GESCIE+: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | LECTURE

MODULE 2 | CHAPTER 8: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

2nd SEMESTER | S.Y. 2021-2022 TRANSCRIBED BY: ILAGAN
LECTURER: MRS. VIRSELY NAVARRO

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
➢ Nicolaus Copernicus
th th
➢ 15 – 17 Century • A canon at Frombork Cathedral in
➢ The period of enlightenment when the Polland who has great interest in
developments in the fields of mathematics, Astronomy.
physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry • He believed that “the sun is the
transformed the views of society about center of the universe” (Heliocentric
nature. Model)
➢ It is marked the birth of modern science ▪ Orbits of Venus and
as a discipline. Mercury lay inside the orbit
➢ It is the golden age for people committed of the earth, closer to the
to scholarly life in science. sun.
➢ The ideas generated during this period ▪ Orbits of Mars, Saturn and
enabled the people to rethink, reflect, Jupiter lay outside the
reexamine their belief and their way of life. earth’s
➢ This led to the creation of new research • In 1510, he circulated the copy of
fields and prompted the establishment of his manuscript called
a strong foundation for modern science. “Commentariolus”
➢ This improved the conduct of scientific • The publication of his book “De
investigations, experiments and Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
observations. (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres)” is cited as the
heart of Scientific revolution.
➢ Charles Darwin
• Changed the concept of world’s
creation and its evolution
• He joined the 5-year voyage
through HMS Beagle on the
Galapagos Island.
• He published the book “The Origin
➢ Claudius Ptolemaus of Species” which is one of the
• Proposes the “Geocentric model” important works in scientific
• Proposed that the heavenly bodies literature.
revolved in perfect circles around ▪ It presented how species
the Earth. evolved over time and
presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate
species.
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➢ Sigmund Freud • First civilization to use a writing
• He was known for his method of system – Mayan Hieroglyphics
Psychoanalysis. • Created number system based on
▪ A scientific method to study numeral 20.
the human mind and ➢ Inca Civilization
neurotic illness. • Stone buildings and roads paved
with stones
▪ He focused on human
• Irrigation system and water storage
sexuality and evil nature of
system
man,
• Calendar with 12 months to mark
• He believed people could be cured
their religious festivals and prepare
by making conscious their them for planting seasons.
unconscious thoughts and • First suspension bridge
motivations, thus gaining insight. • Quipu, system of knotted ropes
• The aim of psychoanalysis is to • Textiles
release repressed emotions and ➢ Aztec Civilization
experiences. • Mandatory education
➢ Science can purify religion from error and • Developed chocolates from cacao;
superstition; religion can purify science value cacao highly and made it as a
from idolatry and false absolutes. Each can part of their tribute to gods
draw the other into a wider world, a world • Antispamodic medication
in which both can flourish.” – Pope John • Chinampa (technology for
agricultural farming; land is divided
Paul II
into rectangular areas surrounded
➢ One of the greatest tragedies of our time is
by canals)
this impression that has been created that
• Aztec calendar
science and religion have to be at war”. –
• Invention of canoe (narrow boat
Francis Collins
used for travelling in water system)
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIAN CIVILIZATION
MESOAMERICA
➢ Indian Civilization
➢ Maya Civilization
• Known for manufacturing iron and
• Known for astronomy
steel
• They incorporated their
• Ayurveda (system of traditional
understanding of astronomy into
medicine)
their temples and religious
• Susruta Samhita ancient text
structures.
describing different surgical
• Pyramid of Chichen Itza is situated
procedures
at the location of the sun during • Developed theories on the
equinoxes. configuration of the universe
• Predict eclipses and used • Mohenjodaro (a ruler to
astrological cycles in planting. standardize measurement)
• Measure time using complicated • Explained the use of zero and the
calendar system Hindu-Arabic numeral system.
• Used mica to devise glittery paint
• One of the first people to produce
rubber products
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➢ China
• Known for traditional medicines
and medical practices such as
acupuncture.
• Developed compass, paper making,
gunpowder, printing tools, iron
plow, wheelbarrow, propellers
• Invented the first seismological
detector
• Made significant record on
supernovas, eclipses
➢ Middle East
• Muslims placed greater value on
science experiments
• Ibn al-Haytham (Father of Optics;
established an empirical proof of
the intromission theory of light)
• Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi
(Gave the name algorithm and
algebra)
• Ibn Sina (pioneered science of
experimental medicine and
conducted the first clinical trials)
➢ Africa
• Early science activities were
developed to improve the quality of
life especially in building the quality
of life especially in building homes
and dams
• Development of geometry was a
product of necessity to preserve the
layout and ownership of farmlands
along Nile River
• Center of Alchemy (medieval
forerunner of chemistry.

