Bandwidth

Abdulrahman.M.Ali
May 2022

1 Aim
measure the bandwidth and claiming that the bandwidth is the range at
which the gain remains constant at a value greater than or equaL to 0.7 of
the maximaum gain

2 introduction
before we get into the main idea of this report we should know what the
operational amplifier is,Op amp is basically a multistage amplifier in which
a number of amplifier stages are interconnected to each other in a very com-
plicated manner.
Its internal circuit consists of many transistors,FETs and resistors, All this
occupies a very little space.
Op Amp is used to denote an amplifier which can be configured to perform
various operations like amplification, subtraction, differentiation, addition
and integration
Two input terminals form the differential input. We call the terminal, marked
with negative (-) sign as the inverting terminal and the terminal marked with
positive (+) sign as the non-inverting terminal of the operational amplifier.
If we apply an input signal at the inverting terminal (-) than the amplified
output signal is 180o out of phase concerning the applied input signal. If
we apply an input signal to the non-inverting terminal (+) then the output
signal obtained will be in phase, i.e. it will have no phase shift concerning
the input signal this is shown in the following figure
(Op-Amp) 741: One of the most popular operating amplifiers is available in

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 Figure 1: operational amplifier 741 internal circuit

Figure 2: operational amplifier

the form of a slide as shown in Figure(3)

terminal number 1: setting the output at zero.
terminal number 2: inverting input entrance..
terminal number 3: non-inverting input entrance.
terminal number 4:the negative voltage source.
terminal number 5: setting the output at zero.
terminal number 6: the output from which the amplified signal is taken.
terminal number 7: the positive voltage source.

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 Figure 3: 741 op amp configuration

terminal number 8: not connected.

3 theory
Op-amps are dc amplifiers (no capacitive coupling between stages), and there-
fore, there is no lower critical frequency. This means that the midrange gain
extends down to zero frequency (dc), and dc voltages are amplified the same
as midrange signal frequencies. An open-loop response curve (Bode plot)
for a certain op-amp is shown in Figure4 Most op-amp datasheets show this
type of curve or specify the midrange open-loop gain. Notice that the curve
rolls off (decreases) at per decade per octave). The midrange gain is 200,000,
which is 106 dB, and the critical (cutoff) frequency is 10 Hz
3 dB Open-Loop Bandwidth:the bandwidth of an ac amplifieris the frequency
range between the points where the gain is 3 dB less than the midrange gain.
In general, the bandwidth equals the upper critical frequency ( fcu) minus
the lower critical frequency ( fcl).
BW = fcu − f cl (1)
Since fcl for an op-amp is zero, the bandwidth is simply equal to the upper
critical frequency
BW = fcu (2)
From now on, we will refer to f(cu) as simply f(c); and we will use open-loop
(ol) or closed loop (cl) subscript designators, for example, fc(ol)

3
 Figure 4: Ideal plot of open-loop voltage gain

Unity-Gain Bandwidth Notice in Figure 1that the gain steadily decreases to

a point where it is equal to unity (1 or 0 dB). The value of the frequency at
which this unity gain occurs is the unity-gain frequency designated fT. fT is
also called the unity-gain bandwidth

4 components
1)741- op-amp
2)Dc power supply
3) oscilloscope(CRO)
4)Generator
5) 1 kohm resistor
6)10 Kohm resistor

5 steps
1)make the circuit as in figure 5
2) connect 7 to +10 volt
3) connect 4 to - 10 volt

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 Figure 5: bandwidth circuit

4) input a 1KHZ and 1 volt signal

5) from oscilloscope determine the input and the output voltage and record
results
6) change the frequency as in the table and record the input and the output
freaquently
7) calculate the amplifying by the dividing the input and the output
8) plot the amplifications value on the vertical axis and the frequency on the
horizontal axis
9) measure the band width from the plot

6 results

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