8, Valv"s
    C-= Con1p1e�-tH.)1 I'
    0 • C<io1tlu(-:IIC'\n ,·h1Hnh111
    p F11,•I f'\Ullfl i
    ,.
    ll

    t
    S Sv,uk pl<19
    T Turbine
    ►

    C f
    --{ Vlr>r�

    Air in E1haust
    (From atmosphere) (To a1mosphe1e)

    Cun�tant voh1nll, ,•011tln1Ht i1,11 ��" I utl1l,11 •

    iii USES OF GAS TURRINES

    Gas turbines find wide app/icnlion.s in the foll�wing fi,•ltl,


    1. Supercharging 2. Turbo-kt and lurb»-prnpcllLr engin•s
    3. M11r:ne field 4. Railway
    5. Road transport
    7. Industry.

    GAS TURBINE FUELS

    The various fuel$ used in go$ lut'bines urc <•numcrat.f•d oru.1 ch�cu-...0\cd bdo"
    l. Gaseous l'uels
    2. Liqui:I fuels
    3. S<,hd fuels
    1. Gw.cous fuels. N(l rr1rt1/ 14t1.< ;,. /h,• 11/,-,./ /ltrl /;,, i;ri< rw·br,1 ••. hut th.- ,s not ,w,11luble
    everywhere.
    Bla1sr fu1n11t•P and J)fY>duu·r Jl"�t•,-. nrn,v ul�o h1' U:-ot•il liH' �ar;, Iul'hi1h.• pi�'"'-'I' l"'l(uns..
    2. Liquid fu<-IN. Li 1p1uJ rw1 lt-t of pl1lft)lt�11m ort>,!IH �urh ll:i th�hU,1lt• .,,,Is�,,. r,·:--1duul nils arc
    most comm,,nly UtiNI ,,,r gUN lUJ'b l l\•1 pllH'II fl 1hl1 t1S:ll1uhul q\mhhPM .,,r nw�,· l'u1.•li include proper
    volatility, u11JN>1u1y tJJltl ,t1fo1,/n ,,oJu.• Al th, ,mnw lrnw ,t 1ih1mld I,,· th·l· /i·om on. " ('tWtenls of
    TTU)istu.re and tu,'lJ)('nd,,,I 1111p1111fwH tlrnf wm,l,J l1•i.: 1h1 :-rrwll ,�us,,i.�,•;,; 11/ th•· 11v::fr�� and damage
    values and pfot>1<er.< <1{ 1/11• /i11•/ 11111111••
    MineraJs like BtJ<lium, mwwlwm 1111d <',,le wm p1\1v,1 en·,· lrnrm/ltl for tho Jurbi.ne blading
    as these build deposits or eurrod,· 1 lw hlud,,R '1'111• s<11hum m aRh �hould be less than 30% of the
    vanadium content as otherwise the ,·nLin h•ndK to t,,, cr·,t,�nl. 'l'hc actufll sodiurr content may be
    betwAen 5 ppm to 10 ppm (part per million). u· 1hr vunndium i� ,,wr 2 ppm, the magnesium in ash
    lends to become critical. It is 11eressar_v that Jh,• magri1·si11111 i11 o�h i.� at lea.st three times the
    •
    Tll�L EN9JNEERIN"G I

    quantity of va11adium. The content of calcium and lead should not be over 10 ppm and 6 ppm
    n,spectlvoly.
    Sodium is removed from residual oils by mixing with 5% of water and then double centrifug•
    ing when sodium loaves wi.th water. Magnesium is added to the washed oil in th.e fonn of epsom
    salts, before the oil is sent into the combusto·r. This checks t.he corrosive Pctioo of vnnndium.
    Re&idual oils bum with less ea.se than distillate oils and lhe !alter t1.re ofl.en used to shirt th• urrit
    from cold. aft.er which the n,sidual oils are fed in the combustor, ln oold conditions residual oils
    need to be preheated.
    3. Solid fuels. The use of solid fuels such. as coal in pulverioed form in gas turbines pre..,nta
    several difficullios most of which have been only partially overcome yet, Tho pulwnnmg plant for
    coal in gas turbines applications is much lighteT and small than its oountiorprui in stemn genera•
    tors. Introduction of fuel in u,e oombustion ehambu of a gas turbine i• required 1,, be done
    OlfOin.J,t a h,'gh pre.:1sun whereas tlte pnssure j,i th� furnau of a stNm plan.I 1:1 atmosphfJric.
    Furthermore, the degree of compktene88 of combustion in gas turbine applications has to be •"ry
    high as otherwise IIOOI and dust in 11as would deposit on the turbine bladi11g.
    Some prac,lcal applications of solid fuel burnlng in turbine combu9l0\'S have been commer•
    cl.Uy, made available In recent yean,. In one such design finely crushed conl is w;ed instead of
    pulverised fuel. This fuel is carried in st.ream of air t.ange.ntie.Hy into one end of o cylindrical
    furnace while gas comes out al the centre of opposite end. As the fuel particles roll oround the
    cin:umfereoce of the furnace they are bumL and a high temperature of abouL 1650°C is maintained
    which ca115es the mineral matter offucl to be converted into a liquid slag. The slag covers the wnlls
    of the furnace and rnru, out through n top hole in the bottom. The resu.lt is that fly.ash is l"Cldurod
    to a very •mall content ln the gru,<,s. In another rk,,ign a regenerntor is used to transfer I.he heat lo
    air, the oombustioo chamber being locawd on t.be outlet of t.be turbine, and t.be combustion is
    carriod out in the turbiJ1e exhaust stream. The nd,=toge iJi that only clean air is handled by the
    turbine.
    Example 26.1. ThJiJ air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure ga11
    turbine al a pmsure of I bar ""d temperature of 20"C. Th, pmsure of the air after t'Ompression
    u, 4 bar. The u;entropic efficiencies of comprel<SOr am/ turl,ine are 80% and 86% re,pe,:tiuely. Tl,e
    air•fu.el row, used is 90 : I. lf {ww rote of air is 3.0 kg/s, fuuJ :
    (i) Power ckveloped,

    ' . (ii) Thermal efficiency of th• cycle.


    Assume c = 1.0 lt.J/1,g Kandy• 1.4 "f air<Jnd g�
    p
    C<,/orific ualue of fw,l e 41800 kJ/kg.
    Solution. p 1 o l bar; T1 G 20 + 273 G 293 K
    p0 ; 4 bar; TJ,,,.,_; �; �,.,.,,.� ;85\\,
    Air-fuel ratio = 90 : l ; Air Oow rate, m0 = 3.0 kg;ts
    (j) Power developed, P :
    Refer Fig. 25.19 (b)

    !i. 1.486
    T,
    G

    Ti G (20 + 273) x 1.486 G 435.4 K


    ◄�n4 �9�
    '
    7' . �ma
    ,..
    1
    I :lo ,I ',W:J
    IIH
    , :ma 471 K

    T(K)

    C T Work

    4
    4'
    293 -·· .,_
    1
    T, = 20 + 273
    ►S
    :293 K
    (o) (b)
    I 'i- 2-'>, 19
    Heai supplied by fuel = Heat taken by burning gases
    m, x C = (m. + mr) c,(1', - T/)
    ,where m. = mass of' ai1\ mr = mass of fuel)

    ,11800 = (90 + 1) x 1.0 x (T" - 471)


    41800
    T3 = � + 471 = 930 K

    Again,
    -'
    T
    T3
    = ( )L.! = (
    .!?J_
    P.J
    1 l )0.4/t.<
    -
    4
    = 0,672
    1', = 930 x 0.672 = 6211.9 K

    9:JO-T/
    0,85 = 930 - 824.9
    .. !):JO 0.135 19:lO - 6:?-1.!ll
    'I'◄ ' = = t:i70,t; h
    w,11,lwir =Ills,<'',, X t'J'J - 'I','l
    (where m6 is the mass of hot g11J!C'd f·n,·med Jicr kg or ,1 l r\

    •• \V11.,b,,.,, = ( ��
    9
    l) x 1.0 X (930 - 670.61

    = 262.28 kJ/kg of air,


    l><lfl;l471

    \\·,.,,1,111• �v,.,,,.,.,,
    �H'I. :ltt 171! II I !� )I,V. ••I ,1lr

    1ul 1fhl"nntd ..,r(i,�u�n\.�y ,,f 1,•ycl�. 11,,1,.,,.11,,:


    HNlt euprh,�,t I t'l kll 111' HII' f)l\�riill� thl'(1u�h ci,n1hu• l l()JI d, .. ,,,�,,.,
    I
    = - x 41�00 = �li11/4 l .J/•1• ,,I h r
    90
    Wo.-k oulpuL
    = -- ~
    11111om,1I HcaLsupplicd 4fil.A1
    E.J.ampl, 2,;\ 2 ,\ gos turbine unit ha.s a prrusur� tn 'tr, 14 h' J 11,11,/, ftLIJTrrr,,J.rn tyrl�
    tt-i.tt€�fll.l'( r,f f 10'-C. Tr'rc ,sentropic efficiencies of the loomprt' 11r un 1l tud,w" (),ft• l,J �() 11ntJ. () li2
    rc.�vcdrt..-:1�•. Cah�ufote th ..,� power output in kilowott!1 u an ,)lednt:. 1:,.,,,p,,r,1,Ulr J,lNJ.r/;ri lr1 lhs• lurbtn.t
    1,:�rn tlu, 01r �nlcrs the compressor at J5°C c,t the rate of 16 k,•/•.
    TokP c = 1.005 k,T/kg Kand y = 1.1 for tf.e oompr,,.,;,,,, p tt!<e'·.,, ,,,,,1 l,ih'. r.P = f I J k,J/J,g
    K ond Y = 1.333 far the expansion process.

    Solution.

    !\-,,,,,,�.,,., = 0.80 ; 11,url,,.,,. = 0.82 ; Air I.low r•.I.<- = rn ki!l


    For «mpression proccoo : c ... 1.005 kJAig K. y • 1.4
    1J
    For exparuion process: c• = 1.11 kJ/kg K, y = 1.:33;,
    ln order to evaluate the network output iL is necessary I.<, cakul;;t,, kmp,,rature3 T{ and
    T'
    • To cakulate T2' we must first calculate T2 and then 1.1.><! , ,,,,r,ir,;pic �ffki�ncy

    f'or an isentrooic process, T2


    7j
    =( Pz)
    P1
    1- I

    ·r ;/6)
    14
    14
    I
    = 1.117

    • TW)
    r, = s10 + 213
    c.c = 883 K
    <?'
    1
    2'J. 3 /

    083 l
    l Q'
    Gene,01or

    �/ ,,
    C I
    • '-
    �·
    11
    4'
    1t
    4

    T1 " 15+273
    20U
    =288K I
    (a) (bl
    ►',u. �.w
    I OAS TURBINES ANO. JET PROPULSION

    T2 = 2ss x 1.67 = 481 K


    Also. _ Tg -T1
    "-,,,,,-- T,-T,
    481-288
    0.8 =
    Ti' -Ti

    T2• -
    -
    481-288 + 288 = 529 K
    0.8
    ,-1 ,-1·

    Simililrly for the turbine, !i.(&)-.


    T
    --(a)-,--<G>":;' = 1.565
    ◄ P◄ Pi

    T• = --=--
    To 883
    1.565 1.565
    =564K
    Tl -T1' 883-T,'
    Also, =
    11,.,,,.., = T3 '.. T, 883 - 564
    883-T◄ '
    O.S2 = 883 - 564
    T; = 883 - 0.82 (883 - 564) = 621.4 K
    Hence,
    Compressor work ineut, wcoi,,p,..__ :; c
    ,,
    <Ti' - Tl)
    = 1.005 (529 - 288) = 242.2 kJ/kg
    Turbine work output, Wou1,w = ,, (T3- T;>
    = 1.11 (883 - 621.4) • 290.4 kJ/kg
    :. Network output, W... = w,,,,..., - W.....,...,.
    = 290.4 - 242.2 • 48.2 lcJ/kg
    Power in kilowatt. • 48.2 x 16 • 7'71.2 kW. (Ana.)
    Example 25.3. .A gos turbim, unit rec,,ive, air at 1 bar and 300 Kand compresse• it
    odiabolicaUy to 6.2 bar. The com.prusor efficiency i,, 88%. Tht fuel htu a htating uaJ.ue of44186 ltJl'ltg
    and the fu,1-,,/r rntio i• 0.017 /t.Jlltg of air.
    Th/ turbine inttmal •fficiency is 90%. Calculatt th, worlt of turbine and compr,BSOr p,,r ltg
    of air compressed and thermal efficiency.
    For producJ• of combustion, c, = 1.147 It.I/kg Kandy= 1.333. CU.PAC. I997l
    Solution. Given : P, (= p,) .= 1 bar, T, = 300 K ; p2(= p1) = 6.2 bar; .,_,__ = 88%;
    C = 44186 lcJ/kg ; Fuel-air ratio• 0.017 lcJ/kg of air, 11,..,.,.. = � :
    c, = 1.147 kJ/kg K ; y = 1.333.
    For isentropic. compression proceas 1-2 :

    � =(:) =(6;2)L<
    I.:.!
    T
    u-i
    c 1.684

    T, = 800 x 1.684 = 505.2 K


    T2 -T,
    Now, =
    'la.,,,._ T2 -T1
    I
    ''
    . ·3/
    �I
    2' _,,A
    I
    300
    1
    '------------- --- s

    r;g. 2;;.21
    505.2-300
    0.88 = T2' -300

    505.2 -300 + .30 )


    7.•2 = ( 0.88 0 = 533.2 K

    Heat supplied = (m. + m.,J x ciT,i - r;i = m, x C

    OT

    OT
    .
    (1 + ::, ) x c/Ts - T,') =

    (l + 0.01 7) x l .00!i(T3 - 533.2) = 0.01 7 x 44186


    :r" xC

    0.017 X 44186
    3 .2 1268 I<
    'l' 3 = 0 + 0_017) x 1.005 + 5 3 =
    P'or ,sentropu: expressio11 process 3-4 :

    T, = 1268 x 0.634 = 803.H I( l': 'Y, -l.3$;-l ...... Given\

    Now, 11tu
    1'.1-T,'
    rl,anc = 'I':l - o,
    J -I

    I �HH '/�'
    U.l) -
    I iilll HO;! !J
    7' ,' = I :1(1/l I) !Jt I :!HK HO:l.fll • 81\0.8 K
    = i.00r>lli3:J.:I - 3001 = 234.4 kJ/kg
    W,0,.,11..._,..,., = ,:µ(1',' - '1'1 )
    r
    w,.rol... = c,,,,<r. - r:> = 1.147(1268 - 850.S> = 479.l kJ/kg
    Netwnrk • W, 1111 111,. w..,.,..,,,......
    1

    • 4'111 I :&:M I ',MI 7 k,l/k 11


    Heat ■upplied J)f'r kic or ttir
    111117 • 111 HI! •,r,t 'I. k,1/ku
    Ni•t,wn, h
    I lt•ttl m1ppl1111I
    ��111.�,
    'J. '1(,1
    "'
    Exan, pl<• 25..t. 1- ,nd th,, 1,·c1u11nl '"' /11,·I ,utw ,,, u W'" 1,,r(,1ne whose turbine a.nd oom•
    prt$$,1r eflk11..•1uh 1s nrt' 85('i nt•cl HO',{,, n'R/ wc•fnw/,v. Mo\.Jmltnt f'yr·I,• lf•mperature is 875'C TM
    u'Orlt1ng fluid"'"' b.! trri•,·n n, c,i,· r,·,,
    /,() /i,l/1,11 /(, 'Y IA) wl11ch mltrs the compressar at 1 bar
    and 2;-•c. The press111,, mtio ,., •/, '/'lw fir,•/ 11,wli /mu ,,,,f, 11 ,fie· v11/1t1• of 42000 kJ!kg. There LS a loa.•
    of IO'), ol calorific <>nluc itt llw ,·0111/,11,;rio" ,·lr r1111!/,·1, /GATE 1998>
    o
    S lution. Giv�11 : 11.,� .. ,. =
    ., ,,,.
    �ii'•· ; ,
    1r,,111111,•,111u1 HU'.;, ; 'I'.,1 .. 273 + 875 = U48 K. •T1 •= 27 + 27
    3
    = 3Q0 K.,; cP = 1.0 kJ/kg K; y = l.•1, 1, 1 I hn,·, 1,., 4 Im,· ISinco pressure ratio 1s 41; C =
    4-2000 lw/kg K. 1\ ,. = 90% \ainco loss in U,11 ,•n111h1111Lio11 r.h11rnbur is (0%)
    For i.senlropic compression 1-2 :
    II I
    (4) ,.. = 1.4�6

    'f'2 = ;JOO >< I .48/i = 44 ri.8 K


    'I'._! - r,
    11ehmp,c-uor
    :;; m
    1 2 , '1'I
    445.8 :JOO
    or 0 .8 =
    1'2' - 300
    1'z' 44 S.ij - 3oo + 300 = 482.2 K
    or =
    0,8

    T(K)

    3
    11�8
    I

    ..'
    I
    \

    ''
    4'
    4

    ' 300
    -------+s (kJ/kg K)
    THER.MAL eNOlNEEJllNG

    Proce• M: Jtkol addition ofboat atco:natant pressurep• = p4


    Proc,u 3'-4 1bow1 the actual addillon ofhMt atconstant procesop, s p4•
    ProoeN .C.-5 : l6en.tropic cxpan.Ion of gaa in the turbine.
    Proc,u 4.5• shows tho aaual oxpension in tho turbin•.
    Procea 5-6 : f..,.troplc erpansion or gaa in the n=I,.
    Procu6 6'-6' abowa the act.ual aponaion of gu in the n=I,.
    Ceoaider 1 kg of wor•ing fluid (wwing lhro"llh lh• -,,,um.
    Dlffu9"r:
    Between states 1 and 2, the energy equation i1 given by :
    c2 Pl_
    2 + "· + Q,•• - 2 + "· +
    where c. (= C1) = Velocity or entering air from atm..phere.
    w,..
    In an ideal dlftbaer C1 = 0, Q1.2 = 0 and W1.2 • 0.
    c2
    .. .EnthalP)' at ■tate 2 is, "2 • h1
    + 2 lrJJlq

    or T,= T1 + .=.t..
    2.c,
    c• ••.(26.7) ( .. . " .... T)

    PiC><•••• 1-2' ahows actual procesa in dift\uer.

    Dift\uer efficiency,

    or

    or •• ,(26.8)

    Compreaor:
    Energy equation between states 2 and 3 gives
    c.,• + Q� + ," hs + T
    T c.,•
    "' + w
    A--urning cban8"" in potential and kinetic energia to be negligible, tho idoal work es•
    pended In runnine the cornpreeaor ii aiven u,
    W, = h1 - h, = c,<'Ea - T2l
    'nte actual cornpreuor work (to be ■upplied J!,y the turbine)

    = "•' - h, =
    "--"2 •• (T,-T2)
    "k = 11,,
    (whore 1\, • laentropic effic:ioncy of cornpreuor)
    Combu.tlon chamber :
    Idea.I beat aupplied per ke, Q • "• - "• = c,CT, - T3)

    Actual boat supplied • ( 1 + �) h, •- ha'

    or Q. • �If ( 1 + :: ) T, - , . T3'
    ,,.