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 GESCIE+: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | LECTURE
MODULE 2 | CHAPTER 9: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2nd SEMESTER | S.Y. 2021-2022

LECTURER: MRS. VIRSELY NAVARRO

DEFINITION ➢ Industrial revolution specifically emerged

➢ The Industrial Revolution was a period from
the 18th to the 19th century where major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transport, and technology had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and
cultural conditions.
➢ The industrial revolution took place in
Britain, then subsequently spreading
throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world. The Industrial
Revolution marks a major turning point in
human history in almost every aspect of
human life.
➢ Industrial revolution can also be described
in the words of Nobel Prize winning Robert
E. Lucas, Jr. as he states,
“For the first time in history, the living
standards of the masses of ordinary people
have begun to undergo sustained growth.
Nothing remotely like this economic
behavior has happened before.”
from Britain because it had natural
resources like coal, iron ore and developed
farmlands. It also had a stable population
growth due to the boosting agricultural
system.
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
➢ Collectively there were many major factors
that contributed to Industrial Revolution.
The urge to increase the quality of human
like, to make technological advancement
led to the causes of industrial revolution.
But there are three most important causes
of industrial revolution were
• Dependency on technology
• Impact of education
• Protestant Reformation

WHY DID INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

START?
➢ Before Industrial revolution manufacturing
took place in homes or rural areas it was
done by hand. Some products made in
home (including clothing, furniture, tools,
cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware,
and weapons) were even exchanged for
food. But people lived in fear that the crops
they grew might fail, as many of them
already suffered from malnutrition. In
addition, diseases and other epidemics
were unfortunately common. Hence
machines were introduced to enhance the
effective production.

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 INVENTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
➢ Steam Engines
• Steam power was fueled by coal,
utilization of water wheels and
powered machinery.
• Development of all-metal machine
o Robert Fulton’s Steamboat
tools in the first two decades of the
▪ Fulton’s steamboat was the
19th century facilitated the
first to become a practical,
manufacture of production.
• Effects spread throughout Western financial, and commercially
Europe and North America during successful steamboat.
the 19th century, affecting most of Fulton’s steamboat was
the world, a process that continues names as “Clermont”.
as industrialization. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
o James Watt Steam Engine
➢ Agricultural Revolution began in the early
▪ Factory owners needed a
1700s with an Englishman. Crop yields per
way to efficiently and
acre were increased by new knowledge
cheaply produce the energy
about what techniques would allow plants
needed to power industry,
to grow and new agricultural techniques.
James Watt had the answer.
➢ Fertilizers, minerals and soil content were
A more cost-effective
all factors that started to be taken into
engine was required to
account. New tools, and processes were
make its use widespread.
developed. New plows, rakes, and other
implements began to be used.
o Jethro Tull
▪ Jethro Tull invented a Seed
Drill which could be pulled
behind a horse. A seed drill
sowed seeds that exactly
positions the seed in the soil
and then covers them. It
o Stephenson’s locomotive
would sow seed in uniform
▪ The locomotive named
rows repeatedly instead of
“Butcher” that dragged 30
the wasteful method of
tons of materials till four
scattering seeds by hand.
miles. This successful
presentation marked the
first steam locomotive
journey made on railroad
that was specifically created
for train use.

