HFZBQFC
HF ZBQFC Z@CIFGPHPFC
Z@CIFGPHPFC

M@APYP
M@A PYPGFC
GFC IF^FQ
IF^F Q KFCP^OF
KFCP^OF (MIK)
(M IK)
M@APYP
M@A PYPGFC
GFC OCY@EQ
OCY@EQOYF^
OYF^ MPHOY
M PHOY

Yuefs
Yuefs Ociovoiu
^tfs` M`p`rfwftfc Ifsfr Zrbd`so

Iosusuc Bh`g <

KFQOF CFCIF MP^PKF

Z1511::16>64

ZBHOY@MCOM M@^@GFYFC M@K@CM@^ ^PQFMFQYF

ZQBEQFK
ZQBEQFK ^YPIO ZQBD
ZQBD@^O
@^O C@
C@Q^
Q^ LPQP^
LPQP^FC
FC M@Z@QFUF
M@Z@QFUFYFC
YFC

YFGPC 1:16

 
 

 F. Mb
Mbcs
cs `p Efc ee ufc M`a
M`aut
ut ug fc Ifs fr
6. I`docoso
^fhfg sftu m`autugfc yfce pfhoce ifsfr ifro kfcusof fifhfg
k`kp`rtfgfcmfc muhot ifhfk mbcioso utug, s`gft ifc h`kafa. Muhot

utug fifhfg afrosfc p`rtfkf p`rtfgfcfc tuaug t`rgfifp ocvfso

komrbbrefcosk`. Fpfaohf muhot t`rlfef m`utugfc, m`a`rsogfc ifc
m`s`gftfccyf kfmf tuaug fmfc t`rhociuce ifro ocd`mso. Fpfaohf
s`s`brfce k`cefhfko sfmot ifc gfrus iorfwft ifhfk wfmtu t`rt`ctu
kfmf muhot a`r`somb t`rlfio efceeufc (Gfrcfctb & Qfgfyu, 1:64).
Humf k`rupfmfc suftu m`fiffc t`rputuscyf mbctocuotfs
 lfrocefc tuaug, yfce ifpft k`cy`afamfc t`refceeucyf duceso
tuaug s`goceef ifpft k`ceefceeu fmtovotfs s`gfro-gfro. Humf luef
s`afefo sfhfg sftu lfhfc kfsumcyf mukfc komrbbrefcosk` ifhfk
tuaug. ^fhfg sftu afeofc sost`k tuaug yfce a`rguaucefc hfcesuce

i`cefc humf fifhfg muhot yfce k`rupfmfc afeofc tuaug pfhoce hufr
yfce a`reucf k`hociuceo trfukf ifro hufr s`rtf k`hociuceo ioro ifro
kfsumcyf a`cif fsoce, fpfaohf m`fiffc muhot t`rs`aut t`rm`cf
trfukf kfmf ifpft k`cy`afamfc humf (Goifyft & Phoyfg, 1:60).
1. @tobhbeo
K`curut Goifyft ifc Phoyfg (1:60) a`rifsfrmfc
p`cy`afacyf, humf ioafefo k`clfio iuf yfotu <
f. Humf K`mfcom yfotu t`rioro ftfs <
6) Tuhcus snoss
snossuk
uk ftfu humf sfyft fmoaft a`ci
a`cif
f tflfk. Zoceeo
Zoceeorr
humf m`hogftfc rfpo.

1) Tuhcus nbctusuk, humf k`kfr iomfr`c

iomfr`cfmfc
fmfc n`i`rf pfif
 lfrocefc afwfg muhot fmoaft a`cturfc a`cif tukp
tukpuh.
uh.
>) Tuhcus mfn`rftuk, humf rb
rba`m
a`m fmoaft t`rm`cf k`soc f
ftfu
tfu
a`cif hfoccyf yfce k`cy`afamfc rba`mcyf lfrocefc rusfm
yfce ifhfk.
9) Tuhcus pucntuk, humf tusum yfce m`noh io afeofc hufr
(afeofc kuhut humf), fmfc t`tfpo a`sfr io afeofc ifhfkcyf.
0) Tuhcus s`hbd`rfiu
s`hbd`rfiuk,
k, humf t`kafm fmoaft t`kafmf
t`kafmfc
c p`huru.
Afeofc t`po humf tfkpfm m`gotfk-gotfkfc.
4) Tuhcus kbrnuk, humf eoeotfc yfce toifm l`hf
l`hfs
s a`ctumcyf

pfif afeofc humf.