    (whero c,, and ,,,. are apcclfie boat■ of gases and air at co111tant preuure rn1poctlvely)
    953

    4
    293
    1
    --.s (kJ/k,g K)

    For isentrop,:c expansion process ;J.4,

    )
    I

    =
    (::)' ; 4�9 L�A I =0,635
    =(
    �
    T, 953 x 0.635 605 K
    = =
    '
    T3.-1'•
    'ltu,wi, = 'I':1 - ' /4

    o.s = 9D, "3 -o "0"r>


    958-T/

    T/ = 953 - 0.8(953 - 605) = 671.6 K


    Wrompr.'SROI' = cp (T"..' - 'f'1 l = 1.024 (494 - 293) = 205.8 kJ/kg
    • = cI' (7'.,1- 'l',') = 1.024 (953 - 674.6) = 285.1 k,l'kg.
    W,,,,, = W,,,,-1,in, - Wron1pre,_. = 285.1 - 205.8 = 79.3 kJfkg of air
    Wtururtlti
    ._
    '

    If the mass of ai.r is {lowing is m0 kg/s, Lhe powe!' developed by lhe plant is given by
    P = 1110 x W.,, kW
    1065 = tn0 X 79.:J
    J065
    m" = - = L3.43 kg.
    Quantity of afr circulation = 13.43 leg. IAn&.)
    79.3
    ,.e.,
    (ii) Heat supplied per· kg of uir ci.rcu.lnlion :
    Actual heaL aupplicd pc,· kg r,f 1 1i1· l'ircul 1 1Lion
    ('· , <'1',·1 1'� 'J 1.0''<A n Jn,," -1.1
    �4 >
    = , = 552.9 k,J/kg.
    Tl,,.,111(,UJrllQII 0.85
    (iii) Thermal efficiency of the cycle, 11(,wrrmt
    • 1:

    . d= 0.1434 or 14.34%. (Ans,)


    ea t supp11e
    Work output 79.3
    55 2 . 9
    1'1,1wma1 = H =
    I 3'38 THER:MAL ENOJNEERINO

    Example 26.7. /n a ffU IUrbiM 1M oomprcuor I, drwcn by tk lush pru1ure turbine. TM


    e,doa,ut from IN hitlh pru,un turbw tJOU ID a frtt low p,....un turbine w!tW, ruiu 1M load.
    T11, air f""'1 rate II ao "8I• and 11w minimwn � ma.:cinwm ,_,,._... are re,pcclivcly 800 K
    and 1000 IC. Tk compruoor prn,ure mtlo u
    4. Caku1ak IN prn,ure rotio of tM 1- prn,ure
    turbw and IM �mpuolun of u/oau,t ,-r• from IM unit. TM comp,,,..or and turbin,, are
    u,mlTopil;. c, o(air and aJiasut g.,_ • l Ul/q/ Kand Y • 1.4. (GATE 1196)

    Sc,latt- Giwn: ,;._ •20 q/1 ;T1 • SOOK; T,• IOOOK, �-• ;c,• 1 kJ/kg K;y• L4.

    Pl ,,.. ratio or low PIWUNI tarbllle, fl :


    Sinc,a the comp 11ar ii drivea by hiab pnaure turbine,

    !a.:(£1)
    Ti Pa
    I=-! OA
    y a(4)U e 1.486
    or. T1 • 300 • 1.486 • 4'5.8 K
    T(K)

    1000

    soo __ J1L---�
    '--'------------+• (IU/lcg Kl

    l'lr-26.24
    Aloo, ,;,_c,(T 1 - T1) • m.c, (T1 - T4) � mau of l\iel)
    or '1'1 - T1 •'l'1 -T4
    «6.8 - 800 • 1000 - T,, or T, • 864.2 K
    ;,,,. ,,,,_.. /J-4 :

    !a. (A) I=-!


    (�)°"
    LA

    = 1
    , or 11 =
    T, P, P, 7-
    u
    or £1.=(�)
    864.2
    • 1.736
    P,

    Now, £1..&xa .... a


    P, Pa P< h
    a • .!(aPt ) • .! • 1.18s. o.4114·
    P, 4 4
    &. 1
    Hance _,,.. ratio of low pnaun,, tmbine • • -,., • 1.3. (Ana.)
    Pa .....
    0 ,.

    I I
    'hmpuature of the 11.J1heu•I fN>m lh• unit T•:

    ( :� l v
    l I II I
    12 :n " I 2fl(J

    1\ Hr,� 2
    " 1 1\!fif) = 07!l K.
    '• I 2Ci�
    Eu1mpl<" :.Uttt In 1111 oir-.�to,1rh1rd rrJlrreralivc gns Jurbin" r-w·lP lhr prrtttturr. ra.tiq i, 5.
    A,r tnl<',.. thr "'""l"'',<,<or nl I l1or..1()() K nnr:I leai,es c,I 490 K The n,wumum temptrolar/> "' the
    � "'1<' ,_. l{>t')(t K <'nlr11/Mc II,� cycle c(liriency, g111c11 that thr efficiency of the rtg•Mrator and the
    ad101><lt1,· ,·flki,·nr,,• <Jf thr /11rbi11� an· earh 807c. J\ssu:mc for air, the ratio of �pecrfic J,.e,,i, is 1.4.
    .Al.�11, ,,a,.-,,,, 1h,, .�_.,.t:'lr on a r.� �-lic."1/f''Om. (GATF.. Hl97J
    Solution. Giv�n : p 1 = I bar ; T1 300 K, = r; =
    490 K; T3 = 1000 K
    P2
    Pi = 5, 1'\,uro,n, = 80%, t = 80% = 0.8 ; y = 1.4

    T(K)

    1000 -------------------------------

    705 -- ----------·
    5 4'
    2' 4
    2

    L- ----------- -+ s (kJ/kg K)

    y-l L4 l
    ;a = ( P-1) 1
    = (5J 1.• = l.5S38
    '4 P,
    Ta = JOOO =631AK
    T• = 1.58:lS 1.5838
    T:s - 'f/
    Also, 'l1u,tm111 = '7' _ '/'
    !1 •I

    or

    f(1 fH I
    Ij\ "l 2
    Effectiveness of heal exchanger, E - 'I' ,
    1,
    . 11 - � ,
    - 490
    er 0.1! = T,;
    705-490
    •
    •• r. ■ 0,11 I 7011
    41101 • 4!!0 1141:0: K
    1
    Wort c,on,um<"CI hy <11n111r,•�•11t , , 1 I', '/ I I
    ,
    1 nor, 1 wo :111111
    Work 1fo11r h., I 11rh1111' ,·,, \ I':1 I't \
    - l,(ltlfi I 10110 7Ufil .l!IH fi k,1/k�
    - ''r IT� T6l
    a 1,001; I 1()00 G62) 2 :J;Jf).7 l!,J/k�
    N,•lwork
    Cyd� ,'11'\rirncy ,1 1c.-yc1O = -
    ll<'tll, supp1.lCd
    1\U'biiic work - Compressor work
    =
    Heat supplied
    _ 296.5 - 190.9
    - ------ _ � l or 31"'c. IAns.)
    - 0..0
    339.7
    Exampk 25.9. A gas t11rbine plant con.,i.�ts of two 1urbi1us. 011e compressor turbine to
    .,,,,.. r,,,mpr.:ssor and other pow,•r turbine to develop pou,,,r output and both are hat•ing their
    Ok rt c-,1mbust1on chambers which are serued by air directly {rum 1be compressor. Air enters the
    "'"'prc.sror or I bar and 288 Kand i., compressed to 8 bar with an isentropic efficiency of 7/Pc .
    D�,: to heat added i11 the combustion chamber, the inlet temperature of gas to bath wrbin.es LS
    f't.)()'C. The isentrapi,: efficiency of turbines is 86% 0111I the moss flow role of air o/ the compressor
    ,, 23 kg1�. The calorific uaftte of fuel is 4200 kJfkg. Calculate the output of the plant and the
    :li,:rmal rff,ciency if meduinical e/fici.ency is 95% and generator e{fici(o11('y is 96%. Take c ; 1.005
    P
    I..J �Kand"(= J.-/ for air and rtit= I. 128 kJ/kg Kandy= 1.3-1 fc»· l{ases.
    IAl\1lE Sum.mer, '.!0011
    Solution. Ciue11 : p 1 = I bor; T1; 288 K ; p2 = 8 bar, fl ,.,.0, = 76'1 ; T3 = 900 ·c or 1173
    K. 'l,r ...., = 86"1, m4 = 23 kg/s ; C.V. = 4200 kJ/kg ; '1.,..,11 = 95'11- ; 7�"" = 96<'; : rP = 1.005 kJ'kg:
    "f. = I 4 , c� = 1.128 kJ/kg K: Y, = 1.34.
    The arrangement of the plant :.rnd the eo.-rnsponding T-s diagr,1m are shQ\\ n in Fig. :15.�6
    1a, rb I re..-peci1vely.

    'l
    2
    •
    (1 - m)
    (cc)
    CG�
    2 m

    C CT [ PT

    1 kg

    C • Compres.or
    CT = Compressor turbine
    PT • Power turbine
    (a)
    1
    I 37�

    308.9
    -_ 0·662 kg
    1128 (1173-759.4)
    or
    and 0ow through Lbe power turbine = I- m = I -0.662 = o.:ias kg
    w,,,. = (1-ml x c,.,(T3 - T;>
    : 0.838 X 1.128 (1173 - 759.4): 157.7 kJ
    = 23 X 167.7 X ') X fl

    : 23 X 1.57,7 X 0.95 X 0.96 s 3307.9 kJ, (Ang.)


    . . Power output
    ..,.
    ,__

    Qi.nput • cPIIT3 - cpaT2'


    = 1.128 x 1173- 1.005 x 595.4 = 724.7 kJlkg of air
    157.7
    Thermal efficiency. 'lu, = x 100 = 21.76%, <Ans.)
    724_7
    ..-Ex.unple 25.10. Air is drawn in a lfO$ turbirw uniJ al 1s·c a.nd. I.OJ l,ar and prt88Ure
    ratio is 7: I. The compnssor is driv,n by the H.P. turbine and L.P. turbine driues a. separou
    power ihaft. The ise.ntropi� �lficiencie• of comp�••ot, and the H.P. a.nd L.P. turbina an 0.82.
    O.BS OJUJ. O.BS re;pec<ively. If <he m;,ximum cycle umperoture is 6I()'C, calculate :
    (i) The pressure and tempernturt of <he IJOSU enuring the power turbine.
    (/0 The net power tkr,ewped by the unit per ltgf• mass flow.
    (iii)The work ratio.
    (Iv) The lhermol effKuncy of the .,,.;1.
    N"IJlect the mass of fuel and assume the fol.lowing
    For compressum pf'Oet$ll : c,. • 1.005 ltJiltg K C11ld y • i.4
    For combuslion and updnsion processes : c,., = 1.15 /;J/klf ond y = 1.933.
    Solution. Giuen : T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K. p1 = 1.01 bar, Pressuro ratio = EL= 7,
    'Imm,...,,,_, : 0.82, 'lttu'6itw (llP.J ; 0.85, TJtJ,ffli,w, (LP.) :: Q,85 ,
    Pa

    Maximum cycle temperature, T3 = 610 + 273 = 883 K


    (l) Preuure and temperature of the gaaes entering Lhe power turbine, p; and T;:
    Conaide·ring ittnlropic compreuion. 1-2. we have
    )
    T,
    T,
    =(P2) ;'
    P1
    =(7)•:;• = 1.745

    T, = 288 x 1.745 = 502.5 K

    Also
    r. -T,
    'l.,,.,p,_. = T,'-T,
    502.5-288
    0.82 =
    T,' _ 288
    502 5 288
    T,' = · - + 288 = 549.6 K
    0.82
    w...,,_ = c,. <T2 - T1 l = 1.oos x !649.6 - 288). 262.9 kJ/kg
    Now. the work output of H.P. turbine • Worh input lo compressor
    c,.,(T 3 - T;) a 262.9
    i.e., 1.15(883 - T;) = .262.9
    I o"s T\IRBJNES ANO 1ST PROPVLS10N

    1 Air
    Inlet
    LP
    T
    Gene,a101
    Power�
    1urbine 5•
    �-�-------------$
    Exhaust
    Fic.2S.2'1

    262 9
    .. • e 883 - LM· = 654.4 K
    T'
    I.e., Temp,roture of gases entering th� power turbine = 654.4 K. <Ana.)
    Again, for H.P. turbine :
    883 - 4.4
    11,,,,.,- = _;.,. - T,,,.' i.e., 0.85 =
    883-
    65T.

    883
    ,3-.i4 4

    65
    - 4.4)
    (
    T, • 883 - • 614 K
    O.S5
    Now. considering ,',sentrop� ttf)(JMi.on proceu 34, we have
    �

    ¾}=(;;)
    l\l. (�)y-
    ...L 1..33
    3
    or = I = (88 )°o:3i = 4.32
    p4 4 T 6 14
    p, • ...J!L = ?.07 •
    1.636 bar
    4.32 4.32
    i.e.• Pre..urt of gosu entering the powe.r turbine = 1,636 bar, (An..)
    (ii) Net power developed per kgfs mass 11ow, P :
    To find the power output it is now rece8sery to calculate T5.

    The pressure rat.io, P, . is given by . &. x �


    Ps P3 Pr,

    I.e.• !!J.= P◄ xJ!:L=..]_ = 1.62


    Ps P3 Pt 4.32
    � 4W
    T/ =(.&. ) 1 =(l.62)L38 =1.127
    Then,
    T5 P5
    r ?itt:

    Acain. fM I, I' ""'""'


    /I /
    11 I, I
    i,.',-1 � I '
    f.'J1 1 ..,HJ f1
    I 1' ■ 1,."J·l 1 IJ �,; II"d 4 '",k(J '-,J • !i9] 7 K
    II 1 I ,.,,,__ •',,_ I'/ 4, 'I•• 1 I I,, 11,r,11 :,!J J 7 / � 72 1 kJ/kg
    ...u, r 1111tfmt f 1r t kv,/1 ma ft,J...,
    Hrn1·, .,., t , 7!t.l kW. fAn1t.1
    m \\"ork rnho :
    ,.;, tJ1t.11k tmt.J,uL 721
    �\,,rJ; ,,,,,,, = 0.215. rAns.>
    (,tr> '1 wr.irk ,iulput 72 I + 2fj2,9
    '" 'Th,•nnnl (•ffidf'ncy or th� unit, 'luu,,·r,UI :
    llMt •uppht•tl - ,.,_('[, 'f,'J: J If, lbfj:l - i\49,61 = 383-4 kJ/kg
    Nf-"Lw11rk <11JI.J,1JL 7'1..· I
    �,,.,""'
    J = H�al •upph•,d = 0.188 nr 18.8%. IAns.)
    :J83A
    r
    f:xtlmr,lr 2-">.II. 'lw Pf'" ,\'Ur't- ralv, ,,( nn r,p�n-,.yt:lP g1111 turbme f)QVJer plant i.s 5.6. Air is
    takt'n al :u, (° r,nd J har rh P, NJffl(JN>,,tJWfl i1' r-rJrttPcl IJ{lt Ul llUI 1tages Wtih perf'ect ir.tercooling in
    br:uun. Th t- moxtt'ltJm /Pfflplirr,r,,re IJ/ /hr> r:yr:U! u limttPd to 70Q'·C. Assum;ng th.e isentrop,c
    dfi�1cnc-y of n1rh rfJm/Jr1•Hlff1r HlaJl,· rm l:sli't,.., on,J. lf,tJt of turbtnl! Off &O'·�, drtermine the power
    dl'I ,1t,p1-d and ,rr,,,enry ,,( 1/,c pr,11·er plant, ,( the mr fl,,w " l.i kg/�. The muss of fuel may b('
    ,iq:l,.,.u,d and 11 may/,� ft ,uttt,,d 1/,,,t c , J,f)2 !vi/kg Kand 'f - /Al. 11'.L'.>
    1
    vilutifln, R,li-r Vo� 2:i.2fl
    Prf'" lfUrc rOll; or lhr$ r,µr·,H:)•(·I,:; g�k lurb1m; :=. 5.6
    Ttmp«.:rt1Lurr• of rntnkr, :JJr T1 ��<, + 21;, - :{03 K
    Pr"'""'Urt· of rntakf• u1r /J J = l hlJr
    Mum,um ll•trlf)l•raLUr<· ,,r lhf- cycl1•, T = 700 + i1:i = !J73 K
    lw•nLff;Pt" dfrwnry ,,f 1 •1f h N11nr,n �,,,, fl,,.,,, K5<4

    , I 1)2 k,J/ki• K ""'' / I 11


    I•
    Vow,., d•·vd,)J"'tl i,nd �rlir·i1•11ry of I h•• pow,·r pltrnl :
    A.a,.,uuirts, lJJd1 ,1 1, 1,r, fUI rut,,� IH hll It 1ui1• 1

    ,,, ,,,
    ,,, ,,, J'' />1 J
    f, I, � :H,f,

    Sintf' th•• l>r'•••ftut, ,11Hf1 hfHJ llu , ., 1111 ..pu 101111 ,u) 111 ,•,11'h ,11uqwr..,..,11· a.� th£' SEUl\e then
    the worlt ,nput r,:111,lrt>d f,,, ,.,,, l1 ,,,111111,,.,.,, 1, 1111 ,.41,,,,, .1,1, 1, 1 11 ,th 1lw �·ou1µn:'�:dr8 hove the
    NJDe inlet. temperaturu f(}f;rf,.,, iuh•11 '",'"'"" , ,. 'J\ J\ 11rnl J'.! - J\
    ,
    I 11 I
    Now, II! :mm 1 11 • U!IHti or r, = 30a x 1.2846 = 389.23 K
    !,

    \
    \

    6'

    303
    ------------------s (kJtkg K)

    £'ig.2.';.21l
    T2 -TL 01, O.60_ - _ 389.23- 303
    Also. 1l,�mp _
    . - "' • ,,., "' • 303.
    ,z-
    ii-,,
    'I'.,' 389.23 - :103
    - =
    + 303 = 404.44 K
    0.8fi
    Wo,·k input to 2-stage compt·cssor, \¥00,,.•• = 2 x m x c,<T2 - T,l
    = 2 X 1.2 X 1.02 (-10,1.-14 - 303\ : '.!-IS.3'.? kJ S
    For lu rbuw. we h::wc

    �: =(: l
    y-�
    1
    =(56) L4
    Vll-1
    1
    = 1.65 01· T.0 = T" = .
    l I': Lo5
    ' = 5$9., K
    �-,'.',

    1i; -TG'
    AJkO • l) ti,u bmr
    = Tri Td
    973 'I',;'
    or 0 ·9 "'
    97,1• 589
    ..7
    . . \"lork 11utpul uf j urhin1;, wlmltm1 = m X (,'pl7'6 - 'rt1'\
    = 1.2 • 1.02 i!l7:J t,281 : �:.!:.: �ti \..J $
    Netwurk ""I .JlUl, \V,,d
    f
    \\ t wi,111.- IV4l' If'
    - t1�2..2� :.!-IH �l:! - L 7:Ulli kJ s m· kW
    Hence pown ,J,,u1•fo1u•,/
    r, - r,
    � 17!1.0H llW. tAu,,\
    Heat •upplicd. oII
    = ,,, ,. ,.j! " 1 I 1
    = 1.2 x 1.0'.l x 1973 -10-IA-.Jl = 695.92 l<J/s

    Power planl emcicncy, W,.,, _-


    n,,, = Q, _
    l7:HJ6
    = 0.25 o,· 26<:1,. (Ans.)
    695 92
    1376 TffERM/\l. �l<GlNl;l:IUN(l I

    Example 26.ll. (a) Why are the back work ralws relalioely high in gas turbine plants
    · c·ompared. to those. of steam power plants ?
    (b) In a gas turbine plant compfffswn i, carri,d out in two staces with ptr{ttt intucooling
    ond expansion in one stqe turbine. If the maximum temperaturv (Tmu K) 0-nd minim.um tPm�
    · JJerature (T,.11 ,.KJ in. the cyol.e remain con.slant, show that for nu.ulmum speciru:. output of tl&e
    p/ani, lhe optimum overall pressure rnl./o i, given by

    r.., •('lr . .!maj;�"


    'le
    T,.. .
    wh,re y = Adiabatic imkx ; 'l,- c luntrnpic ,efficitMy of 1M turbi11e.
    'le m lsentropk effwitMy of compl'UltOT. (AMIE S,r:mer, 21NN!)
    Sohation. (a) Back wor_k ratio may be defined as the rotw of ntgaliue work to the turbitw
    ,uork it, a pow,r piant. In gas turbine plants, air ill comprt'BS<?d from tho turbine exhaust pressure
    to the combustion chamber pressure. This work is given by - J vdp. A,; the speci6c volume of air is
    • very high (even in closed cycle gas turbine plants), tho comp�ssor work requin,d is very high, and
    nlso bulky compre.ssor i• required. lo steam power planta, the turbine @:xhaust is changed to liquid
    , phase in the condenser. The pressure of condensate is raised I<> boiler pressure by condensate
    extraction pwnp and boiler feed pwnp in series since the specific volume of water is very small a.,
    compared I<> that of air, the pump work C- J vdp), ill nlso very small From tho above reasons, the
    back work ratio
    -I udp
    Turbine work
    , for gas turbine pl.antx la relatively hi1,1h compared IO that for •team power plarttB.
    (b) Refer Fig. 23.29.