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 o Lord Townshend o Eli Whintey’s Cotton gin
▪ Townshend discovered-or ▪ Cotton gin made cotton
merely popularized, that if processing less labor-
crops were grown in intensive, it helped planters
rotation, the land could be earn greater profits,
kept in production with no prompting them to grow
loss of fertility. Townshend’s larger crops, which in turn
method became known as required more people.
the Norfolk Crop Rotation
system.

o The Spinning Jenny

▪ James Hagreave’s “Spinning
Jenny”, revolutionized the
o Robert Bakewell
process of cotton spinning.
▪ Bakewell’s great innovation
The machine used eight
random breeding called “in-
spindles onto which the
an-in”, resulting in many
thread was spun, so by
different breeds with their
turning a single wheel, the
own unique, but random
operator could now spin
characteristics. This
eight threads at once.
breeding included both
plants and animals.

TEXTILE SECTOR o John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

▪ John Kay in 1733, formed
➢ The textile industry significantly grew the “Flying Shuttle”. The
during the Industrial Revolution. flying shuttle also allowed
Advancement was made in use of the thread to be woven at a
machinery which was cheaper the products faster rate, thus enabling
made by hand (which took a long time to the process of weaving to
create), therefore allowing the cloth to be become faster.
cheaper to the consumer.
➢ In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first
American textile factory.

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 TRANSPORT SECTOR
➢ The growth of the Industrial Revolution
depended on the ability to transport raw
materials and finished goods over long
distances.
➢ There were three main types of
transportation that increased during the
Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads,
and railroads.
➢ Transportation was important because
people were starting to live in the West.
During this time period, transportation via
water was the cheapest way to move heavy
products.
o Stephenson’s Rocket
▪ The Rocket was designed
and built by George
Stephenson with the help of
his son, Robert, and Henry
Booth. The Rocket reached
speed of 24 mph during the
20 laps of the course. The
Rocket can be seen at the
Science Museum, in
London.
o The Wright Brothers
▪ Wright Brothers were
successful in flying the first
plane. The plane flew for 59
seconds, at 852 feet, an
ordinary achievement.
o Henry Ford
▪ He invented the assembly
line at his automobile
company. The assembly line
reduced production time.
More cars were made
available for a lower cost,
making the cars more
common.
MEDICINE SECTOR
➢ There are many medical advances that
occurred during the Industrial Revolution.
➢ Some of these advancements included
small pox vaccination, discovery of
anesthetic, discovery of X-ray. Invention of
aspirin and blood transfusion.
➢ Louis Pasteur Germ Theory
• Louis Pasteur’s main contributions
to microbiology and medicine were:
▪ Instituting changes in
hospital/medical practices
to minimize the spread of
the disease by microbes or
germs.
▪ Discovering that weak forms
of disease could be used as
immunization against
stronger forms and that
rabies was transmitted by
viruses too small to be seen
under the microscopes of
the time.
▪ Introducing the medical
world to the concept of
viruses.
• Louis Pasteur proved (by using a
swan-necked flask) that germs
caused disease. Before he made this
discovery, doctors had noticed
bacteria, but they believed it was
the disease that caused the bacteria
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 (the so-called theory of
“spontaneous generation”) rather
than the other wat round.
• This changed the treatment of
disease forever.
o Edward Jenner
▪ He confronted small pox. He
performed an experiment
by deliberately infecting a
young boy with the dose of
cow pox. His experiment
wouldn’t be approved by
ethics committees today,
but Jenner’s discovery of
immunization has saved
more lives than perhaps any
other single discovery in
medical science.
COMMUNICATION SECTOR
➢ Not only did the transport or medial sector
evolve during the period of Industrial
Revolution but also improvements were
made in communication.
➢ Example – In 1700 it took four days to
contact from London to Manchester, but in
1880 it took four hours. By 1902, the whole
British Empire was linked together by a
network of telegraph “All Red Line”.
➢ New inventions were introduced by Samuel
F.B. and Alexander Graham Bell.
o Samuel F.B. Telegraph
▪ Samuel F.B. Morse’s
telegraph was patented in
1837. This telegraph cables
reached from London to
Australia; messages could
be flashed halfway around
the globe in a matter of
minutes, speeding
commercial transactions.
o Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
▪ The telephone and other
innovations like the
microphone were
reportedly developed by
Alexander Graham Bell in
part to assist people with
hearing loss.
IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
➢ Industrial Revolution consisted of both
positive and negative aspects that
impacted Great Britain, its economy, and its
people.
➢ Positively, inventions such as the steam
engine, pushed Britain and other nations
towards manufacturing and engineering
prowess. Britain was by far the wealthiest
nation, as it began producing more
efficiently. This led to set new standards to
form an industrial economy.
➢ However, with Industrial Revolution, came
many negative impacts too.
POSITIVE OUTCOME/EFFECTS
➢ Infrastructure
➢ Modern inventions
➢ Class structure
➢ Erosion of gender inequality
➢ Improvement in Education system
NEGATIVE IMPACT
➢ Work conditions
➢ Child labor
➢ Rural-Urban migration
➢ Increase in Population
➢ Pollution
• The smog in 1873 killed over 700
people in London. However, the
largest air pollution disaster in
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 Britain was the Great London Smog ➢ One such example of Industrial revolution
of December 1952 which killed is the social media or Internet. The Internet
approximately 4,000 people. is bringing a revolution along with it.