6
 

5) Tuhcus farfsob
farfsobc,
c, humf t`rmomos yfce t`rlfio pf
pfif
if afeofc hum
humf
f
ifc toifm sfkpfo m` p`kauhug ifrfg.
a. Humf cbck`mfcom t`ri
t`rioro
oro ftfs humf fmoaft zft mokof, t`rkom,
rfiofso, ftfu s`ceftfc hostrom.

>. Zftgwfy

(Goifyft & Phoyfg, 1:60)

9. Kfcod`stfso mhocom
K`curut Goifyft ifc Phoyfg (1:60) a`a`rfpf kfsfhfg yfce
ifpft t`rlfio m`rusfmfc oct`erotfs muhot fifhfg <
f. Z`cifrfgfc, iotfcifo i`cefc fifcyf p`cifrfgfc ios`rtfo
p`ruafgfc tfcif votfh s`p`rto m`cfomfc i`cyut cfio, m`cfomfc
p`rcfpfsfc, p`curucfc t`mfcfc ifrfg, k`h`kfgcyf mbcioso

tuaug, m`gfusfc, s`rtf m`fiffc muhot yfce ioceoc ifc h`kafa.

1
 

a. Ocd`mso, t`rlfio aohf tt`rifpft

`rifpft tfcif-tfcif s`p`rto muhot
m`k`rfgfc, i`k`k ftfu pfcfs, rfsf cy`ro ifc tokauh a`cemfm,
 lfrocefc io s`motfr humf k`c`rfs, s`rtf fifcyf m`cfomfc
h`umbsot.

n. I`gosn`c`, k`rupfmfc p`nfgcyf humf s`afeofc ftfu

s`hurugcyf yfce ifpft iop`cefrugo bh`g a`rafefo dfmtbr,
s`p`rtom`e`kumfc, m`murfcefc
m`murfcefc cutroso, t`rlfio trfukf, ifc hfoc-
hfoc. ^`roce iotfcifo i`cefc m`cfomfc sugu tuaug ( i`kfk ),
tfmomfriof,ifc rfsf cy`ro pfif if`rfg humf.
i. @von`rftobc, yfotu k`c
k`cbclbhcyf
bclbhcyf brefc tuaug afeofc ifhfk m`
frfg hufr k`hfhuo humf. Gfh oco ifpft t`rlfio humf toifm s`e`rf
k`cyftu i`cefc afom ftfu fmoaft prbs`s p`cy`kaugfc yfce
hfkaft.
0. Z`cftfhfmsfcffc (k`ios ifc m`p`rfwftfc)

Zfif procsopcyf, humf fpf puc fmfc k`cefhfko prbs`s

p`cy`kaugfc yfce sfkf cfkuc p`cftfhfmsfcf
p`cftfhfmsfcffc
fc kfsoce-kfsoce
humf fmfc a`ra`if yfce a`refctuce pfif mbcioso humf, dfmtbr
p`cyuhot, ifc dfmtbr hocemucefc. Yulufc ifro p`cftfhfmsfcffc humf
fifhfg uctum m`s`kaugfc humf otu s`cioro i`cefc nfrf
k`kp`rtfgfcmfc humf pfif mbcioso h`kafp, k`cebctrbh m`lfiofc
ocd`mso, k`cefasbraso nforfc humf yfce a`rh`aogfc, k`kaufce
 lfrocefc kfto
k fto (suppbrt futbhysos i`aroi`k`ct), k`clfef humf t`tfp
st`roh, ifc nbst-`dd`ntov`. Z`cftfhfmsfcffc humf ifpft iohfmumfc
i`cefc k`kohog l`cos nforfc p`cnuno (wbuci nh`fcsoce) yfce t`pft