    T (K)

    �-------------•• (kJ/kg K)

    f•,g. 24.29
    Assuming optimum pressure ratio in eac.h s·tage or the compressors J;,
    T• I

    1-l. [&)
    T, 1'1
    r I

    ,., ,.,,1111 "I ,,.


    ' i .,,
    \\',,,m,,,,,_1, ','I,,, I I'' ·r, ll rnr h,,11, (l 111Jll'l1"N1n�
    1

    '/'' ,,.'I'
    IJ.o�'I',
    y I

    (I' i y

    For maximum work output,


    dlV ,,,t_
    =O
    dr

    OT
    ,, (
    - c,) llr 7 mn,1 � --
    y
    y
    I)
    (r>
    (y-, I) _, 2c
    - :.:;.I!. TIOUI
    (y-l
    )
    -- (r)
    2y
    y- l
    ;,-•_
    -0
    'lr

    or h"'!'r, on simplification.

    Hence. the ophmum pressure ratio is

    Pro"'ed.

    £x.aunple 25.13. In a RO:; /urhim• rhl' 1.�1mpn-�:.·t1r tuh�� rn cw u/ u tempe,utwe, o{ 1.5., C and
    compre$bl!'S rt t,.J /1,ur (til?C'S 1Jt,, ,mtwl µrt�8�tlf'e u1. tlh nr, i�t•1Jfrop1e• r/f',.t·rrm·..v vf $2-t'} Thi air rs
    th.en {Ja.JJM..J thttJugh t.1 J,, ,ut 1•>.l'ltn og,•r ltc<1t.-•d /IJ' tl!t? fu,-butt• exhaw;l bf'/°ottt n.�(u·hwg tht' ,-c,:ubu�tcon
    chamber. In t/11• h d,t �J.,·hunJ(•'r 7Hr, v/' tlw ,wailoblP h,•at ,s g11•e,� ro tht• mr. The ma.dmum
    temperal,.rt! u{lt11 1t11u1fonl /Ji eH1w11• ,.,,,,,l,u.,;/wn ,.� cJOQ C, ,uul tl1t! �fifrit m�_\' ti/� tht t,1rbine rs
    70%. Neg.'ect,nl,l ,,II fostti'lf tl'lf'r'/J/ tho,"'•' 1111•1tlw1,ul, am/ 11::..Nw11rnt: th4.• u•,wkwt /luH.1 throughout
    tM cycle to J,-01,•• tht! 1.:h(1rw·t••11.-.1u� 1J/ ""' J111d thr t•//WH'tll ,, 11/ tht· nTlc,
    Aswme fl = 0.iiJ7 /1,/llil! K 111u/ f � I I f;w wr nm/ ,·,>11.,t,w/ oµ,·,·ifk heot• thro11ghout.

    Solution. Gimm : '/' 1 = Hi + :t7:I n �HH I,, 1'11•••111•,· rfltw � = & = -I 'I
    t
    = 82"1-
    , P, p,4
    LVf'l'tpl't$1(T

    Eflectivencs• uf tht• heul exchanger, E = 0.78,


    'li.rbrv = 70'/!o. Maximum wmpcralure, '/'3 = 600 + 273 =· 873 K
    1378 'l'RERMAL ENGINEERINO I

    Efficiency of the cycle, Tl<y<te :

    T(K)

    873 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

    673
    62 6 ·······-·····-

    4
    459

    288

    '-----------------• (l<J/l<g K)
    F,g.26 .30
    CoMide:ring the iunlropit! compruaion 1-2, we have.
    I
    T2 -
    U·
    - = - !..:! =(4) u = 1.4$6
    T, ( Pt
    "2
    )
    T2 = 288 • 1.486 = 428 K
    '
    72 -7'1
    Now,. Tl,_P"_., 7
    = 2:• - T,I
    428-288
    i.e., 0.82 = T2'
    -288
    428-288
    T,' • O.SZ
    + 288 • 469 K
    Considering the isent.ropic expansion prouss 3-4, we have

    (a)'.
    ,- I
    U 1
    Zi. <4J .; = 1.486
    T, • P,
    = ..Ji...
    _ 873 = 587.5 R.
    r. 1.<1U - 1_486
    '
    7;-T/ - 873-T4
    Again, Tlt-N • Ts-'r. 873-587.5
    873- 7;,'
    i.e. 0·70 • !! 73-fi
    87,�
    I
    ftOPUUION

    ..• 1',' • 11'/:I II'/ CK'/:, r,117 t,1 07'.I K


    I' I '
    I 14
    But I II - () '/,H'/ • 1 ,,
    I'

    \I � """ ' I Ill I It, I lti!I 'l.llfl 1 171 '/ �.J/kg


    '
    II 1111 ''".. , ,,c'/'_1 'l','l 1 11111r, 1111:i fi7:!1 _:we,,, k,lll<ir
    N,•IW01'I,
    \Vl,111'111, ��mrt,,,t, ,1 �(j() ') 17 J 7 --: 2H.Z k.J/kg.
    'Ir. 1;,'
    ·,:,· ·12·

    H.7tl 'I'r, �r,!I


    (;7:S Mi!t
    7',, ((i7:J 4fJ!Jl x 0.78 � 4fi9 = 626 K
    H.-:,t suµplied h ,v f'ucl pij1 kg
    �, -
    ,rr., '1'1,> l.004:i 11173 - 626J = 248.1 kJ,kg
    Ni,Lwork
    - cloM-- -- 29.2
    11' I = 1 leal supplied by Lhe
    ,."" = 0.117 or]l.7., ·•· (Ans.I
    fuel 248.J.
    £1:>mph ·>• 14, A g(ls lllrbinc 1•mplrlyH r, h.t!n.t ,xrhan�er with r, lhermal rcdw of 72"',. The
    rurbinr o�rc,lc:i bctU'Cel/ //w pm,.sun·.•: 11f I.OJ brtr 111ul 4.04 bar and c,111bic11t temperature is 20 °C.
    ls�ntrnpic cf(ici(•1iri,·.-. of compn•.'{.�r,r and turhinP. ori! 80'1- afld 85% re:;pectiuel)'. 71he. pressure
    drop on 1J.oe.h shdP of tlH� heat cx,•l,n111ter ii:. 0.06 bar a.nd m. the combunti.on chamber 0.14 bar.
    Assume combu.,tion eflicieucy 111 be ur,ilv untf ro/or,fic !'alue of the {Ui!l to be ,LI/JOU kJrkg.
    Coh-11/ate ,he 111crcns•' i 11 ,,fficie11cy due to heflt excha11ger Ol'er llwt for simple cycle.
    ,,
    Assume c is c11r1.sl(111t t!trouglwut and ,s equal t<, 1.024 k,1/kg K, and assume '/ = 1.-1.
    For simple <'yrie the air (w•f ratio is i/0 : I, <rncl for the lu'at exc/ic,nge qele the /urbin,
    �ntry temperature is the sfJmc t1.<.; for a :ampfo t-:,·cle.
    Solution. Simple Cycle. Hefel' [·'ig. 25.31.

    7�
    T1 p1
    =(,,�} y
    1
    I 14
    =(4.40) ,,, =l.486
    l.01
    I

    T2 �9:J >< I ,•186 = 435.4


    =
    '/' '/'I
    �
    Albo, 'I" 7'
    � I

    -1:m.t1 20:i
    0.8 = 7:,' i!J:l

    ,1:ir,..i :,i,1:1
    '/" ., OH
    171 I(

    Now, "'r; ,.
    1m 11

    ..
    1, 11�ll0
    • 471 = 919.5 K
    1.11:l I (!10 • 11

    Alao,
    II Mi'IL

    ar 7'• - 111" r,
    • I' 111
    :J ,,
    )
    14
    11

    Again,

    4
    293
    �-----------------+s (kJ/kg K)

    Fig. 25.:J I
    919.5 - 'r.'
    0·85 =
    919.5 -625
    1�' = 9.19.5 - 0.85(919.5 - 6251 = 669 K
    <i:1 - 7◄' >-<'I'2' T,)
    '1,JJr.rmol = {1'3 - 7·i1)
    1919.5 -(;69)-1471 -2931 72.5
    = 0.1616 or 16.16"',. 1An..,.l
    191!).5-471) 4_18_5
    !h&t F.Kelutnger Cycle. Refer F,g. 25.32 (a, h)
    r;
    = -171 K htij few simple cydc·I ; 7'1 = 919.� K \n• for sunple ,·ycle1
    To find -r;:
    ,,� s 4 ()4 () M O ()5 = ;s Hf, hflr , /J 1 = I ll I + 0 o:; = I ()ti bar

    11 _[ ) I'•
    r
    I
    I

    (
    1.llll
    I I
    '1
    I

    II fill
    'I,, /J.t a H6 )
    ,, •• c 91!1.f, J< (I (1(1 - H:1,1 K
    r,, - r, 111!1.6 1� •
    '1,uri,,., • Ts -T, ; 0,1.15 s 919.15 - 634
    -·· r; = 919.5 - 0.85 (919.5 - 634) • 677 K
    I GAS TORBINES AND nrr PROPl/LSION 1381

    Heat
    Exhaust exchanger

    5 c.c Fuel
    2'
    3

    C Work

    4'
    Air in

    (a)

    T(K)

    293 :.:;-=-�---
    1
    �- --------------♦ S (k.JlkgK)
    (b)
    Fijr. 26.32
    To find T5 :
    Thermal ratio (or effectiveness),
    r0 -r2
    =· T,' 'r.-471
    = 677-471
    •
    t :. 0·72
    -T2'
    T• • 0.72 (677 - 471) + 471 = 619 K
    ('& - T, )- (T{ - T1 )
    11.fA.t.rmol •
    <Ta -Ts)
    �.£NOINl!Ellli<O I

    = (919.5-677)-(471-293) - 64.5 = 0.2J4tl or Zl.46%


    (919.5 - 619) 300.5
    lncn!ale iD thermal efflcleacy = 21.46 - 16.16 = 6.3%. (Ana.)
    <O"Example 26.15. A 4500 kW gas turbine generoJing set operates with two compressor
    •"'8•• ; the ooeroll pr,aur, rntio i, 9 : 1. A h'lfh P"'BBur, turbine i, u,ed to driue the eonipre,,.,,rs,
    and a low-preuu,. turbine drives the generator. The temperature of the gase• at entry to the
    high pressure turbine i, 625 °C and the ga,u are reheated to 625°C a/ler e,cponaion in the first
    turbine. The exhaust gases leaving the low-preasure turbine are passed through a heat e,:t;Juu,ger
    to heat Clir je.ouin.(I th� high pre,;11ure, Btage Cl>mprtNQr. Th.e compn1111ors havr equal pre.,saure

    20"C. The isentropic ef/iciMcy of ,a,;h compru•or •14/1•


    ratios and lnttrcooling ii compku bet"""'n the BIQ//U. The air inlet ttmperoture to the unit iB
    ia 0.8, and the iaentr<>pic eflicumcy of
    each turbine stage i, 0.85, the Mai =hanger thermal rotio is 0.8. A mechanical e{fici.ency of 95%
    COit be a•sumed for both th• powor shaft and compre,aor turbine 1hafl. Neglecting all pressure
    los""8 and t:hangu in kinetic ertergy eolculau :
    (I) The thermal ef/iciertcy; (ii) Wori rotio of th,, plont ;
    Cui) Tiu mas, flow in kg/s.
    Neglect the mau of the fuel and assume the following : I
    For air: c
    ,,.
    • .1.005 kJ/ltg Kand r • 1.4
    For gases in. the eombustion t:hamber and in turbine• and h,at exchanger, c = J.15 lt.Jlltg
    r
    Kand = J.333.
    ,.,

    Solution. !!,,£er Fig. 25.33


    Giv,n : T, • 20 + 273 + 293 K, T6 • T8 • 625 + 273 • 898 K
    E:ffic:ianey of onch compl"efi8,0-r ,tago • 0.8
    Efficienoy of each turbine stage = 0.85 ,, '1.,«1,. � 0.95, t = 0.8
    .(,) Thermal effl.oleocy, �......., :
    Since the pressure ratio and the isentropic efficiency of each compressor is the same then
    the work input required for each oompJ'&BSOr ia the same since both oompresson, have the same air
    inlet temperature i.e., T, = T0 and Ti = T;.
    I "J '• lnterooofer
    ./ 3

    LP 1i----,,1H.P 1i-----1111oi H.P


    C C T
    6 7'
    4' c.c, c.c,
    Air in

    Hear exchanger
    9' Wor1<

    10 9"
    Exllaus1
    (o)
    fl B
    \
    •
    9'
    5
    9
    7
    10

    �---------------------s (kJ/k.gK)

    (b)
    Pig.25.33

    Also,
    T2
    Ti
    =(P.i)
    Pt
    1 -1
    1 and P•i
    P-1
    = ✓9 = 3
    1.4 -1

    T2 = 120 + 273) x <aJ u = ,101 K


    T2 -T1
    Now, "lr,m,pre#tJr (L,.P.) = T2' - ''/i_

    401- 293
    0,8 = T ' - 293
    2

    401 - 293
    T2 + 293 = 1128 K
    '
    -
    O.B
    Work input per compressor stage
    = c/1,,<T; -Tl )= 1.005 (428- 293) = t35.6 kJlq::
    Tiu, /1,P. lurhuw is required lo drive both compressors and lo o,·ermm,· 111<•elia11<L'Ol friction.
    2 135,6
    i.e., Work output of' H.P. Lurbine = 0. X
    9 5 = 285.5 kJ/kg
    .. c1,g r'l',1'l','l = l!An.n
    i-.e., I.lo lll!J!l '/'7 ') = iH5.5

    898-650
    Now, =- 0.85 = 898
    '11urbinl' tH ,P,I -T,
    CJ NM.

    ..• ,.' H!IK {


    ll!IH fj/\fl
    OHr,
    l HIii, K

    [ /' 1 ) I
    r I
    1:1

    ·t , )' I
    I'I 1•1
    )° """
    I I .13!1
    [ R!lll
    or
    l\1 4 82
    '/'7
    ,,�
    />,' (i()fj
    !I
    ,�. J .!!:!
    T 1
    l.S6
    1.aaa-1
    T" Pe r
    'I' ( ) = (1.86) 12:1:i = 1.16
    �, /Jn
    .,,, 898
    74
    T,. = I.JG 1. l6 = 7 K
    =

    7� - 'Ir 898-Tg'
    Also. 1
    1,.,,...., I I' = ,,.R - T9 ; 0·86 = 898-774
    7'0 ' = 898 -0.85 (898 - 774) = 792.6 K
    Network output - (' (7' - 'f'o') X O 95
    - rw H
    = .l.l5 (898- 792. GJ x 0.9!\ = 1 lfi.15 kJ/kg
    Th�rmal ratio or effoctivcness of heat exchanger,
    'l' -4
    f= T,., T' -I - Ii 28
    r,,
    -·1:, • 102.6 - 428
    '/ -428
    o.s = 7920.6 - 428
    T6 = 0.8 (792.6 - 428) + 428 = 719.7 K
    Now. HcAL supplied = t·,, (7'6 - T5 l + c.,l1� - r;>
    = L.15 (898 - 719.71 + l.15 (898 -650) = 49 0.2 kJ/kg
    Network output 115.15
    �,h,ro,ol = Heat supplied = 490.2
    = 11.235 or 23.5<J,. fAnb.l
    luJ Worlc: ratio :
    Cross wnrk of the µlout

    N1•twork oul 1iut 115.15


    .. Work rutiu - 0·.,�� ' ""· l
    tll'rllifl wol'I< oul11ut 406,7 - -""· I \
    (iii) Ma..11 now in m :
    Let the mos" ll11w he m, I l io·n
    111 >< I JO 1� • 41\0ll

    4r,()(1
    "' = :J!:1.08 kg/a
    116.16
    i.•.• Ma•• ftow = 39.08 kg.le. tl\ns.)
    GAS TURBINES ANO J1!T PROPULSION 13SS
    Example 2&.111. In a claw u
    eyck ga, turbi,., t/ur, two-•tag, eompnfl« and a tu,o.
    "'4gc turbw. All tAe component. are mounkd on t/u: ,ame •hafl Tiu pruaure and lmlp,roture
    al the inld of tlu fint•ffllll' compra,or an 1.6 bar and 20'C. Tiu maximum cyck tmlpaalUIY
    u
    and presaure are limited t,, 760'C and 6 bar. A perfiect inla-coour u«d betwttn tM luJo./ltalft
    u
    comp,.._,.. and a nh«Jtu u«d betwttn tlu boo turbineo. 0- or, h«Jud in tlu rt"-6 tt,
    150"C b,fort 1t11toiJl8 inlo tlu L.P. turbine. An� tlu compreaor and wrbine t/fil;�ia ao
    0.82, caku/4u :
    (i) Tiu efficiency of tAe eyck witMul r,genuaJ,,r.
    <ui Tiu ,(ficimcy of tlu cyck will, a �r who« ,ffectivauu io 0. 70.
    Cibi Tiu ma,, of tlu fluid circulaud if tlu p<>UNr tkvdop,d by tAe pltw io 350 IiW,
    Tiu wor/ung fluid uud in tAe c:,ck io air. For air : r • 1.4 end c, • 1.006 lcJI"8 K.
    Solution. Oiwn: T 1 • 20 + 273 • 293 K, T1 � T1 • 760 + 278 • 1023 K, p1 • 1.5 bar,
    p1 a 6 bar, 'lcm.p,uw • q,-,,,._ • 0.82.