o Child labor during Industrial

Revolution
▪ In coal mines children had
to crawl through narrow
underground passages as
low as 16 to 18 inches in
height.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TODAY

➢ Even in today’s time we’re experiencing
Industrial Revolution. Weather its war
machines, modern medicine or
infrastructure, the effect of Industrial
Revolution can be greatly seen. Every
technological advancement made is a sign
of Industrial Revolution

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 GESCIE+: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY | LECTURE
MODULE 3 | CHAPTER 10: GLOBAL ISSUE: CLIMATE CHANGE
2nd SEMESTER | S.Y. 2021-2022
LECTURER: MRS. VIRSELY NAVARRO

CLIMATE CHANGE VS. GLOBAL THE NATURAL GREENHOUSE GASES

WARMING AND THEIR SOURCES
➢ Climate Change ➢ Water (in the form of vapor) – from all the
• Refers to the change in the state of bodies of water, plants (via transpiration),
the climate that can be identified and animals (via perspiration and direct
(e.g. using statistical tests) by evaporation)
changes in the mean and/or the ➢ Carbon Dioxide – natural decay of organic
variability of its properties, and the matter, bodies of water, natural disasters
persists for an extended period, (volcanic eruptions, forest fires)
typically decades or longer (IPCC, ➢ Methane – evaporation form wetlands and
2013) oceans
• Much broader in Scope ➢ Nitrous Oxide – oceanic and soil
• Is a broader term that refers long- evaporation
term changes in climate, including ➢ Ozone – from the reconstitution of broken
average temperature and down molecular in the atmosphere.
precipitation. ➢ Chlorofluorocarbons – waste gas from
➢ Global Warming refrigerators, aerosols and air conditioning
• The overall increase in earth’s units.
temperature due to heat-trapping ➢ Methane – byproduct of the decay of
gases (AAA Global Climate Change agricultural, industrial and suburban waste.
Task Force, 2014) ➢ Nitrous Oxide – released from tilling of
➢ The shift in climate in the last 50 years of agricultural soil and burning of fossil fuels.
mankind’s existence
➢ The build-up of greenhouse gases causes
heat from the sun to accumulate in the
atmosphere, causing an increase in surface
temperature (Global Warming)
➢ This increase, then, leads to a progressive
shift in climate that disrupts the natural
order, causing more violent weather
patterns and erratic seasonal turnover
cycles (Climate Change)
➢ A layer of greenhouse gases- primarily
water vapor, and including much smaller
amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide – acts as a thermal blanket for
the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the
surface to a life-supporting average of 59
degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius)