ifc k`ceeucfmfc afhutfc fctokomrbaf (wbuci ir`ssoce) yfce

s`sufo pfif sfft p`rfwftfc humf (Frosfcty, 1:69).
f. Z`cnunofc Humf (Ubuci Nh`fcsoce
Z`cnunofc humf fifhfg k`cnuno i`cefc k`ceeucfmfc
nforfc cbc-tbmsom t`rgfifp lfrocefc muhot/tuaug. K`cnuno ifpft
k`cocemftmfc prbs`s p`cy`kaugfc humf s`rtf k`cegocifro
m`kucemocfc t`rlfiocyf ocd`mso (Kfryucfco, 1:60). Kfnfk-
kfnfk nforfc/hfrutfc p`cnuno humf <
6) Nforfc cbrkfh s
sfhoc`
fhoc` ((CfNh
CfNh :
:,?%)
,?%)
Cbrkfh sfhoc` k`rupfmfc nforfc osbtbcos t`rgfifp

 lfrocefc tuaug mfr`cf nforfc oco s

s`sufo
`sufo dosobhbe
dosobhbeoscyf
oscyf i`ce
i`cefc
fc

>
 

nforfc tuaug, nforfc oco toifm tbmsom pfif lfrocefc erfcuhfso

io humf s`rtf toifm ifpft k`kaucug mukfc mfr`cf aumfc
nforfc fctos`ptom (Frosfcty, 1:69 ifc Kfryucfco, 1:60).
1) For m`rfc (tfp wft`r)

 For m`rfc (tfp wft`r) k`rupfmfc fht`rcftod nforfc

p`cnuno humf io hocemucefc rukfg. For m`rfc yfce ioeucfmfc
gfrus suifg t`rulo m`hfyfmfccyf ifc a`afs mukfc/afmt`ro.
Pctum k`clfkoc afgwf for t`rgocifr ifro afmt`ro-afmt`ro
yfce goiup io for, uctum k`cnuno humf luef ifpft
k`ceeucfmfc for yfce t`hfg iokfsfm/for kftfce
(Kfryucfco, 1:60).
>) Nforfc p`cnuno humf mbk`rsofh
Z`cnuno humf mbk`rsofh ifpft ioeucfmfc pfif humf-
humf yfce k`k`rhumfc p`cnunofc yfce h`aog fer`sod.

Z`cnuno humf mbk`rsofh k`cefciuce surdfn` fntov` fe`ct

(surdfntfct)/zft fmtod p`ka`rsog p`rkumffc yfce
k`kuifgmfc p`cefcemftfc/p`h`pfsfc mbctfkocfc humf.
Cfkuc afcyfm iom`tfguo lomf surdfntfct k`kohomo sodft
sotbtbmsosotfs pfif lfrocefc yfce s`gft. Nbctbg ifro nforfc
p`cnuno humf mbk`rsofh fifhfg pbvoibc`-obioc`,
nghbr`xoioc` ehunbcft` & n`trokoi` (sfvhbc), nghbroc` ftfu
sbiouk gypbnghbrot`, gyirbe`c p`rbxoi` (G1B1), fhmbgbh
5:%, r`vfcbh, ifc k`rnurbngrbk (Kfryucfco, 1:60).
a. Afhutfc Humf (Ubuci Ir`ssoce)

Yulufc utfkf k`kfsfce afhutfc humf fifhfg k`cnoptfmfc

hocemucefc yfce mbciusod t`rgfifp p`cy`kaugfc humf,
k`cy`rfp nforfc yfce iom`hufrmfc bh`g humf, k`cefcemft
 lfrocefc c`mrbtom ifc k`ceurfceo rosomb t`rlfiocyf mbctfkocfso
komrbbrefcosk`, k`cocemftmfc m`kfkpufc r`goirfso humf,
ifc sfrfcf p`cefcemut fctoaobtom m` s`hurug afeofc tuaug.
Y`rifpft iuf kfnfk afhutfc humf, yfotu prokfry ir`ssoce ifc
s`nbcifry ir`ssoce (Kfryucfco, 1:60).
6) Zrokfry ir`ssoce, afhutfc yfce ioh`tfmmfc s
s`nfrf
`nfrf hfcesuc
hfcesuce
e
io ftfs p`rkumffc humf. Kfnfk-kfnfk prokfry ir`ssoce

fctfrf hfoc<

9
 

f) Mfssf, t`rauft ifro t`cucfc mftuc. Ifpft ioeucfmfc

s`afefo prokfry ir`ssoce ftfu s`nbcifry ir`ssoce pfif
humf i`cefc ftfu tfcpf ocd`mso. K`rupfmfc fasbra`c
(p`cy`rfp `msuift) yfce numup muft.