    T(K}

    1023 -------------·-------·-------5

    872

    371

    21l3

    '---------------------•�Kl
    ,.
    Effectl- oCrepoeutor, e• 0.70, Power developed, P • 850 kW.
    For air : c, • 1.006: k.T/ka, K, y • L4
    A. per given condJtiona: T1 a T3, T2' • T4'

    !a..(.a.J '
    T1 P1
    �
    IUld P, • Jw. •./i.6x8 • 8 bv

    (t)' •293• (1�)--;:. •867 K


    T-1 U-1
    Now T2 a T1 •
    1386 llffiRMAL ENGINEERINOI

    _ T2-T1
    ,.,t'Offfptfl- n.•...P.I - T2' -Ti
    357-293
    5 =
    o. 2: T(-293
    r; = 35 �;;93
    + 29S = 371 K Le., T, = r; = 371 K
    I.::!
    (El) (J!l.)L<
    L4 -1

    Now, .!1.
    T
    e r a
    & PG P,
    1023 (s)0.286
    -= - =1219
    � 3
    1023
    T$ ■ L219 ■8 39K
    1;-Ts'
    11,Mrl>liw ntP.> :; T,5 _ T
    s
    1023-Te'
    0·82 •
    1028 -839
    T1 = 1023 - 0.82 (1023 - 839) = 872 K
    T8" = T6' = 872 K as '1,.IU'6lM m.r.l = 1'lww"" tL.P.,
    .
    and T1 = T6 = 1028 K ·
    T'-'fc'
    E!Cfoctivcmcisa of rcgeocrotor, e • Ta,_ T.c,
    where T i& the wmperature of a.Ir coming out of regenerator
    T' -371
    •. 0.70 = 872 _ 371 i.e.. T = 0.70 (872 - 371) + 371 = 722 K

    Network available, w.., = [111i'" P.l + IV11LP.1]-[Woa. P.l + IVca.p.1)


    • 2 [WT(LP,> - Wo:LP.l] as the work developed by tttch lurbiru, i.,
    same a..n,d work absorbed by eo.ch comprt.s.'f.Or is same.
    W.,, = �. [17', -Ta')- (T! -T,)I
    =
    2 x I .005 I( 1023 - 872) - l371-293)) 146.73 kJ/ki of Dir =
    Heat supplied per kg of air without n,generotor
    = c,(T• - r;i + c (T, - T6'l
    ,
    = 1.005 [(1023 -371) + ( 1023 -872)) = 807 kJ/ki o,f air
    R:eat supplied per kg of air with reg-:nualor
    s c,(T6 - Tl + c (T, -T5')
    ,
    = 1.005 [(1023 - 722) + (1023 - 872)1
    e 454.3 lcJlkg
    146.73 ·•--)
    (")
    I fl tb-.J (w(lhout n,pneNW.-) =- SQ? .: 0•·182 Or 1s.- ,
    ,_� ..,._

    .• ) 146. 73
    (11 1ltt.ff'111Al (with n:sci:w:,ra\orJ • 464.3 • 0.323 o:r s2.3w. ·•--)
    ·m.. �

    (iii) Mass o.f Ouid circulated, m :


    Power developed, P = 146.73 x ril kW
    ...
    1i1
    ar.11
    i.•·• 2 :111 k1:f•
    I IH 7_1
    '·•·• Mt111'l. ,,{ flm.l ,•11, ulot. ,I • !l.:IH kl(/,a, (·/\11�)

    .. �--•ms,1� :ll'i.1'7. ,,,,. Ult ,,, fl �(4/4 ,,,,,,,,,,. ''" ' H• l1th,•11 ,,, ,, ,, ,,,,,,,,,;••1�,,, ,,, 2Y.'I Kand
    ""

    1.0.'i bur 1ln(f of>,·r •'l.•ntJ11''.«,�i,m 1/ ,,tt 11ox,w,J tluo,r1rh 1111,,,,,,,,/1 ,, mlt r,, 1 11 t1·1 11p1111,t1uff ,, rNJurt,d
    to ,l()c) K 1'�1• c'tl(J/,·,I cur P• Ji,rtlH•r c.0111pn•1o,•wil ,,,, II / 1 11ml and tlw11 1,11 wd 111 ,1,, , 1ombtJ11.l,on.
    dtomh(r If >io" rt.� lfm111·mtw,· 1."f 11wn•"�1•d 111 75() C' I,), lmr111111r t!w fi,,,f 'llw 11,mJm.-.tr,,n /ifodurtff
    �.1ron,i Pt J-1 ,, turb11w uihit·h rrrn."f Jlw fOflf}"U('Wlnlli um/ /roi/ •1' l'.1,,JJ(IOf(IIJrl t'f ,.,011,,,,,,,1 ,,, I",,
    11

    turl'-m, H' -1t11•h rf/,rs th,· 11lt,1 rnofor. 'l'l,c J.:<1::tw rr; m1 11JJ r,ul /rr,111 /,./' t111/>1m• u,;• 1 1-.1·(/ /r,r lu·t1tm"
    th.i...· 11h�\)"1Ulg arr /i·om rt fJ 4,,..,.,,,,.,SN(}J' tnttl lht•n ·•�Yp(lm/Nl fo ,,,,,,,,>tt,h( •r;,
    PrrS�'ll"t' r,,tH> c>( ,·ad, compresi-r,r = 2. ii1, ntrv/H(' <'fJ,.,.,,,m·.Y ,,j' ,·r1d1. ,· 11mpr,. ,u,r •to.11e
    $�(\-.. l$t'nlrY>f)ir r./'/foi�1nry oj' (•w;I,. lurhmc slOJll! = 82'1,., c/µ.'ct.iti,,w;:J:; o/' lwul , 1 r,·lt 1w,:,•r () 72. fltr
    I.Ii /,.JJ/111 K, r,, IHrt,i/
    _£

    (1,,11· = 16 A·iJs. calorific 11nlu1• u{ fuel = 42000 kJfhg, cv //i1r /fllH) I Iii
    kJ kg K, Y (for nir) = 1.-1, "( ({Qr ga.•J = 1..33.
    1'1t!J;JlN'tins th,"? mecharucal, pressurr: r.nd heat los1;e� o( the .i,y.-;ln,, un<J /ud mu,, a/10
    Jrtrrmin,' rh� fnllow111g :
    \I) T/1<· power outpul. <ii) Thermal c/lltieucy.
    (iii\ Spccifir fuel co11s1unplfrm.
    2
    Solution. Giuen : T, = 293 K, 1·�• = 300 K, /> = P,, = 2. T0 = 750 + 273 = l02J K.
    Pi P:1
    n
    '1rom;in•u/,r- 82%,= ...
    11, ,.
    .,....,ui,e
    82%, t 0.72, = = m..
    ,.. = 16 kl!fs C = 12000 kJ/kg,
    cP" = J .0 k,J/kg K1 c"-'ii = 1.15 kJ/kg K. 'Y <fol' ofr) = 1.4, y rror ga,il L.33.
    y -1
    v1' l
    T2 =[P2) -, -(2)L' =l.219
    T, Pi
    T2 = 293 x 1.219 = 357 K
    .1.2
    ,p - '7'.l
    A)so, T2' T,
    11,-c>mpl'\'A',U#r =

    357 - 2!)'>,
    • 0-82 = T( - 293
    357 - 293
    7,' - ( .:..:..--) + 293 = 371 K
    � - 0.82

    ?:, �(P•)
    t I l.'1-1
    1 =(21 11 =1.219
    Similarly,
    r.� P:,

    .. 1·. = :Joo x 1 219 = 365.7 I< a,,d 11,,,,,.,.,,..,,, :


    J61i.7 3IJ0
    'I',• :wu
    'I' , [ :11m 7. :1uo)
    i.e.• , :mo
    I OH�
    Work output of ll.l'. turhi,111 = Wul'k 1r1puL lu 1·0111w,•��u,·.
    Negl&:ting mass of fuel wo can writo
    °
    cP• (T6 - T,') = cµo 1(7\' - T1 ) + ('/ i' - T3 !1
    1.1s 0023 - r;> = 1.0 1(371 - 29;1, + (380 - 300>1
    • 1.15 (1023 - T. ') = 158
    lnlercooler
    4' r ►[c
    cJ
    / 3
    """''-I-"� Fuol
    2·

    17'
    ✓
    1 -
    1
    Air in
    1. p
    T 1o-
    -� r I

    (a)

    T(KJ
    •

    .. 7'
    <(

    7
    8'
    5
    B
    2· .- •
    9
    300
    293

    ►• (kJ/kg I<)

    (b)
    F, ·25.3.S
    I GAS T\JR8!NES AJ<D )Br PROPULSION

    15.8
    T 1' = 1023 - U5 = 886 K
    Alao,
    r,-r,·
    T\rurt,,i,111 (11...P,) =- 'ft; -T;
    iina-886
    0.82 = 1023 - :,:.
    '
    1023-886
    T7 = 1023 - ( 0.82 ) c 856 K

    l.::..!
    Now,
    �=(:)·
    P,
    (!< )7•
    Eli. =
    T1
    T
    I=
    LSl
    1023) Ls:1-1 = 2 .05
    ( 856

    i.e., P1 = -�= �: = 2.05 bar I•: Ps = 1.05 >< 4 • 4.2 bar)


    2 5

    !l,=("') l.:.l
    y
    =(
    I.OS )
    1.33 - I
    2.05 7:if' =
    l.18
    Ts Ps
    =
    7\' =
    886
    K
    T@ ll8 ll8 • 761
    �•-Ta'
    '1:u� (L.P.) =- T;, - Ts
    886-Ts
    0·82 =
    886-751
    r�· = 886 -o.82 (886 - 751) = 115 K
    (i) Power output :
    Net power outpu.t =- cPI (T," - T1{)
    = 1.16 (866 - 776) = 127.6 kJ/kg
    :. Ne\ output per second • rit X 127.6
    =
    = 16 • l27 .6 204L6 kJ/s 2041.6 kW. (AN-) =
    (ii) Thermal effic.ie11cy :
    T6 -T4'
    Effectiveness of lheaL exchanger, e = T., ,,,,
    L,a IS -
    '11-380
    ;,,., 0·72 :
    778 -380
    • T6 = 0.72 (775 - 380) + 380 a 664 K
    Heat supplied in combustion chnmbe.r per 1SCCOnd
    = "'• c,., (T6 - T•)
    = 16" 1.15 (1023 -664) = 6605.6 kJ/s
    2041.6
    n,.,,..., = 6605_6
    = 0.309 or 30,9%. (An11.J
    l'JlllRMAL � I
    11390
    (iii) Specific fu.el
    coD8WDption
    If m, is the mBSS of fuel supplied per kg of air, then
    m1 x 42000 = 1.15 11028 - 664)
    1
    -· 42000
    m, 1.15 (1028- 664)
    10l7
    1
    --
    Air-fuel rntio =10.L1:1
    16 ><3600
    •. Fuel •uppliod per hour • • 566·37 kg/h
    101.7
    • . Specifi.c fuel consumption
    =
    566.37
    2041.6
    =0.277 lqr/kWb.

    •>'Erempr.. 211.18. Air is taMn in a gas turbine phvu Cll 1.1 bar 20"C. The plllllt comprl$e$
    of L.P. and H.P.' compretiSors and L.P. and H.P. turbuw. The Ct)lltpre$$i.on In 1,.P. •!48' is upto
    3.3 bar foJlow,d b:y int,,wo/ing to 27°C. Th, p,.. .,u,.. of air 11{1.,r H.P. compn•aor is 9.46 bar.
    Loss in prt!$$UN! during intercooling is 0.15 bar. Afr from H.P. compn,ssor is tronsferreci lo htat
    e.,reh,,nger of e/fectiv,ne88 0.66 wlu,re it is heated by tlu, 11.cure• from L.P. turbine. After htJJl
    exchanger the air poasetl through combustion chomber. Th� temPf!rtJture of gasea suppli.ed to
    H.P. turbine u, 700°C. The go.es expand in H.P. turbine to 3.62 bar and air then reheated to
    670-C before ,rpanding in L.P. turbine. The«- of pressure in reheat,r is 0.12 bar. Determine :
    (i) The owroll effi,:itncy (ii) The work rolio
    . (iii) MaM flow rote w/u,n the pow,r generokd i• 61)()() kW.
    Assume : lsentropic efficiency of compreS8ion in both stages = 0.82.
    lse,uropic eflickncy of expansion in turbinett = 0.85.
    .For air: c, • 1.005 ltJ!Ag K. y • 1.4.
    For ga8'1•: c, • 1.16 ltJ/kg K, y = 1.33.
    Neglect the ma88 of fuel
    Solution. Giuen : T, = 20 + 273 = 293 K. p1 = 1.1 bar, p2 = 3.3 bar, T• = 27 + 273 = 300 K.
    Pa = 3.3 - 0.15 = 3.16 bar, D4 =Pa = 9.45 ba.r. T8 = 973 K.
    T8 • 670 + 273 = 943 K, p8 = 3.5 bar,
    'l,.,,,,,_ = 82'J>, �..,.,_ = 85%-, Power generated = 6000 kW,
    Effocti•enoea, � = 0.65, c,. = 1.005 kJ/kg K, Yo1r = 1.44, c,. = Ll6 kJ/kg K
    ancj r_. • 1 ,!33.
    Refer Fig. 25.36.

    2.(12)' -(�)-;:.
    •-1 U.-1

    Now, =1.369
    T, Pi 1.l
    T0 • 293 • 1.369 =401 K
    T,-T, _ 401-293
    .,,__ !LP.I = O.S2 = T -T
    2 1 T3 - 293
    , 401-293
    T, = ( 0.82
    ) + 293 = 425 K

    Again,
    T • (P•)'
    T3
    =
    P3
    T-1
    =(�)-;:.
    3.16
    L4-I

    =1.369

    T, • 300 • 1.369 • 411 K


    I OAS T\JR8INES AND /ET PROPULSION 1391 1

    T(K)

    6
    973
    943

    300
    293

    �--------------------•
    T, -Ts
    T,'-T:,
    411-300
    0,82 a
    T,' _ SOO
    411-300
    T◄- = ( 0.82
    ) + 300 = 36 K
    4

    Simil:arly, r.=(1'6)' =( )13$


    Tr P7
    2-1
    94
    · 6
    3.62
    133-1

    =1268

    - -2'L-LI!
    T1 - 1268 - 1268 = 767 K

    Aleo, '\1.1Mi!JN' cH.P.1 ,.. Ts -Tr'


    T6 - T,

    973-T(
    0·86 =
    973 -767
    T1 • 973 -0.86 (973 -767) = 798 K
    .,4,
    (EJ.)-, )t.iu •
    1.33-1
    Again, !¼ = = ( J.ll l .332
    T9 pg U
    r: - r: - 943
    708K
    P - 1.332 - 1.332 =
    r.-r,
    'lo,rbeM !LP.a • Ts _ r9
    TH!llt.W,,L ENOINEERINO I

    0 85 •
    943-T 0
    · 943 - 708
    T9 = 943 - 0.85 (943 - 708) = 743 K
    Effectiveness of heat excb.nngcr,

    e=0.65= T.' �•
    r. -r.·
    9 - l4
    7i, -435
    i.t., 0·65 •
    743 - 435
    r.= o.65 (743 - 435) + 435 = 635 R
    w,Mm,., (ILP.,= c"" er, - r,-,
    = 1.15 (973 - 798) = 201.25 kJ/kg of glUI
    W,w-6.,v \LP, l = c,,,,(T8 - T1/l
    = 1.15 (943 - 743) = 230 kJ/kg of gas
    W....,._. (U>. J = c,. (T2' - T1)
    = l.005 (425 - 293) = 1.32.66 kJ/kg of llir
    W...,,.._ m.P .l = c,.(T◄ ' - T3)
    = 1.005 (435 -300) a 135.67 kJ/kg of air
    Hea, supplied = c,.CT8 - T8) + c,.(T8 - T,')
    = 1.15 (973 - 635) + 1.15 (943 -798) • 555.45 kJ/kg of gas
    (j) Overall efficiency. �-....u :
    Network done
    n.....,, = Heat supplied
    -- (W,M1'6i.iw {R.P.) + �W'liiine(LP.)J-[WCIOfflf,fLP.) + w"?"W'•(R.P.il
    Heat supplied
    (201..25+ 230) -(132.66+ 135.67)
    556.45
    162.92
    = =0.298 or 29.S'l:.. (Ant,.)
    555.45
    (iJ') Work ratio :
    Network done
    Work rat'10 s
    aw· mewor_
    1'1\..-b' k
    CW,urbiM ot.P.> + W,.,,bi• <LPJ1-CWCMt,p.«..PJ + wcomp. 0t.P.>l

    cw,• w,'""""
    ..i.:..1H.P, + <LP.11
    (201.26+ 230)-(132.66+ 185.67) 162.92
    (201.25 + 230)
    =
    431.25
    = 0·877'
    i.e., Work ratio = 0.377. (Ant.)
    (iii) Mass flow rate, DI :
    Network done = 162.92 kJ/kg.
    Since ma."'� of fuel is neglected., for 6000 kW. mass now rate,
    6000
    rh = = 86.83 kg/a
    lG2.92
    i.e., Mass flow rate • 00.89 kg/s. (Ans.)
    'nae princ,plt (Vj.•1 rn1111d,t1tm l11volv�.- "''fl"'''''>l nwmt,nl,1.m to a ma,,,. ,1[ flu..d. ,n 11u.ch o
    fllGWT tltat I� '"1f'fl,,,, ,'{ rn,,.. nt,"<i mnm11 11l11m l"""""''f r1 l'ro1mlH111r forr·r ft may be achif!ved
    by expanding th(' flll•, "hwh ,,. nt h•�h t"m1i,•r111t111• und prea11ure, lhmw:t. n n<1zzle due w wh,ch
    • high ,.,.l,xity J('I ,,r 1,.,1 �,,.,.... pr11<l111·,•d cin lht• 11lmosrhol'OJ l ,hnl, g,vo• � ,,,,,pulHlVt foroo /in
    opJ)Ollill.' d11wt11m ,iu,• h> 1h n•,wh�nl. �•c,r jt•I propuls,,111 tho op1•n cyclP gAH l,urhin� •• mr,�t •1ntnble
    The l""''"hw11 •��trm m11y bt1 classified os follows:
    I Air •lr<'om j1·t engines. CAil'-brl'athlng eni,•ines)
    \<1' �tro.f., 1,m,hustnm S)'$ft'ms ,· continuous air flow
    11\ Turbo-Jl't 1ii) '1\u·bo-prop
    1111\ R.•m J••t
    ,1,, lnt,�rm,ttt'nt combustion �ysfem ; intermittent Oow
    ti\ Pulse jet or O:,,i,,g bomb.
    '.!. Self contn.inl'd rocket engines (Non-air breathing engines)
    u) Liquid propellent iii) Solid propellent.
    ln air stream jet engines Lhc oxygen necessary for th,t combustion is iaktn from the
    su=unding olmo.,phere whereas in a rocket engine the {tti!l and the oxidiser are contcined in
    l�c hod,, of the uni/ u·hich is lo be propelled.
    �(\lt> The turt'-o•je1 and turbo-prop are modified f'orms of simple open cycle gas turbine. 'The ram j� and
    pul..-=-e-Jet are othtxlyd.J: lAl'>ro-thenno-dynarnic ductsl i.e., straight duct type Qrjet ant,,"ln(!fi having no «JmpreMOr
    ond turb,m· whttis.
    In the past air propulsion was achieved b.Y a "Screw propeller'. In this systan the total
    power develope1 by the turbine (full expansion) is used to drive the compressor and propeller.
    Fig. 25.37 shows the power plant for screw propeller. By controlling the supply of fuel in the
    combustion chamber the power supplicd to th" prnpeller can be controlled. The role of increase of
    effic�ncy of screw propeller is high.er al lower spe•�• but its efficiency falls rapidly at higher
    speeds abot•e the some i•elocity.
    Fuel
    r