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TEN EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE AS
DEFINED BY THE IPCC
CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL
➢ Sea level rise is caused primarily by two
factors related to global warming:
• The added water from melting ice
sheets
• The expansion of seawater as it
warms
➢ Arctic sea ice minimum – the day in a given
year when Arctic ice sea reaches its smallest
extent.
➢ September Arctic Sea ice is now declining
at a rate of 13.2 percent per decade, relative
to the 1981 to 2010 average.
➢ Satellite data reveal how the new record
low Arctic Sea ice extent, from Sept. 16,
2012, compared to the average minimum
extent over the past 30 years.
CARBON DIOXIDE
➢ Carbon dioxide is a very good heat-
trapping molecule.
➢ From 2005 up to present, there is an
increasing trend in the concentration of
atmosphere CO2
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
➢ Studies show that natural contributors to
climate change have little participation in
the current climate warming trends
• Volcanic emissions
• Changes in the reflectivity of the
Earth’s surface
• Ocean currents
• Variations in sun’s energy reaching
earth
• Impacts by large meteors
• Human activities (There is more
than 95 percent probability that
warming of the planet over the past
50 years s largely related to human
activities. – Climate Change 2014:
Synthesis Report, IPCC)
▪ Deforestation
▪ Increasing industrial activity
▪ Waste management
practices
▪ Intensive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides.
▪ Vehicle emission.
WHAT’S DRIVING CLIMATE CHANGE?
➢ Four of the most important drivers of
climate change:
• Consumption
• Land Use
• Energy
• Population
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
➢ In the Philippines, there are already trends
of increasing number of hot days and warm
nights but decreasing number of cold days
and cool nights. Both maximum and
minimum temperatures are generally
getting warmer.
➢ Increased number and intensity of
typhoons
➢ Agriculture and food security
• Added heat stress, shifting
monsoons, drier soils and water
shortages as a result of higher
temperatures will affect livestock
and crop production patterns with
expanded range of weeds, insects
and disease which may reduce
global food supplies and contribute
to higher food prices.
➢ Health
• Increase in health problems and
deaths due to greater frequency
and severity of heat waves and
other extreme weather events.
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 • Will largely affect those suffering
from respiratory and cardiovascular
disorders as they have lesser coping
capacity.
• Potential impacts on health due to
sea level rise
▪ Death and injury due to the
flooding
▪ Reduced availability of
freshwater due to saltwater
intrusion.
➢ Forests and Wildlife
• Species migration; shift in feeding
point and disruption in flight
patterns for migratory birds.
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN THE ARMS
• Extinction of some plants and
animals.
• Portage Glacier
• Melting Ice Caps
ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE:
MITIGATION
➢ Mitigation refers to an anthropogenic
intervention to reduce the sources or
enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases
(IPCC, 2001)
• Reducing fossil fuel use
• Promoting the use of renewable
energy resources like geothermal
energy, wind, and solar energy
• Reducing deforestation
• Using more sustainable agriculture
and forestry
• Putting a price on greenhouse gas
emissions
• Slowing population growth
• Focusing research and
development on innovations that
lower the cost of clean energy
alternatives
➢ Adaptation refers to an adjustment in
natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2001)
• Using scarce water resources more
efficiently
• Developing drought – tolerant
crops
• Choosing tree species and forestry
practices that are less vulnerable to
storms and fires
• Community – based disaster risk
reduction
• Seasonal climate forecasting
• Rainwater harvesting
• Capacity building for shoreline
defense system design.
➢ Man has not yet woven the web of life he is
merely a part of it whatever he does to the
web he does it to himself! – Chief Seattle
RACE AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
➢ Kyoto Protocol of 1997
• Formed by the 19th UN Conference
of Parties in December 11, 1997 in
Kyoto, Japan.
• Agreement that all signing nations
must reduce their carbon emissions
by 5.2%
• What happened after?
▪ Agreement did not come to
fruition until February 2005,
when it was finally ratified
by 55 countries.
➢ The Paris Agreement of 2016
• Attended by 55 parties in 21st
conference of Parties convened by
UNFCCC October 4, 2016
• Currently ratified by 144 signing
parties
• Goal: Amendment to the Kyoto
Protocol of 1997
• Agreement that greenhouse gas
emissions would just be enough to
limit temperature rise to below the
threshold of 1.5 Celsius
WHAT CAN WE REALLY DO?
➢ Drive less
➢ Replace all the light bulbs
➢ Choose energy – efficient appliances
➢ Decrease your air travel
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➢ Cut down on your garbage
➢ Unplug electronics when they are not in use
➢ Plant a tree
➢ Buy recycled paper products and recycle as
much of your waste as possible and use
paper bags when shopping.
➢ Use nontoxic cleaning products
➢ Keep your car tune up, and check tire
pressure often to save gas
➢ Spread the word.

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