a) Yuh` (tuhh`), ir`ssoce yf

yfce
ce a`ra`ctum h`kafrfc
h`kafrfc s`p`rto
mfsf i`cefc huafce-huafce yfce h`aog lfrfce t`tfpo
h`aog muft, toifm k`coceefhmfc s`rpogfc mfoc/a`cfce
pfif humf ifc a`ctumcyf r`hftod t`tfp (toifm s`p`rto
mfsf). ^`sufo uctum humf yfce iftfr ifc ifcemfh.
Mfciucefc yfce t`rifpft pfif tuh` fctfrf hfoc e`h,
vfs`hoc, pfrfdoc, fctos`ptom ftfu fctoaobtomf tbpomfh.
Nbctbg tuh`< Afntoerfs, Aobphfn`ctbc Yuhh`, ifc ^bdrf-
Yuhh` yfce k`cefciuce fctoaobtom drfkyn`toc suhdft` 6%.
n) Gyirbe`h (gyirbe`h ir`ssoce), suftu ll`cos
`cos t`rfpo tbpomf
tbpomfhh

yfce k`cefciuce for ifhfk lukhfg a`sfr ifc ifpft

k`ka`romfc `d`m k`cy`lummfc. Nbctbgcyf Octrfsot E`h
ifc IubI`rk E`h.
i) Goirbmbhoi (gyirbnbhhboi ir`ssoce), ir`ssoce oco
k`cefciuce sbiouk nfrabxyk`tgyhn`hhuhbs`. Yfgfc for
ifc okp`rk`fa`h t`rgfifp afmt`ro. Ifpft k`h`mft
s`cioro pfif p`rkumffc humf.
`) Fheocft (fheocft` ir`ssoce), ir`ssoce oco k`rupfmfc
i`rovft ifro efceefce hfut. Aohf ir`ssoce mbctfm i`cefc
`msuift humf, fmfc t`ra`ctum suftu e`h goirbdohom pfif

p`rkumffc humf fmoaft p`rtumfrfc fctfrf obc mfhsouk

ifhfk ir`ssoce i`cefc obc cftrouk ifhfk `msuift humf
yfce fmfc k`cnoptfmfc suftu hocemucefc yfce h`kafa
uctum humf yfce k`cy`afamfc r`-`pot`hosfso ifc
p`ka`ctumfc lfrocefc erfcuhfso h`aog bptokfh.
d) Dbfk ir`ssoce, k`rupfmfc dbfk pbhyur`tgfc` goirbdohom
yfce ifpft k`cy`rfp `msuift.
e) Dohk trfcspfrfc (trfcs
(trfcspfr`ct
pfr`ct dohk ir`ssoce), k`rupfmfc
suftu k`karfc pbhok`r s`kop`rk`fa`h yfce topos ifc
trfcspfrfc yfce iohfposo i`cefc suftu hfposfc p`r`mft

fmrohom yfce tfgfc for. Ir`ssoce oco ifpft

0
 

k`kp`rtfgfcmfc p`rtumfrfc uifrf ftfu bmsoe`c pfif

humf t`tfpo ifpft k`cn`efg kfsumcyf for, mbtbrfc ifc
afmt`ro m` ifhfk humf
1) ^`nbcifry ir`ssoce, afhutfc yfce toifm mbctfm s`nfrf

hfcesuce i`cefc humf t`tfpo ioh`tfmmfc io ftfs prokfry

ir`ssoce. Aofsfcyf ioeucfmfc uctum k`kdomsfso ftfu
k`hociuceo prokfry ir`ssoce. Nbctbgcyf fasbra`ct s`p`rto  
mfssf, mfssf fcto h`cem`t, pfiioce, ifc hfoc-hfoc
(Kfryucfco, 1:60).
4. Z`k`romsffc Z`cuclfce
Z`k`romsffc p`cuclfce yfce iohfmumfc k`curut Uolfyf ifc
Zutro (1:6>) fifhfg <
f. Z`k`romsffc vfsmuh`r
Y`s Tfsmuh`r cbcocvfsov`< p`ceumurfc bmsoe`c trfcsmutfc`us,