    _J C.G

    Propeller
    Ah In
    (From a1mosphor6)
    l Exhausl
    (To atmosphere)

    C = Compresor: T = Turbine; C.C = Combustion chamber


    F,g i,;,:17 Power planl for screw propeller.
    L364 fflERMAL l!NOINllERJNO

    llS.8.1. Turbo-Jet

    15.8.1.1. Deacriptioa
    Fig. 25.88 ohoW11 a turbo-jet uniL
    • It conaiata of di{fuMr at entrance which 1Jow1 down tho air(entering at velocity equal
    to the plane IIJ>""d) and part of tho kinetic eoergy of the air stream ii converted into
    prouuro ; thia type of comprauion ta called u ram comp""8um.
    • The air i• further compreued to a preuure of3 to 4 bar in a rotary compl'8AOr(usually
    of axlal flow l>'J)e),
    • The compressed air then enlen, the combu1tion chamber (C.C.) where fuel is added.
    Tho combuation of fuel take• place at 11eD1ibly conatant pressure and tubeequently
    tempereture ri..,. rapidly.
    • The bot ptet then enter th o pa turbine where partial uporulon tak.. place. The
    power produced i• ju,t ,ufficient to driue the compna•or. fuel pump and otlur
    auziliariu.
    • Tho oxhauat ga-. from the pa turbine which aro at a higher proaeure than atmoe•
    phera aro expended in a nozzle and a very hiah velocity jet la produced which provides
    a forwanl motion to the air-craft by the jet reaction(Newton'• third lnw of motion).
    At higher epeods tho turbo-jet give1 higher propulsion efficiency, Tho turbo-jote are -
    lulled to the air-aalle travelling abol1f 800 lunlh.
    Tho oven.II efficiency of a turbo-jet ii the prod11ct or the thermal efficiency or the gae turbine
    plant and the propul.;ve efficiency oftbejet(noule).
    Advanta,.,. of Turbo-jet enpnes
    l. Conatruction m11ch olmpler(ea compared to multi.cylinder ptaton engine or comparable
    power).
    2. Engine vibratione absent.
    S. Mild, hlcher IIJ>""d• po111lble(more than 3000 km/b achieved).
    4. Power wpply ii unlnlerrapted and 1mooth.
    6. Weight to power ratl081uperior (ea compared to that of reclpr0<:atlng l>'J)e ofaero-engine).

    Aircraft

    Direction of
    aircraft +--
    Nozzle

    -+--+ Exhausr
    L---""icro almoSpheie)
    --
    Air In
    (From alrnOOphere)

    Pie, 25.38. COi "'1bine plant Corturbo-j.,L


    8. Rate of climb hi11h.-r
    7. Requirem"nt of ll'H\JOr m•,•rhnulf' 111,,� fr.-qu••nl
    8. Radfo intt'ml"(\lh""I' mm�h '''"I"
    9. Ma.x,mum nit itud,• c-,•ding HN co,npnrcrl t fl t.orlm-pr(1JJ und c;:r,nvrnt.ionol piston tyr,o ,•ngine.s
    10. Frontol :tf'\)l\ l"molh.H',
    11. l-\.u�l '-�an l\t• hun,t <)Ver H larg<' r�nge of' 1nixture ::1trength.
    Disad,•an111g.-s of lurbQ-jet engioes
    I. Les� efficient..
    2 Life of lhe unit comparatively shorter.
    3. The t\i.rb,,-jct becomes rapidly in�Jl\cient below 550 km/h.
    4. lllore noisy tthai, a reciprocating engine).
    5. Malc1ials tequircc\ arc quite expensive.
    S. Require longer ship since length of take-off is too much.
    f
    i. Al take-of the thrust is low, this offoct is overcome by boosting.
    25.8.1.2. Basic Cycle fol' Turbo-jet Engine
    The basic. cycle ro,·
    lhe lw·bo-jet engine is the Jo1ile or Brayton cycle as shown is Fig. 25.39.
    The ,·anous processes are as follows :
    Process 1-2 : The air eoteri,ig from atmosphere is diffused ise11tmpically from velocity
    C1 down w zero (i.e_, C, = 0). This inclicates that the diffuser bas ao.
    eflicicncy of 100%, this is t.t!rmcd as ram. ('Qmpre.ssion.
    Proces� 1-2' is the actua..l procc8s,
    Prqcess 2-3 /Senlropi..c compression of air.
    Process 2'-J' shows lhc actual compression of air.

    T,h

    '
    I

    J
    T1bine
    \
    \ 5''
    JI noule
    3' 5 \

    i
    ◄

    }'
    \
    '' -
    i: !
    / Comprasso,
    G'
    6

    Oi\luser

    s
    Fig. 25.39 T-s diagram of turbo-jet.
    1396 TIIEJlMAL ENGINEEIUNO I
    l
    ProooN S-4 : Ideal addition of beat at constant pressure p3 = p,
    Process 3'-4 shows the ooual addition of heat at constant process Po= p,.
    Proce.. 4--5 : Tsentropic expo�wn of gas in t.be turbine.
    Procus 4---5' ahows tho octua.l oxpansion in the turbine.
    Pn><CStr M : /se,ntropic expansiDn of gos in the nozzle.
    Process 5'-6' shows t.he actual uponswn. of gas in the n=k.
    Coooider I kg of working fluid , flowing through the •yllfem.
    Diffuer:
    &tween states l and 2, the energy equation is given by
    C.2 c,_•
    2 + h 1 + Q1_2 • 2 + h2 + W1_2
    where c. (= C ) = Velocity of entering ail- from atmoophere.
    1
    In an ideal diffuser C2 G O, Q1_2 • O and W1_2 • O.

    Enthalpy at state 2 is, h, = h 1 +T


    cz kJ/kg

    � or c•
    T2 = T + -•-
    1 ...(25,71( ·: h =c,,TJ
    2.c,
    Proc.._. 1-2' shows actual process in diffuser.

    Di.lTu.,e:r efficiency,

    or

    or ...(25.8)
    Compressor :
    Energy equation between smtes 2 and 3 gives

    h., + gl_ + Qw + W, = hs + El
    2
    2
    Assuming cbllllg,)s in potential and kinetic energies to be negligible, the ideal work expended
    in running the compressor ia given aa,
    W, = h, - h• = c,(T, - T.,)

    hs-
    The tdual compressor work (to be supplied by the turbine)
    ,
    =ho -h, =
    "a
    'I, -
    e, (Ta - T2l
    'I,

    (where 11, = lsentropic efficiency of compressor)


    Combustion chamber :
    Ideal heat supplied per kg, Q = h, - ks = c,(T, - T3)

    Actual heat aupplied


    ( 1.!:L)
    = 1 + m. h, - h3

    or Q0 = c,. (1+ :.) T,-c,. . r;


    (where c,,. and c,. are specific heats of g....,. and air nt constant pressure respectively)
    'l'IU'blne I
    Between Rl,>lc-� 4 nnd II. ttw ,,,,.,r111 l lltl•lfllUI IIC ►tl\1'11 h\
    '
    l

    -
    ('
    I
    h,+ ., 1 <J,., 11., ( +I\�
    ., I II
    ff Q..__
    ,• n. t-h\. 11
    1 t urhnH• "tlrk,

    .
    II, = \h. - h, I •
    I<'/ (', I
    ,,
    lf th,• chnngi• in kinel ,r en�rgy ,s nPglcl"'t L'd, \\ L\ 'it.i, l'
    II',= \/11 -h,l = ,. 11' - /' >
    r, r
    • ., " .. I',
    A�tih\l 1tir\J1ne work -
    - 1, l - h ;• -- l.r,\I'4 - � : t' ,l
    .. I
    cwhel'\' 11, = lsentrvp,c ct1kiency of turbint>1
    1

    For the simpll.liciitiou. h1rbine work= cnmµl'\'�sor "<>rk

    or

    or 1,.. - - ,. \ /]. 1:, l


    l'n
    =
    11,,
    Jet, noziel :
    Energy equation between states 5 and 6 gi\'eS

    h5 +
    c2
    =h 6 + �"
    ...fi.... c�
    2

    h'
    C- ,
    :,
    �
    h' b
    c.•�
    ;; + T: ti + T
    ff C5' 2 is very less as compared t(l C6' 2. we h:we

    !Jf C6 = .,J'l \h;' - h1;' \ = , 2 I\, 1/4, - h,. I


    or Cri' = ,/2 '111 t7},, - Ttl'
    ('
    I'

    •.-here 11 = Nozzle efficiency!


    'fhcrmal efficiency I'1u, J is given by :
    h 'I \h/ /i l I
    Ch,'-----'"'--
    I I, I h., I

    =
    c'r,-1a \ \ 71, /\ I
    17\ (1 ,'
    .l•J� H)I
    25.8. 1.3.. Tb1·ust, Th t�ul'tt�powtw, P,·c,pulsiv,\ t•!ffid,•11''� und 1�ht•1·1nnl b:tl'll'tl,ncy .
    Thrust ('r)
    Let C = Forward Vi•lociLy uJ 1111t 1 1·nll thr�111gh u11", 111 H \:--Mumn� tlh ) utuwsptwn,, 1ur to be
    •
    still the vel�ty of air, reklt.ive Lo llw 11,n•111 II, 1, l ,•nl, •1 1" th,• 1111,.,.1111 ", ll lw C II 1$ ,·ailed 1w/r,dly
    of approach of air.
    C = Velocity of'jct (J;(1is,.�1,,ch11,-.• I<> tlw ,•,1t uo11h• 11irtn111: m/�
    ;
    fuel (mr>]
    l+ = Mass of products leaving U,e nou.1,• for I ki: ,if niT
    air (mo)
    1398 THERMAL ENCINEl!RJNO I

    Thrust is the force produ<>1d due to cha,,ge of momentum.

    =�)
    Now, ebsolute velocity of geses leeving aircreft = (CJ - C0)
    Absolute velocity of air entering the aircraft = 0

    .-. Ch81!8C of momentum a ( l+ (CJ - C0 )

    Hence, l.hrust., T = (l+ ml) (C. - Cl N/kg of air/s ...(25.11)


    mo J er
    T = (C 1 - C0) N/kg of air/a, ,uglecting mll88 of fud ...(25.12)

    ,ng;,.. if du, ai�ro/1 ;,. to


    ThruJ,t power (T.P.) :
    It ;,. d,,fined a, the role at which u-'Ork must be oooe/1>ped by the
    be kept moving at a constant velocity C., against friction force or drag.
    Thrust power = Forward thrust x speed of aircraft

    or T.P. = [(1+ ::}c;-C. )] C0 W/kgofair ...(25.13)


    = (C1 - C0) C0 W/kg of air if ma."'1 of fuel i3 neg/ecred
    (C,-C)C
    = ,. 0 0
    kW/kg of air ...(26.11)
    1000
    Propulsive powdr (P.P.) :
    The euargy required to change :he momentum of the matlS flow of gas repreH n . t.s the
    propulsive power. It is expreHed as the differ-eru:e between tlte f'<Lte of kinetic e11ersie1J of lM
    entering air ond exit gases.
    (1+ .'.!!L )c-,2
    m c2
    Mathematically, P.P. • M{.E. •
    ; T W/kg ...(25.15)
    c 2 -c2 W/kg, neglecting mas, of fuel
    = I 2 •
    -
    - c1.• c• kW/kgof air
    2

    2xl000
    ...(25.16)
    Pr'Opulsive flfficiency (TJ,�,.1 :
    The ratio of t.hrusl power to propulsioe power u, called the propulsiue ef{fciency of the
    propulsi.w unit.

    (1+;;;; )cc,-c.1 c. 2 (1+�)cc 1-C0 J c.


    'l,,.,,_ = Propulsive power =
    Thrust power

    (1+:')c/ (1 +;;;;)c/-c.2]
    2
    u c
    -"'-
    2 2
    ...(25.17]
    Neglectiflg the mass of fuel,
    2<C;-c.,c.
    �- • c.2 -c • ) .
    • 2('
    ,
    C I C"
    •
    .1211.18)

    From cqn. l�5 un 11 1,t l'\ld111,t 1hr1( 1 h"propu /inve ,fJir.1cm


    ·- .v itttrerutP.11 wtlh 011 ,-�-
    •• •,..,.... on
    "' c•.
    tlir<",w• t'<'I•�•1/1 •l r,., lwcom�• 1110,,. whrn C" ,pproachea C ; thrust
    redu ces to aero IEqn
    211.12\, 1
    ThC'rmal C'fficit'nc)• \'1,h) :
    It is ddined a• tlw •�•flo of /JI.opu1siuc• work and the lmergy released by the combustion of
    /r, d.
    l-"ropulsive work lncreasein kinetic energy of the gases
    or .,,..
    n _-
    He<it relN,sed by the combustion cf fuel = Heat released by the combu.stion of Fuel

    l+ "'r) C .i
    m J
    -C2
    a
    or
    11,
    2 mr X calorific va_ue]
    1\ = _,[,,_____,,.
    m.
    (C 2 -CD2l
    : J

    2x ( mr)
    n
    x calorific value
    lm
    O,•erall efficienry (110) is given by :
    <CJ-2 -C" 2) 2C•
    l\o-
    -n' 1:hx11'°''P - m-1' )(CJ-+C0
    2x( I x calori.fic value
    tn, I

    (C, -c.1c.
    -( )
    _
    mr x calorific va h:e
    n,•

    For maximum overall effi!'ienc_l' lite aircra/l l'elocity C0 i,s one hnlf of' the jel celocit:, C.
    The jet efficiency (11,., > is defined as:
    Pinal ki:nPtic onergy in the jcl
    11.t,, = ]sentropic heat dl'op in the jet pipe + C�rry over from the turbine·
    <ii'E�unple 25.19. A wrbo•J••I e111tine cu,1s1111ws ai, at th,· rate of 60.2 kg.s u•he11 /1y111g al
    a speed of 1000 km/h. Co/1•11/ate :
    ([) Ex,t velodty of' 1/11• J,•t wh,•11 the ,•11t/w/py 1'1,n11g,• {nr the ,wi:11' is 230 kJ kg 011d t'eiocrty
    CO•effici-en! is 0.96.
    (ii) Fuel flow rote 111 !11/IH wh,•11 111r-/11,·I ,..,,.., ,., 7() · I
    (iii) Thrusl specific f11el ft111s111111,1ImI
    (iv) Thermal effic,ency of the p/o111 when tltt· ,·0111/rus/11111 ,·/7irie11t·y is 92% and c alorific
    ualue of the fuel used is 42000 kJlk11.
    (v) Propulsive power (vil Propulsive ef/iciency
    (vii) Overall efficiency.
    lohad-. Rau- or nir N1n•11n>11t Ion, fiO :l kw�
    Enthalpy rhnnM" fon 11,,,,1,,. :t:JO k,J/k1:
    v..i....11,.,· r.w•fl\ru•ut, r n nn
    A1r-l\1•I ri,1111 711 I
    C1�nth11�fuu1 t•tlu•H•lH'.V,
    ("rt hu,lk ,nh11• ,1ffu••I, ('. V = ,J2()()() lc.J/kg
    IOOOx JOOO
    = 277 8 m/a
    C,, = 60x 60

    C,=z J2Ahxl000, w�ere Mis in kJ


    = 0.96 Jz
    X 230 X] 000 = 651 m/s.
    r , • E,cit velocity of ,jct = 651 mis. (Ans.)
    1,,1 Fuel Oow rute :
    . Rate of air consumption
    Rot,• 0( (r,!'/ �OIISllmptton, mr =
    Air-fuel ratio
    60.2
    = = 0.86 kg/s. (Ans).
    70
    rrrn Thrust specific fQel consumption :
    Thrust is the force produced clue to change of momentum.
    Thrust. pr<,duced - rh,J (Ci Ca J� nc.gfocting mnct:: of fuel.
    = 60.2 (651 - 277.8> = 22466.6 N.
    . • Thrust specific fuel conswnption
    --Fuel-coosumpt.ion -= 0.86
    Thrust :22466.6
    = 3.828 x 1()- kg/N of thrust/s. (Ans. l
    5

    ,,,. ) Thermal offi.cieney, Tl t.. hermA.l :


    Work output
    11,h,m,ol =
    . Heat supplied
    _ Galo in kinelic energy per kg of air
    - Hc,)f supplied by fuel per kg of air

    l 6512 - �77.ll' l
    ,J.:!OOU U !•�
    70
    i.e., 7'/rerm(I/ •·/fr,·11•n�y
    (uJ Propulsivt! powcir :

    Propulsive powrr ,,,ti .... (<'/


    c/) , 60.2 ,(6s1�-211.s2 )
    "' 2 kW
    2 1000
    = 10433.6 kW. \Ans.)
    'l'tu uul p, w111
    l rt11u1l,,,v1 1 11owt•r
    1
    :.I('
    ('
    •
    I ('
    ..[Eqn. (215.18))
    I "
    '/, '.!.77 h
    ti fi!II! "' lil/.l!'/1,, IAnM.)
    or, 1 1 'l,'/7 K
    (I'll\ (\"('rllll ,,m.-1,,111•3•. ''" :

    Thn18L work
    Ii" 125 Z2i
    H1•nl. �uppl,etl by fuel

    (661 277.8) >t 277.8


    - I = 0.1878 or 18.78¼. IAn�.)
    X 42000 X 0.92 X 1000
    ?Q
    E>:Ample 25.20. 1'l1t• {vi/owing data, pe,·taiii to a turbv-jet flying al an altitwft> of 9,5()() m
    Speed of the 111rbo-jct = 800 km/h
    l'rnr,ule11•c c{ficienc:i• = 55o/,
    01•ero/J ,•fficwncy of the turbine plan.L
    . = 17�
    Density of arr at 9500 m altitude = 0.17 kglm 3
    0mg 011 the plane = (5100 N
    A«. um,1111 calorific value of the fr,eL, used as 46000 kJ/kg,
    C'alcu/rJ/t• :
    111 Absolute vc/oc1t_y of' the jet. (;;J Vc,lr,me of air compre$sed per min.
    111/1 Diameter of' the jet. <iu) Power output of the unit.
    Ir 1.41r•f11e/ rath,.
    . . 800x 1000
    Solution. Gwen : Allitude = 9500 m.· C0 = -- - = 222.2 mis,
    60x60
    n,,1.,.,1,uu-, , = 55'.,, ,,'cllrrn11 = l7'f ; density of air al 9500 m altitude= 0.17 kgirn3 ; drag on :he
    plane = 61 tlO N
    ,, 1 fl. bbolule velocity of the jet, (C1 - C0 ) :
    2C0
    0 5
    ,,/Jf\•/JfJ,oil I = - � " cJ t c1,
    ,.L,;ro C "\ll'loc1 1y uf go•••ij m noul,, cxrl relutiv� lo the nrrcran. and
    ;
    c. VelOl'Jl}' or llW lul'bO·JC<l/1111 c,·n.ll
    -•)
    __
    .....
    •}•)•) ,)
    _.

    I t., ('
    I
    -
    At,.,,J" i,_. v, l•1t·11y .,J wt ('
    1
    (' .. � f>tlf, H
    fu j Volum,· of uit c•iuu1u·Ntt-md/1tuu. :
    Propuh,ave furct-<
    HIOU - 11,11 1f)Hfi K '..!�:t�l
    .. m., " IO.77 kw'•
    .. "ol 16.77
    •· ume of 811'
    · compre�sl' dimm. = - >< 60 = 5918.8 kg/min. (Ana.)
    0.17
    11uefdle.i-t,ol1
    "'
    New, : 111 � ( Mtl�N

    i.tt.•
    l r,:11 ,01 1 ]
    I/'

    ,I tltl
    MH, H n
    lli,.....,1.-, ,,, ch,• j,•t w:i "'"'· tAnM,)
    ,11' '"'"�r ,,utJ•ut .,r 1tw unil ·
    Thr\.H•l l"-"' {'l l11·,1i! 1;111.-'1• � ,1,•lont.v 111' IndJo•jcl,
    ��HHl, :.!�:!-�Nm/A

    111/ifi.4 kW
    1000
    rh,·u:-tl J'lOW(11" I :J/;5.4
    l'urbine output = 2464.4 kW. IAns.1
    P,·(, 1n, lsiv,• t"' '1kit•,wy o.nn
    ,t l Ovt'ntll ,·ffit..•h.•nl')' , 110:
    I lt'tll l'•1 nivnl,1n1 rlf' outpu �
    mr, C. V.
    :l-HH -I
    ' c••
    111 f '- -Hi(l()(l
    :.!,l(i,1.1
    m,- = ) 7 ' = 1\.315 ks!•
    \ .1 < 1/;ooo
    1\lr u�t•d (in kg/s) 16.77
    A..1r-fucl rnuo .
    l \1,•I 11s,•d tin k�/s) 0.315 = 53 24
    0

    I l !;:l.2-1 ; I. ( \11 l
    Examplt" 2.'l.21 /11 e1 Jt'' p1·01wl.-.·w11 u,uf n,r ls c-lral('n 111/0 rfie. rotary compre�f:or at l5�C
    tv.d 1 01 oor am/ d.-111·,·n·J "' 1.0 I /,ar r,... ,s,•11/rc)J)IC cfli,•14•11cy r){ tumpress,on i:, 82% and the
    Oi/rtpr, �1;.u:m I/', umf.,1/,·d \/1•T l 1•/11•t·r,• t/1._• orr ts heou•d al t·m1:;1rt1tt pn1s!mre until the t(!mperoture
    1

    n-oc}�"' i'.'X) C 1'111' (1,r rh1·11 pc1:-.,'t',,' thnm�h o f11rbi,H· IUtr't u1 Juclt tJrrPPS the C'ompressor on(\' and
    htU- a,i UK-t1tn,p1t (/Ii• ,.·11n ci/ ;' �1 , hc/rnt' 1>,1,..,su,g thr,mJ:h 1hr nozdr aud t.'.tpar1ding to atnwsph�r�
    Prt:"-JUn of J ()J /t,ar U ,ti, ,111 t'!/ic·i.•11('\ l'l ssc «, N,·,d•·(·li11/.( lltl.V ltl(tS$ ;,,cn!a.se dm.· to the weight cv·
    tJW'. /:vi anJ O-lt-.,tJ11U11J1 thut n
    aml y un• tuh lru11.�,..d b.v r•omh11sl101,. tlPt.:rmfoe
    1, /'/J, 1>uutt 11t111u, ,I to d,u • tlH· t•mnp,,•.�:-:pr,
    tu rl1r mr·/Ut I rolltt ,, 111,• /iu•/ Im,, tl to/ur,/i(• l•nlu,• ••, 1iooo kJIJ.:g
    tu, 'J'Ji, JJr, .-.,.,uri of tit,· to.,�-N /n,Prn,.; rh,• lurh tnt'.
    l u . J 7'1u thru ( 1�, A,: 11( 111r 111·1 .,,. , ,,,uf
    NfJ,f}..,, t ,,11, ♦ /J,, t "' 1111 • l'/,ic 11, ,,j IJ/>/H •HHII
    A,..,11111, /1,r rm II I) :!H, /.,/ A>i /\, y I I
    Solution (;11," /' 1 If, , ·l'/:1 ;!Htl h ,
    11, IHI 11111,11 ) I tH 11111' /\ ·mo t l!7H - ll)�3 K,
    •t.,.1,�•--•il'
    /(tiff' -
    Refer Fig. 25.40.
    I I I
    •104 II
    ( ) .. 1.41!(1
    1.01
    I OAS TURUINliS ANO IITT l'ROPUUilON

    T(K)

    l
    1023 -···· .....................

    1
    ''

    2'

    ---------► s
    f'1g. 2.) ,10
    " T, = 2.88 x 1.486 = 428 K
    T2 - T, • 428 - 288
    fl
    ('G!ffpfll'IIMW'
    = T/ -1j r.e., 0.82 = T/ _ 288

    ,. r, = (428- 288
    0_82
    ) + 288 = 458.7 K

    c, = R x ( �
    y I) = 0.287 x (1.:-� l) = 1.004 k,J/kg K

    (i) Power required to drive the compressor :


    Power required t.o drive the compre880r (per kg of olr/sf)C.J
    • -
    c,<r; r,, = 1.004{458.7 - 288) = 171.38 kW. (AnB.I
    (ii) Air-fuel ratio :
    m x C = (m{I + m.1) x cP )( (T4 - T2')
    1
    whe.re. me = Mass of air pe.r kg of fuc.1. and
    = Air-fuel ratio.

    = 1. 42000 -1 = 73.1
    004(1023- 458.7)
    i.e., Air-fuel ratio ■ 73,1 : I. (Ans.)
    - Pa • ,- ...... ,.. th,. turhin.-, p, :
    sl 11w
    ..,",.,.. '''"�
    MJa. 1 1'ff!c, of (u.-1 on

    -
    Acl\111 I ,s,mntH1 t r 11111r,-
    '
    Ac1 J tart,&M -.wl
    .....
    1

    T 11 • • 1 'I• 1
    T1 -7 1 :J'., T,

    -
    ,4�'; �,.,_ ,1

    .
    C
    T"•-.."""i�
    T, T,
    �• i r
    lt.l��{ �3:!:l
    lO�;� - 1',
    10�-3 852.3
    - Ill''''
    T' - - \-- -1 = SOI I{
    -V l) ';°S
    ' -1
    T, = P,) 1
    Ts Pa j
    \ I�
    T4 )1-1 = 804 )l.4 = O..lJ
    =
    l
    ar p4 I
    P3 , i; 1023
    ar p, = 4.0-1 x O.-l-3, = 1. 74 bar. {Ans,\
    Th.rusl pl'r kg of aiT per second :
    -, L 14-1
    T, = P, \ -ll.74) LI = 1J6R
    T; Po 1.01
    T' (.;59
    S 3
    -·
    T, = t,
    .Jo
    1.1·6S - 1 .16 8 = 729·7 1'
    T6
    ��e,:, = T.. - -z:�
    852-T5'
    O.&b = 852.3
    - 729.7
    T3' = !>52.:l - 0.88 <1'152.3 - 729.71 = 7+1.-1 K
    If r· ,. tr.t yt , �Joc,Ly Lhr,n

    C"
    1
    1
    = c.�,�,T..' r5'l
    c; - �, l 'r\ �' >.
    j2 IUU-J<M!i'..!:1 7-11-l),UJOO lti5 5 ms
    Thru11t. I*' kg lit!I M--ttd11l I 14 lWl f► UJ5.5 N. ( \n�)
    Eumplt �.:ti. A lur/J(/jr•l 11111111, //'111•1•/., Ill :!Iii 111/� J/J 11,r Ill (l,7S />ar /JIit/ - 1.2•c. Air
    n
    {i t enlera dtffUIWr w 1,1.,.huh 11 "' lmm,:lit fo h .,·t r.•lulu�• 1,, tht.• umt tuul it i8 thPll rompressed in
    1

    a ctJm pre8sor throush a pres.,,,.. r111111 11( r. ti um/ 1;,tf 111 " 1,,rh,,,., at J / /()°C. The gase9 expand
    through the turb1N! and lhe,1 throu,th rite rwizfr to 11111111.•phen,· prt•ssurl' (i.e., O. 78 bar). Tiu
    ,(f u:uncu8 of diffuser, nozzle _ artd compre!11or 1, �• ew·h 90'�. 1:h• efficiency of turbiM ia 8�
    Pr,uure drop in the comb,ullon chamber 1s 0. 16/J bar. Determme :
    OAS TURBINES AND Jl!r PROP\ILS10N 1375

    "1 Air-fuel raliD ;


    (ii) S� thnut of IM unit ;
    (iii) 71,tal lhnul, if tlu ilild CTOU•l«liM of diffuwr !. 0.12 m'.
    Auunu caJorific ""'"" of fuel iu 44160 /r,JI"8 of fun.
    8ol11Uoa. Refer Fie- 26.41.

    (h. T)

    3'

    CornP<essor
    5
    \

    '''
    \
    Nozzle

    6'

    '--------------------•
    1

    Pig.2.5.41
    Speod oftha aJrcraft, C0 a 216 m/a
    Intaka air temperature, T1 a - 7.2 + 273 a 265.8 K
    Intake air preuure, p1 • 0.78 bar
    Preuure ratio in the compressor, rP = 6.8
    Tomperature of sue• entering tho 81"' turbine, T, • 1110 + 273 • 1383 K

    .,,,. i
    � drop In ,ombuation chamber a 0.168 bar
    1\, �= 90"1>; Tt,= 80%.
    Calorifie value of f\lel, C. V. a 44160 kJ/kg of cool
    (f) Air-fllel rstlo :
    For id«Jl diffuur (i.e., proceu 1-2) the energy equation i, given by :

    T
    c• c•
    T c•
    •
    h2 • h1 + or ",. - h 1 • or T1 - T1 a �

    c• 21s•
    T1 • T1 + � a 26 5.8 + 2 >< l.005" lOOO a 289 K
    or
    ,
    For oduol difrlua' (i.•., p. II ,.2'),
    hi-hi
    (,., " )
    11., = ,;;-�� or h 1'-h1• '1d
    1 1406
    THERMAL f;NOlNEERINO I

    ' K_
    :lt 1 +
    "1,-h,
    11.J =h,+2 'lJ
    or /12

    C2 m 265·8
    T,' • T, + 2 c:
    2162
    ° 291.6 K
    11J + 2 X 1.005 X 1000 X 0 .9
    or

    7
    � =(�) :a =(o."; 7
    ( o1s)
    l..=..! U-1

    Now, or ) or ( U)87)"
    1
    2 8 =
    Pa= 0.78 X (1.087),_. = 1.044 bar

    t
    or
    - -l
    T. = (r,) 1 = (5.8)-L< = 1.652 or T3 = 291.6 x 1.652 = 481.7 K
    y L4-1
    Again,

    :Z:,-Ta' -•291•6 • 45L7-29t.6 •5 28K


    - 0
    Also,
    :Z:,-7li' T'• '
    11, e Ta' -Ta' or 3 - T; + C

    Assume
    11, 0,9

    cllf • cpo • cP
    Heat 8Upplicd a (m0 + m ) c T4 - m,,c T3 ' =- m x C

    nt11 cP T◄ + m,cP T 4 - m. c, T3' :a "'r x C


    1 P p 1
    or
    or m4c,(T4 -T3') = m,cc-c, T4)

    44160-1.006 X 1983
    -�-�-�� • 48.34
    � C-cPT�
    c, (T 4 -T 3) 1.005(1888- 502.8)
    or
    m.1
    Air-fuel ratio = 48.34. (Ans.)
    (ii) Specific thnu,t of the unit :
    P, = Ps - 0.168 = 5.8 x 1.044 - 0.168 = 5.88 bar
    Assume that the turbine drives oompre&Sar only (and not accessories also as is the uaual

    c,CT3 - T2') = c,(T ) 4 - T6


    or T0-T, = T,-T, or T, = T,-(T3 -T2l
    ·= 1383 -(502.8 - 291.6) = 1171.8 K
    T, - '/li'
    Also, 11, = r.. - 7ia

    T6 = T,- ,-1§' = 1.38 8- l38S-ll7t. 9 = 1119 K


    T
    0.8
    or
    '1r

    Now,
    �: =(::)7 5 8 �;•
    =( : )
    L

    ( 1383 ) 3b 5.88
    or 1119 . = -;; or Po• 2.8 bar
    l.:] U-1
    Ji=("") =(3!)1A =1.44
    0.18
    T
    Agrun,
    T6 Pa
    T;' 1171.8
    or _ = = 813.76 K
    T6 - lA4 L«
    7,." 'tt1 ·
    ud 11,. • IrA >
    I0
    nr/JI 'I'' ·r "
    1'
    11 r' ' ,. " ,,
    117111 U.Hfll'/111 111a1r,,
    H1fl r, K
    Velocity nt th� 4'Xlt �,r tl,,, 110111',.
    C'I •M,7i Jh,. ' h,' 44.7:l J,
    1.' '1'1,' 1 1, ('/

    4 I 7:1. J1.00511171.H 111!1.fiJ l.lUJJ H rn/n

    = (l (1
    / 11) � 804.ll
    1 111
    11 >< (:1 =
    41
    I

    = 821.45 N/kg r.>f oir/s. IA:n 8,J


    vii\ To1al Thrust :
    Yolu1>ic ofOowing air, V 1 = 0 .12 x 2l6 = 25.92 mJ/s

    l\lass now, p1\f1 0.7&x----


    10• ,<\!5.92
    -
    m" =- -- "65 kg/•
    RT, (0.287 X JO00J X 265.8 = "' ··-
    :. Total thrust = 26.5 x 821.45 = 21768.4 N. (Ans.I
    � Example 25.23. The followinK data pertain to a jet engine flying at an altitude of
    9000 metres with a speed of 215 mis.
    Thrust power developed 7.50 kW
    Inlet pressure ancl temperature 0.32 bar, - .J2°C
    Temperature of gases leaving the combustion chamber 690° C
    Pressure ratio 5.2
    Calorific value of fuel 1.2500 kJfkg
    Vel.ocity in duels (con.<tan/J 195 mis
    Internal efficie,icy of turbine 86o/i
    Efficiency of compressor 86�
    Effidency of jet tube 90'<
    For air: c = J.005. y = 1.4, R = 0.287
    ,,
    For combu.slia11 gases. cP = J.087
    For gases during �-,,:pa11sio11, y = J.33.
    Calculate the following :
    uot't ;
    ,,, Ov,.roll tht!rmrtl eflit:ll!�llj' of iii<'
    on ,·
    (u) /foll' of iJtr CtJllSUfllj)/i

    twi ,�ow<tr tfp1;t,/op,•d hy the lutbtnP,


    (uJ) 'l'he ,,ut/1- t art1a u{j,,t tub
    ,, :
    (u) SpPt·1fi,· fu,4 ,•,10,wmp ,on .,, ,.,,
    I " o/' thrust
    I" ,,,, p,r k"

    Solulion. Rdet l'1g :lfi 4'.l.


    o· . T p = 7r.(/ kW. /I au :J:l 111 ,,, '/'1 - ,1:l • �7:1 - �:11 1,. I',
    - r,, II"" { ·,· - w fi 1111,, II = u /jt) • 11,
    - t,!lO + '.!73 = 963 K; r,_
    = U.lltl • 11,, = 0.9.
    : 4'2· 50·0 kJ/k"� •. c·a -. ,JI
    = 5.2 � Ctuen
    .
    '

    Refer Fig. 25.42. 1


    m ' -. kg 11f ful'I n.•q.1ired 1x r k,;: ot' fur
    Let
    kg of ,,ir
    Then, heat supplied per
    = 42500 m1 = ( I + m1 1 x l.087CT9 - T,) ...{ii
    'Tl!ERMAL ENOINalRINO I

    t
    3

    Turbine

    I
    � N le

    2'
    \.I:'.'.
    s·___ _._+_
    2 , 5
    I
    I
    I

    '-----------------------·
    1

    x
    Now, T, =(Pa ) ;• =(5.2)•�;' = (5.2)0.28117 = 1.60
    T, Pt
    or T, = 231 x 1.60 = 8o9.6 K
    Also, 11, = 7r:,2 - 7jT.
    2 - I
    or Tz• = T, + T2 - T1
    1\c
    __ 231 +
    369
    :.;
    28 1 __ S92
    .2 K
    Substituting the value of T.' in eqn. (i), we get
    4 2500 m, = (1 + m1) x 1.087 (963 - 392.2) = 620.46 (1 + m1)
    or 42500 m1 = 620.46 + 620.46 m1
    620·46 .
    or 6) 0 ,0146 fuel•at' r ratio
    -
    m, • (42500 620.4 • •
    1
    :, Air-fuel ratio • 0_0148 • 67.66: 1
    The du,cba,ge velocity C. = Ci cannot be determined from the throat equation becauae the
    rate of air-Dow is not known. 1£ mey b& detennined from the exp,-ion ofjet efficiency.
    Final kinetic energy in the jet
    Jet efficiency,
    11;., • Isentropic heat drop in the jet pipe + Carry-over from the turbine
    Ci�l2
    or n;., = c (T.4. - T.1>+ C4 ,212 (where C4 = 195 mis)
    ,,,
    ...(ii)
    Since the turbine's work is to drive the comp_, only, therefore,

    c,.(T2' - T 1) =•�I+::) (T$ - T;)


    I OAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION

    or 1.005 (392.2 - 231) = 1.os10 .. o.Ol48l <963 - r;i


    'a9 a- 1.005(39 2.2-23 1) •B
    or T4 6 16 .l SK
    1.087(1 • 0.0148)
    Let rpt. a expansion pressure ratio in turbine i..e., rfA = ;!'
    . &.
    rpJ = expansion pressure ratio m
    ' Jet,
    ' tu_be'i.e.• rPl = Ps
    P
    P;x -
    rp, xrw�- '-52
    • .
    P, Pr.
    7;-T/ 7;-7:.'
    Now,
    �, = m m
    or T, = T3 -
    13 -i� �I
    963-816.15
    = 963- = 792.2 K
    0.86

    Also,

    963 )0.248
    or =( = 2.197
    r,. 7922

    .. r . = &.=� "2,366
    PJ p5 2.197
    -
    'r- 1 l..33• I
    T' =(r,1)'
    Thus,
    • =(2.366) =1.238
    -.:S,
    ;,
    816 13
    or T = .Ii_= · = 6"9.23
    o K
    • 1,238 1.238
    Substituting the values ln eqn. (ii), we get

    0.9-
    C 2
    ·; 1·2 - c1 12
    2

    1.087 X 1000(816.13-659.23)+ 1952 /2 189562.8


    c1 =
    Jo.9xl89562.8x:2 = 584.13 mis

    �--
    (i) Overall efficiency, �. :

    (1•�)c, a c.· c.
    [(l + 0.0148)x 584.13- 2151215
    (;;)xc 1000 X 0.0 l 48 X 42500

    a 0.1291 or 12.9l'h. (Ans,)


    cm Ra.te of air co.,.umption, m. :
    Thrust power = Thrust x Velocity of the unit

    (1•;,:)c;-c. m.
    750 = c.
    1000
    -
    Ill'
    7/iO •
    I( I t O fl MH I • r.H4 I :1
    1000

    lAnli.t

    11, 1 Th.- outlet »1-ca of jet tube, A;,


    c, 2
    = cpg(T4 - T6'l
    2

    c.2 -C4 ,2
    1
    6 - _.
    T'-T'-
    ?.xcP•
    �

    2
    (584.li - 195 )
    = 816· 13 - 676.67 K
    2 X J.087 X 1000 =
    A..��ume the exit pressure of the gases be equal to atmospheric pressure i.e., 0.32 bar.
    p-' 0.32 X 1 O"
    Density of exhaust gases, = O.lt:i3 m3/kg
    p= Rh, = 0_29 x 1000 x 676_fi7
    (Assuming R = 0.29 for the gases!

    A1�11, di�cluirge of jet area

    or >< 584.13 XO 163 = 9.234 11 + 0.0148)


    A,
    or A_# = 0.0984 m2 • <Ans.)
    ,, bpecilic fuel consumption in kg per kg of thrust :
    0.0 I 48 < !-/.234 X 3600
    1000 t750/ 2J51
    • O l�l kg/!brubl-bour. !.\ns,I
    :.t!;."".:l 1 ur-ho pn,s1
    0

    .by :tr, 4'J tJtJ,,w,- n tud;o J>tUJ• bYhltm cmployc:d tr\ a1n·a-ttt\ri M t·tt' 1lw l''P•llt:.hm �1 f �u�t'S
    La.kt& ph,,. ,,,,11/f w ,,,,1,,,,, (kO'.; H.od pwtlv c .?111 1 w Ori: ito--..:h. Th� Ptl\\t;'r d t' \t.'11.,l.'<'d b) lhtl'
    turb1llt 1•(.'fJh'IJlflld U! lhllfllhj! th,, /jJfllµft.·S�UI 1Uh.l llw ll1"1\jfl.•llt·1 1'ht' Pll\pc•llt..•t· ,mdJd pn>duced
    t
    by tht- ooz.tlt� g1v1 1111 wu, d w,,1 u,u I 1,1 I lit 11111 r,all Th,� t url10 pi ub ,-ut�ulj ttw i.ulvu11tab�. .:tof tur�Je
    �,.e., lliw hfH;,..,fi, u.i•,1tht tJ1t1I 11111!11,it�· ,n ,l,•,,1--•,,11111d p,11pt·lh.,1 lt l' , h t,:h Jkm,•r /i1r t<Jltt'--4Jffand
    high prupulH1�11 •·f/111,•m y nt ,,,,·,·d /,. ,,.,,. 11110 /,111 /11 l'l,e 1111•1,111 ,,llhwu,·.1 <11' the turbo-prop is
    imp ro ved by proV1dm,-: lh,- ,llflut-1, h,•f•H• ll1i 1,uu1uu�no1 o"' iihow11 t'tu.• pretl:;ure rise takes plate
    in th e c:liffuser. Th.la ptl.'hnun· rlM' Luk,•• 1.tlm·<� <l,w lo t'(mL•e•rsum of kmc'llL' energy of the int:Off'U/11
    air (equal to &.Jrcran. velocity) 1111u µr.•••ul\' 1• ,u•,111• l,y 1/11• tl,ffus,•r. 1'h,s type of compreuion ia
    known u "rom tqfllt",
    DlrC!Ctfon ol
    (lltrmll
    t �"" JOI n()Ul8
    ►
    I cc I

    C -+--• Velocity
    ::1--•energ/

    Propeller
    c.c D - Diffuser
    Fuel C - Compressor
    T-Turbine
    C.C. - Combustion
    chamber
    Fig. 25.43. Tu:rbo-pn>p.
    25.8.3. Ram-jet :
    Ram-jet is al,;o c.alled athodyd. Lori/I tube or flying stovepipe. Ram-jet engines have the
    capability to fly at super.so11ic speeds. F'ig. 25.4•1 -shows a schematic diogram of a ram-jct engine
    1oom.pressor and turbine are not necessary as the entire cmn1wession depends only on the ram
    compression).
    • l'b.e ram-jet engine consists of a diff11.ser (used for compression], combustfon chamber
    and nozzle.
    • The air enters I.he r111n-jet plant with s11per$011ic .speed and is slowed down to sonic
    velocity in Lhe supursonic diffuser, consequently the pressure sucldenly increases in
    the supe-r:sonic cliffu$er to the formation of shock wave. The pressure of air is further
    increased i n the sll.bsonic diffuser increasing the temperature of lhe air aboL•e th�
    ignition temperature.
    • ln the combustion chamber, the fuel is injected through injedion nozzles. The fuel air
    mixture is t.hen ignited by means of a spo rk pl�g and combustion te mperatun-s of the
    d f 2000 K are attained. The expa1'sion _
    _ of gases tow11rds the diffuser enttanee is
    ;:::ic:ed by pressure barri�r at the after end of the diffuser and as a result the hot
    _
    gas,-.s are constrained w move towards th� rtozzle and unclergo expan,,-..on ; the p,..-ssun:

    ---
    , Subsonic fgnIter
    d1ftuse1
    \
    -
    • T'S'\ ►

    ./ ► Exhaust
    -? '" ►

    Fuel Comou�tton
    Superso<>ic chamber
    diffuser Jnjec1or

    Fig. 25.4--4 Scheounic dusgnun ofJJ. HUm•JeL propttl:'!-lo.n unit.


    enera:Y I• ronvr,1.t'd into 1lw k1r1,1Ck pn••rJ.Cv l'h, hurh v,.J,.,n1y a:utet- leaY1ng the., It
    providt' rurwnn.t (hnu•I tu th,1 111111
    The beet pt'M\,nnf'l\l"I' ,,f mm id f'UJ,l'.1111 .,. ,,It! 11111 ., at nwh i--:-crt of 17fJO k:mlb tn 'lf_l�J k.m.'h.
    1

    AdYlllltai!N ur ram•j4'1 (•nl(im•


    ThP rAm 1,1( ,1n�11w 1h11111,•�ttf'" I h,• follmvrng mfr"n/tJ#!•If t,vI 01 r..r ty-pt'9 f jet � ne1i
    l No mo, 11\t? JJ:u 18
    2 1.l,z.ht m "''1Aht
    j \\�hir ,·r,nt'l) of fuL1l� may b<.- ust1d,
    �hort<"om in f,{�/t..i mi t ttt-i on�
    l lt ron,wl lu· ,._lnrtrrl v( its fJWn. It hm:: lo be ar<'r,lf'ratf:',! lrJ a r:ert.am fl �h
    si.1r-u· h1unrhwg de.vu:�. A ram•jet ia alwnys eq:upped with a small turlJ.o.ft ♦ hic
    ru 111-;rt.
    :2. The fuel eonsumplion is too large at low and moderate :,vee<fs.
    3. For su�cessful upen1Lion, the diffuser needs U> be designed carefully •'l that kir.J:.= •-.k:-,J
    a-ssociatN with higb entrance velocilies is effidently Ct'lnvened inttJ pn:-:!.:iW"C.-
    4. To �btain steady combustion, cenain ehbon1to devices in form of flame ;:r;lrl�rs ,r ;,::c.;
    flame. arc required.
    25.8.4. Pulse-jet Engine
    A puls�•Jet 1m,rim? is an intcnnittcnt. combu:;tion engine and -it operate� �n Z!. cycle-........� w
    a f'CC'iprota1 :ing e11gine1 whereas the turbo-jet and ram.jct enginr.s are contim:ouz m operation 3.:!ld
    a.re b.1at'11 on Brayton cycle. A pulse-jct engine Like a11 at.hodyU. du'"d,,µ....,. LL, �L Uy a tJ..;;� ,i1:::loa.:_
    of Jet of exhaust gases ,.;thout the aid of comp,·essor 01· turbine. Its development 13 primanh �::� :o
    the inability of the ram-jet to be self shu-ting. Fig. 25.4/\ shows a sch�rr:atic arran::t;,,,.,;t of a
    pulse-jet propulsion unit.
    • The incoming air is comprcssr,d by 1·am effect in lhc dilfueer stction and th i, gnd pa..-...-a-:e:
    whkb are opened and closed by V-shaped ,1011-retw-n valve�.
    • 'rhe fuel is then in.iected inlo ll:u, com',ustion chamber b) fuel 111Je<:tor- wo1�.,� frcm
    Liu: ojr prcs�ure from the compressed .1i1· boLlle» The combu,mon 1- then t!l!�a:ed 1:,,
    a sp3rk plug !once the engine is operating norma.Uy, the spa.rk 1s ru.rr.ed off 3.Jld �
    riu,idu"I flame in Lhe combustion chamber is used for combu.,non.

    --
    Spark plug

    /
    r Combust,on
    chamber

    --
    AJ,
    =·
    =·
    =------ --------- -+-

    /-l::=il-�i=--_::.___::::;..r.!:- lyn 111111


    b,1,r,
    Gnd
    Fuel 1n1001or

    V-shaped
    non-return valves
    Fi . 25.45. Puhe:et en ne. •
    l'IIOPULslON

    • Aa a result of eomhu�tion 101' mi� I un,


    , . or iur 11ml f'tirlJ 1h" t, ,,np,-.rnl.ur,,. and pressure of
    com buahon product� 11n-r t'nN,t n,. 'u11uw l I ,,. ,•0111 l111kl,1n11 pr,•f'Rur,• ji, higher than the
    ram pre�sun•. llw 11nn 11•t11·111 \H
    q1u·nlly lhL lu,L J(,'1'-'JS flflw oul
    . 1 "' ,11 I.WI 1·111'-11 111 mid n,nflf•
    orthc t:n. 1 PIP{' '' ,t 1l n ln�tl1 · v t•lnt· 1t �' 11111 I 1n tI nin�f t-111 g1v1> u 11,rwarfl Ihn11 L tn the unit.
    e With tht� l':-l('llllt\ ,,1 p.!:,t-,•!-1
    · (�I t110 nI m1)11pI mrt•, llw "lttl1t 1,r1•H.!,l,1Jr1· 111 th, tham b,'.r falh;
    h
    and t l' h1,ih l'h'Nsur,, m,· ,n 11 1e d"ff I use,· r
    . ,01·c.E!s tlw vnlvnR tri t,prn Hn'1 frP.Rh air u
    . for \''11mhn�hon during a nrw cycle,
    odnnlh•<i

    m''"'
    Ad,...,tall'"" :
    Sim �lc st,u
    - ei.ion and vcl'y ioexpcnsivc as compared I.() turbo-jet engine. Well adapt ed
    to pilotl,•..s airer.in.
    2. Copabl� of proc'luci11g •tat·c' (L� . t and t,"-
    ,mus · m •
    0 uust excess of drag at much Iow spced •s.
    Shortcomings
    1. High intensity. of nofae.
    1. Severe vibrations.
    3. High ram of fuel consumption and lo,v U\ermudynarruc efficiency.
    4. Intermittent combustion as compared to contin,,ous combustion in a Lurbo-je t en gjne.
    5. The operating :a.lLitude is limited by air density consideration.
    6. Serious limitation to mecbuni.cal valve arrangement.
    25.S.5. Rocket Engines
    Similar to jet proi>ulsio11 , Lhe thrust required for rocket propulsion is produced by the high
    selocity jet of gases passing through the nozzle. But the main dilference is that in case of Jel
    propulsion, the oxygen required (or tambusliun is tnl1P11 from the atmosphere one/ (uel is stored
    u.herecu; for rocl,et engine, the /iwl and oxidiser both am contained in o propelling body and as
    �ueh u c:an function in vacuurn.
    The rockets may be classified as follows
    l. Accordlng to the type of propeUcnts
    ff, Solid propeltcnt rocket
    ru i Liquid pr<Jpell enL t'OCkcL.
    2. According to the number of molor·s :
    r, J SH1 gh•-Rtr.1,;c rl)(;kcL r conil1SlH vr ,,ue rockol motor)
    fu> M 1.dlH:it.agc.; l'O('ktl ((.!CJJ1bi8lS of nwrt! than one rockt-l .motor).
    Fig. 2f.i. 46 .;how1> r; HiHIJJlt• tYJJ'" s1n�le ,;lH�t• hq�u_d prupt'ilrn1 Uhl• fuel :l1'll lhC' ll.s.ld:i sel· .lf't"
    m
    com onJy known bti: pruiw lh•1Jl1iJ n>t•k1•1. U romfr:,lK of a f'm,1 1 ,unk ,.,/', nu o,uli�1.•i- t ank O. tw o
    Jlllmps p p a st.ctun tud,IUl' ST 111111 u i!0111bmiliu11 cht,11\l.k•r L� l' Thi.' fud tuuk tlmtnins alcohol
    11 2•
    ILOd oxidiser tank conu.11 nH hqu1d nll'.y�•�n •1 11., fut'I 11nd LIii', u�ulu:if11 Hl't.! .suppltt1-d by the pumps to
    1

    t he combustion charnbc·r wher f• Lhlj fuuJ u; 1gmll1d li,y ,• lt1t.'l1 l\!td Uh·<.ms 'l'h e pu1np :s are dnven with
    tbe help of a steam turbine. li<·•·c 1111: 11t,�< .uit iH prudut l1tl i., , uHxm� H very co,ac:fUtl'a tcd hy drogen•
    ,-oxide with pot assiu m p�nnan i:unull· 'l'h� f)rc111urt• of cnmhu•lrnn are discharged from the
    � chamber throu gh the nonlc N. So tlw ruck,,1 mo ve• in lhe •
    opposite direc tion. In some
    be used ,n r.r11ssilrs.
    form, Uri& type of rocket moy
    FT

    0
    e FT Fuol tank
    HT - Hydrogen r,oroxldo lank
    C: 0 O Oxidiser 10nk
    0
    ST - Steam turbine
    P11 P� Pumps
    C.C - Combustion chamber
    HG - Hot gases
    N No,z,te

    ·t,•.:.:
    ,:
    .... HG
    ...
    , ,
    ...... ...
    ·.\::,:. N
    �,.....
    ,,
    , I" l• •

    ' •,·.-

    !! !!
    Gases

    26.8.6.1. Requirements of on id.,al rocket r>ro1lOlll' nt


    An tekal rucktt. prn_µ,::-llcot i:,hfJuld hllve the fi>llow111i,:- t·horurt.•r,,,;tw� I P''-'l�·rti.·$ ·
    1, High kaL v«luc
    2. Reliable sntt)Olh Jgmtaon
    3. Stability and lilJ."<, uf lo1111,lh 11u uud •lur 11�
    4. Low t.ox:icity and con-(,MvcflttHH
    6. Highest possible den•ily ijO 1.hul IL uccupi,•• It••• Hpuc·e,
    25.8.6.2. Applieation11 or rocket.
    The fields of application of rockets ore o.s follow•
    1. Long range artillary
    I. Lethal weapona
    3. Signalling end firt'work olia11l•�v
    4. Jet assisted lflke-olT
    5. For sat�llih••
    6. For �P"<"I' �h•p�
    7. Re��"n-h
    211·8·5·8· 'fhru�t wm·k, 1'1'0pulsivo work
    and propu.lsive efficiency
    In mck<'I (ll'1Jll1lsoon • �inc
    · ci nir
    ' '"· self contarno · · · ·
    · d , the enky velocity relative to rurerafl'" zero
    N etrIect1n
    . g I 11'' ,
    , nc11011 �nd ot h�r loss<>s ·
    · , we have the. ,
    1011ow1 ng 1orrnu
    r Iae.
    1'hn1$I 11•,•1·/:
    = CC J •
    (C,-c. )2 c/+c/
    = cc
    1 0
    +
    2 2

    =
    cc/ +C/l/2 - c/ +C.2
    C C0 2CiC" _
    2
    ( g�)
    . (C
    Rocket propulsiue eflici,en.cy 1 ...(25.231
    2

    1J
    1� 11.
    C-

    1� The gas turbines arc. maioly divided inoo t.wo groups:


    lil Constant. pressure combustion gas turbine
    (al Opi.:n c.::ycll!. consl..unl. p1·c:i:-surc �i•s Lw·lJiuc
    fb) Closed cycle eo11�t.a.ot pressure gas turbine.
    Iii) Constant volum6 cn1nbu.stion gas t.urbin�.
    2. Methods rQt improvement. of lhcrmal efficiency o( open cycle gas turbine plant :
    Ci) Intercooling (ii) Reheating (iii) Regeneration.
    3. 'J'ypes of jct propulsioa sy:-;Ulms:
    , O &:r•w propeller (ii) 1'urbo-jet
    rw I Turbo-prop UuJ Ram-jet.
    (. Difference betwe,m jet propulsfon a.nd rocket propuh:1lon :
    The main dHT'eren.ct: is thal in c.ase ofjcl propulsian lhe oxygen required for combustion is taken from the­
    at.rnoophe-re and fuel j11 stored wh.:-rcns for rockel engine lhrt fuel ru,d oxidiser bot.h are contained in a
    proptUrng body and ru; such ii cao function in vacuwn.
    6.. Cla.t.eJ.ficat.Jon of rockc:ts:
    It) .Acmrd,ng LO the type ofpropellonlA:
    loJ &l,d J,mrx,llcnt rockcl (ol Liquid propellent rock�t.
    (u) Aw,rd1,1� t.h t.Jw n1,1mbcr ormo�ors:
    laJ S1r1Rl,•---,.t1;w� rt>ekct Ctom;it;18 of (11'\f" rocket motorl
    f!>) MulLH,tuge "" ktL lWnb1Hts ,,r ,aun� Uurn oue ,t.M."kot motod.

    I OBJJ<;C'l'IVE 'f'YPE QUESTIONS

    Chooae the ec,.,..-,ct AnaWf'r"


    L Thermal efficiency of a. gas t.urh1.ne plunt ,,1:1 <,J011>llrt'.d lo Dicat-ii en1,'1a0 plaot it,
    (11) higher (b) lower
    (c) same (d) may be higher or lower.
    11416 THERMAL BNGINEERINO I

    2. MC<:hanico.l efficiency of a gas turbine aa compared to internal combustion reciprocating engine i•


    (a) blghor (b) lower
    (cl •run• (d) unprodictablo.
    a. For a gas turbine tho pttuuro ratio may be in the range
    (a)2u,3 [b)Sto6
    (cl l6to 18 (d) t8U>22.
    4. The nir standard effidency of closed gu turbine cycle UI given by (r = p.reMurn ratio for the mmpn!M<W and
    '
    turbine)

    t· I

    5. The work mtio of cloe(!d cycle g:M turbine plwt. depends upOn
    (a) pre6.&u:re ratio ofthe c:ycle and specific heat. ratio
    (bl temporature ratio of the cycle and specific heat ratio
    (c) pressure ratio, temperature ratio and specific heat ratio
    (d) only on presaure ratio.
    6. Thermal efficiency ot clO&Cd cycle gw. turbine plant in� by
    (o) reheating (b) inieJ'C'OOling
    (cl regenerator (d) all of the abovo.
    ?. With the increa&e h:t preS!Jure ·ratio the.nnal efficiency o fA simpJe gu turbine plant with fixed turbine inlet
    ut-mpcrnlun,
    (al decn,a,es (b) in......,.
    (c) finlt incr12asca and th(ln decreases Cd) 6.rst dccreascs and then increases.
    8. Th• thermal offideney cf a g .. turbine eydc with ideal regenerative heat exchanger ls
    (a) equo.1 to work l'l:lt:io (b) leSJJ than work ratio
    (c) mo.re than work ratio (d) unpredictnble.
    9. In a two-stage ga"i turbine plant reheating aft.er fir&.tstage
    (a) decreases thermal ofliciency (b) increases thermal a-fficicncy
    (c) docs not effect thennal efficiency {d) none of the above.
    10.. ln u lw<>-stnge ga..� turbine plant., reheating after (i,n1.l !'lage
    (n: � incmll.!lff wnrk ratio (bl decreaaes work mtfo
    (c) dOGs no&. ruf1.td.. work ratio Cd) none or the above.
    u. Jn a two-s� gas turblna plant., with intercooling and re.h�ating
    (a) both work ratl.o and thermal etilciency improve
    {b) work ratio improves but. thennaJ e.fficienq dec::rea.ises
    (c) LhcrmaJ e.ffiefoncy improves bul work nuio decreases
    {d) both work ratio and the.rm.al efficiancy decrease.
    12. For ajet•propul1ion unit. ideally the comprc88:lr work and turbine work are
    (a) equal (b) unequal
    {c) not related lO ea.ch other (d) unpredictable.
    13. Gnmt.cr the difference between jut vcl:odty and naroplnne velocity
    (a) pat.er lhe propulsive efficfo.ncy (b) lea tho propulsh•e efticicnc:y
    (c) unaffected is the propulsive efficiency (d) none ortbe above.
    I OAS 'TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION 1417 I
    ..
    ANSWERS

    I. (b) 2. (a) s. <el ... kl Cc) 6. (cl) 7. (c)


    8. l•l 9. (a) 10. (o) u. (bl l2. (a) JS. (bi

    I TflEORli:l'ICAL QUESTIONS I
    L What do )'OU mean by tbe wrm •gea turbine'? How are gu turi>ines cla83!fied ?
    2. State the mcrita of gu turbines over LC. engines and .!lteam turbines. Discuss also the demerits over gae
    turbines.
    t3. Otiecribe with neul tketehe1 the working ora simple coru,tont. pressure open C)'ele gaa Lurbine.
    4. OiJ1eu.tJJ brioOy tko motbodf on,,ployed
    : for improvomcu.u of lhonnAI officioncy of opon cytlo pg turMoci
    plant.
    5. o..cribc with n<atcmgram a clOO«I cycle gu turbine. Staw alsoita merit.I and demerit&
    G. Explain with a neat sketch the working of a constant volume comb\l8tion turbine.
    7. E·nu.merote the variou, ueo11 af gu tu.rbin4le.
    8. Write a short nclA! on fuell uaed [or gu turbines,
    &. Explain the working ditfettinee betwocn propellcr.j.-::L, Lurbc>-jt:-t nnd turbo-prop.
    IO. StaIA! the rundamental difference& between tbejet propulsion and rockot propulsion.

    I UNSOLVEJ) !>,�{PLES I
    1. In an air11-tandard gaa turbine engine. air o:la tcmperotun of15°Cand D prcuuro of 1.01 bar entcra t.ha
    cnmpresa,r. where it is compressed through• pressure raticofo. AiJ; enws the turl>ine ala temperature
    of 816'°C and expand, tA> orig;i.nal pre&6Ul'O or l,01 ba.r. Determine tho ratio of turbine work to c:omprCMOr
    work and the thermal efficiency when tbe engine operates on i.deal Brnytcn cycle.
    Take: Y= 1.4, c, e 1.005 kJ/kg K. (AM.%.393: 37.0311,)
    2. 1n an open eycleooruitant pressure gas turbine air enterS t.he com-pre:UOr at. I bar and 800 K The preuW1!
    ofair after thec:ompreM:ion ia 4. bar. The iscntrc>pic efficieociee ofcom.preaaor and Lutbin6 are 78%and 85�
    respecuvtly, The air-fuel nuio is 80: l. Calculate the power developed and tbormal officicncy or tho cycle
    if the now rat.t of air ts 2.5 k&'11..
    Tak.ec., •L005kJ/k.gKand 'f• l.◄ forllirandc,. • Ll.C7kJ/kg: K and r• 1.33 forgoac1.R •0.287kJ/kgK.
    Calorific value offuel • 42000 kJlltg, IAns. 204.00 kWlltgo( air; 15.54%1
    3.
    A gas turbine Ml a preuure ratio of &l and a maximum cyde temperature or 600�C. The i.sen'.i-opic
    effidenciM of the «.'mpreuot' and turbine aN 0.82 Md 0.86 n!11pe,etively. Calntl&te the pewe,, output. tn
    kilowatts of en electric goncrot.or geared to the turbine when the air en ten the compte880r ot 15°C at tho
    rate of16 kg/s.
    Tako :c, o 1,065 kJlltgK ond Y• 1.4 for tbecnmpresaion p-. and takec, • LIi kJlltgKandy• 1.333
    fOT tbe expamion proceN, l AM-920 kWJ
    4. Calculate the thermal efficiency and the work rotio of the plant in e,:ample 3 (above?), Oi8Ullling thatc, for
    the comlnstion proc:e.. i.JI 1.11 kJ/kg K. I Aruo.16.K; 0.206}
    S. The gu turbine haa an ovemll preis.sun!: ratio of 5 : 1 and a maximum cycle te.mpemture af 650-C. The
    turbine drives the com-pr"e$SOT and an elr:c:tric genet"ato:r, the mechanical efficiency of the drive being 97%,.
    The ambient temperature is� and the iecntropi.cefficieociea for the compre&s0t' and twtine nre 0.8 and
    0,.88 re&peet.ivcty. Calc:ulat.e the power output. in lrilowat.u for Bn air now of 15 kgls. Calculate al&O the
    thermnl efficiency and tbe wor1< ratio.
    NegLeet change;; is kinetic energy� and the 1058 of pl'e$8ure in combustion chamber.
    [ An._655 kW; l2<J>; 0.168]
    1418 THERMAL ENOfNEl!RINO I

    8. Air ii dr:twn in a gos turbhu, unit at l'rC Md 1.01 bnr and the pmatllffl rutio i.48: 1. Theoomprt!tlsor is
    driven by the H..P. turbine and tho LP. turblned.rh·es a separate power shat\. The isantropkcllici�es of
    thecompre!l""r. ruid the H.P. 41\d L..P. turbinel....,0.8, 0.85and 0.83. ,...peetiv,,l,y. Colculot<> tho p,....ure
    nnd tempora.t-u:re ort.he gases entering the powe.r turbine. the net power developed by the unit per kg/& of
    mn.u now. tho work ratio and the thermal efficiency of'thc unit. Tho mnxi.mum cycle temperature is 650°C,
    For the.compress.ivn proceSIS t.ake c,. = 1.005 kJ/kg K and Y= 1.4
    Fo.r tbe combwu.lon process 11ttd ex:pan.s:ion process, take
    • • l.15 kJ/kg K nnd Y•
    •
    t=
    Ne,1loct Ibo mo,a offueL 1A ns. 1.55 bar. 393•c;74.5 kW;0.201; 19.1%1
    7. lo a grui iurbine phmt. air is compressed through tl p� ratio of6: 1 from 1611(). IL is then heated to L'°le
    maximum pennissib1e U'.!.mJ)t!raturo of7501"C and M·pandoo in two 6ta.ge$ each of expansion ratio Ji . tho
    air being �heated between t.hl! stagff Lo 760°C. A heat t!cxchnnger o.Uo-wa the heating of the comprM!led
    gaw• through 76 per cent of the maximum range pogsible. Calculate: (i) The cycle ofticiency (u)The work
    rntio (iii) The work pru- kg of a.ir.
    The �ntrc11iic efficie.ncies orlhe compressor acd turbine o:re 0.3 and 0.85 res-peetively,
    (An a. ct) 32.75'il> ; (ij) 0.3852 ; (Ill) 1�2 kJ/kgJ
    & At thcdesii;.rn apccd tbe following:dala apply to• gas turbine act employing the b.ent cxchanger: laentropic
    efficiency of compresaor = 76�, i&ent.ropic efficiency of the t.u.rbine= 85stl. ml:!Cbanical tranam.ission effi­
    ciency= 99%, combultion tfficiancy- .. 96%, m.sM flow= 22.7 kg/a, pressure ratio= 6: 1, heat excluinger
    (!ffoetivoness = 75�. maximum cycle t.ampe.mtue = 1000 K.
    The nmbionto.ir temperature a.nd pre1$urn tlrn t5GC o.nd 1.013 ba, aespcctively. Calculate:
    (il The net pc,wer output (ii) Specific fu.el con5umplion
    (iii) Thermnl efficiency of the cycle.
    Take the lower cnln:rific value or fuel n1> 43125 !tJ/kg and uaume no preAAUre-los.,; in heat exchanger nnd
    �:nnbu&Licm chun)bcr. fAnls· (i) 2019 kW : (ii) 0.4799 kg/kWh; (iii) 16. 711,)
    9. ln R ,ros turbine pl.ant air ot IOOC and l.01 bar UI compressed th:roogh a pl"e81'Ute n,tio of 4 : L In• he&L
    uxcluwgcr und combustion chnmbcr the air is hc.ut£1d to 7000C while it.a prnHuro drops 0.14 bar. After
    cxpar.&;oo lhrougb the turbine the air passes through a hee, exchanger which cool• lh• air lhrough 75'il>of
    maximum range po&aible. while the proaaurcdrops 0.14 bnr, and the air ia finally exhausted to atmosphere.
    The l&ent-n1pic efficiency ofthe compres&c>r is 0.80 and thaLorturbi.ne 0.85.
    Calculute the efficiency ofthe plan L i,-\ru. 22. 76%1
    LO. ln o marine gas turbine unit a higb·pre58UJ"e st:ige turbine drives 1.heoompressor. and a low-pressure sisge
    turbincdrivct1 the propeller through 11uitnblo gcaring. The overall pl"C8$uro ratio ia 4: l, Md tho maximum
    te.mpernturo is 65011C. The isenlJ'Opic efficie:nci«s ortha oompreSi,Or, H..P. turblna, and L.P. turbine arc0.8,
    0.8.1, ond 0.85 respectively. nod t.hc mechanical affici4'!ney ofboth than. i.t 98� Calcula� the pf'Ut\ll"e
    between turbine stuges when Lhe air intake conditioJ\ll, a-re l.01 bor and 26.,C. Calculate also t.be thermal
    efficiency and t.he .,;ha.I\ pm,,-er when the mao;s Row is 60 kg/&. Nealect kinetic energy changei,, and Pre56UJ'e
    louincombus1ion. � 1.57 bo.r: 14..!l'il>;4550 kW]
    ll, (n a gns turbine UJ'Utoomprising L.P. and H.P. oompre&&c>r·s. air is taken a.t 1.01 bar 27°C. Compreuion in
    L.P. llt&gc is upto 3.03 bar follov.'00 by intercooling to30°C. The pressure orair after H.P. ClOfflpl'ONOr i168.7
    be.r. l,.o,F;s i_n pressure during intercooli_ng is 0.13 bar. Air from H.P. compl"e!J(!Or is trami:fe:rred t.o heat
    m:e:ha�r Q( cfrocti"·cnC!8& 0.60 whan, it. it h04lcd by gasca &om LP. turbitl.O. Tho iempe.ratu.ro or�
    StJpplied. to H.P. turbine i..11oo�c. Thepse9ex.po.nd in H.P. turbine to3.25 bar tuid are t.hen reheated to
    700'C before etpanding in L.P. turbine. Tho Jou ofpresaure in reheat.er is 0.1 bar. l fitientropic efficiency
    ofcomprCMioo ln both 11,lttgcs i• 0.80 and iacntropic efficiency ofaxpnnsion in turbine ia 0.85, cnlculnte:
    (0 Overall effio;eocy(ii) Work ratio CiWM ... Row rat<> wben lhe gas power generated is 6500 kW. Neglect
    tho mas• ofruel.
    Take, Cor air; c11 = 1.005 kJ/kg K, 1= t,4
    for go
    .... : <N • 1.15 kJ/kg K, y • 1.3. v\n.. (i) 16. l 7\I,;(ii) 0.2215;Ciii) 69.38 !qr orair,__]
    l..n a gas turl>ino i.nsto.llotioo, air is taken in L.P. compl'Cleor at l5<iC J .J bar and aftc.r compl'Hlion it is
    pa.8800 through inteJ'OOOler where its temperot.ure is reduced to22�- The cooled air is furthercompre88ed
    in H..P. uniL and Lhe.n passed in the combustion chamber whe:re. it.a tempenH.ure is increased lo 677°C by
    l'llOPULSION

    burninlthe fu,1. 'rh<' oomhofllhm J)t"Oilu('II'\ 4'\. 1)111111 1r, f I I I l" 1 lmu1 wh1{'hnin11 Ih� t•JlmprNeOr and f'urthm,
    ..,.,...ion ill conlmu('i\ In 1ht' I. P huhm,• wh1d1 ru11H th,, 11 11,,rnutor 'l'h1• .::nN>M c;in11ng nut fro m L.P.
    turbine ntt u!lf'd for ht1\t u,� t h,1 111t·o11w11t tu, 1,,,111 11 I' , 11n1111 ,•10,1tr nrul t h,•u ••11hlm'ilt·rl ,,, ntn,J.-phere.
    Twna tht1 folio" '">t dntn 11!•'1•• IHIIH' l,) jlHWl'I' oul put 111 > KJ•1•c·1fil' fw,I l"l1U,OJm11tmn (u, I Th,nnel
    effici�n�y
    Pn.'.-MmT r;UH' 1,f ,•:\\'h l',•lHllf'Nl�,11· • 2, it&,1nt,·t1ph.. ,•ffit•11)1wy
    • ol 110,·lt 1•to1111tt1\10,m "t11v,, f.la'i. ill'l•nl rnp,c
    roffirH'nn ,,fN\(h h1thmc, til--:lAf' �r, , ,t•tr._-.,l1vene14l'.!')l lw11L,•x.1.:hongrr O ?fl, uir n,,-w Hi kg/Ft•-( n,1,,nfic
    r

    ,alu,• ,,ffu,•l �:,,10, 1 k.lllj!. ,·,<for g�•I = I kJ/k� K,e I for ,::n•> = J.15 k,J/kg K. ylft,r ""' I 4, 1H1,r 11'141
    •
    .1;1.q
    'Sr,:-h'<'t the ml\f'h:\u1c:tl , pre�sure and hcnt 1ossrs or tlw .systA:Jll and f-url mass nbo.
    [Ana. Ii) 1849.2 kW: lit) 0.241 kg/kWh Ju,> �J 17'..1 I
    IS. A hirl>-l-;OI engin.• ll;vmg nt 3 speed of960 km/h COIIBU.01"8 air nl lhc rot.c nf54.5 kw• (;nlcufall' , .. £x,t
    wl<'Clty nf JCl "hon the �nthalpy change for 1.henoztle i,; 200 kJ/kg and vr,locity co-efficient Is O�7.' 111 fw,I
    fl\\\\ ratt in kg/s whrn air.fuel ra! io i� 75 : 1 (iii) Thrust specific fue! consumption (iuJ Tbe.rmar f\fficaency
    �r th,• plnnl when tho combustion efficiency is 93/Jc and calorific value of the fuel ,a 45000 kJ/kg
    IL'' Propulsive power (r.,i\ Propulsive efficiency (viilO\!crnll effieiency.
    [Ane. (i) 618.5 mis; (ii) 0.7267 kg/s ; (iii) 4,3 x JO• kg/N of thr u,�·•
    (fol 25.44"/ ; (v) 8318 kW; /vi> 60.6�; 1u111 16 58"I
    14 .� nirbo1cth•• a speed of 750 km/h while tlymg nt an altitude of 10000 m. The propulsive efficiency of the
    jet is 50411.nd ovt"rall efficicticyoftheturbine p1o.ot is161t, The density<1f ai:r at 10000m uJlirude i!; 0.173 k#·m
    The drog oo tbe plani i• 6250 N. Tho e1tlorinc vamo of Lhe fuel is 48000 kJ/kg. Calculate: II, Absolute
    velocit)· of lbejet( ;;) Volume or rur compn�i:t.��d per minut.e {iii) Diarr:icter c.1f Lh0Jet trvI Power output of the
    uni\ t0 kW <el Air.fuel r3tit1. {Ans. (il417.3 m/t:< ;tiil5UM m:1 1min ;(ii;)415 mm; (it')2f;OOkW' ;lt•l46.01}

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