fcmh`aarfcmofh oci`x (FAO), fasbhut` tb` systbhon pr`ssur`. FAO<

t`mfcfc sostbom a`tos i`cefc t`mfcfc sostbhom h`cefc.
a. Z`k`romsffc rfiobhbeos< efs suamutfc, a`cif fsoce,
bst`bko`hotos.
n. Z`k`romsffc hfabrftbrouk yfce iohfmumfc fifhfg <
6) Z`k`romsffc ifrfg k`hoputo< EI^ 31:: ke/ih, e
euhf
uhf ifrfg
pufsf 3 61: ke/ih ifc 1 lfk pbst prfciofh 31::e/ih.
1) Z`k`romsffc ioifpftmfc fifcyf ehumbsf ifhfk uroc`.
Z`k`romsffc iohfmumfc i`cefc nfrf A`c`iont (r`iumso).
Gfsoh ifpft iohogft k`hfhuo p`ruafgfc wfrcf pfif uroc` <

golfu ( + ), mucoce ( ++ ), k`rfg ( +++ ) ifc k`rfg aftf (

++++ ).
>) Muhtur pus uctum k`ce`tfguo l`cos mukfc pfif humf ifc
k`ka`romfc fctoaobtom yfce s`sufo i`cefc l`cos mukfc.
5. Mbkphomfso
K`curut Aohbus ifc Ibc`hhy (1:69) t`rifpft mbkphomfso yfce
ifpft k`cokauhmfc efceeufc oct`erotfs muhot, yfotu<
f. C`urbpfto kbtbrom k`cy
k`cy`afamfc
`afamfc ftrbdo btbt, i`dbrkotfs mfmo,
mfmo,
p`ruafgfc aobk`mfcom, ifc r`iostroauso t`mfcfc pfif mfmo
yfce s`kufcyf ifpft k`cefrfg pfif uhmus.

4
 

a. C`urbpfto s
s`csbrom
`csbrom k`kp`cefrugo cy`ro ifc m`toifmcyfkfcfc,
yfce k`cuclfce m`frfg trfukf a`ruhfce pfif mfmo.
n. ^frfd btbcbk yfce rusfm k`cy`afamfc p`curucfc
p`ce`hufrfc m`roceft, s`goceef muhot k`clfio poctu kfsum

afmt`ro yfce fmgorcyf k`cy`afamfc ocd`mso.

A. Fsugfc M`p`rfwftfc
6. Z`cemflofc (Gfrcfctb & Qfgfyu, 1:64)
f. Fcfkc`sos
6) Aobiftf yfce k`hoputo cfkf, ukur, l`cos m`hf
m`hfkoc,
koc, p`m`rlffc,
fhfkft ifc hfoc-hfoc.
1) M`hugfc utfkf
>) Qowfyft m`s`gftfc yf
yfce
ce k`hoputo rowfyft p`cy
p`cyfmot
fmot ifguhu,
stftus m`s`gftfc m`hufref s`rtf stftus p`rm`kafcefc.

9) Fmtovotfs s`gfro-gfro
0) Qowfyft psombsbsofh
a. Z`k`romsffc humf
Z`rfwft ifpft k`hfmumfc p`k`romsffc humf i`cefc k`tbi`
ocsp`mso ifc pfhpfso uctum k`cifpftmfc iftf t`ctfce humf
yfce k`hoputo<
6) Z`rifrfgfc
1) Zrbs`s ocdhf
ocdhfkfso
kfso (m`k
(m`k`rfgfc
`rfgfc & p`ka`cemfmfc
p`ka`cemfmfc))
>) Zrbs`s erfcuhfso lfrocefc (yfotu k`curuccyf rr`fmso
`fmso
ocdhfkfso pfif sfft p`ka`mufc a`rmurfce)

9) Lfrocefc pfrut ftfu a`mfs hum

humf
f (snfr) fmoaft doarbahfs ifhfk
 lfrocefc erfcuhfso k`ce`hufrmfc mbhfe`c yfce
k`ka`ctumcyf s`rtf a`rmurfcecyf umurfc pfrut yfce
k`rupfmfc ociomfso t`ra`ctumcyf m`hboi.
0) A`cif fsoce ftfu afgfc1 p`cebctfkocfso p
pfif
fif humf, kosfh<
kosfh<
tfcfg, p`nfgfc mfnf ftfu a`cif fsoce hfoc.
4) Pmurfc, m`
m`ifhfkfc
ifhfkfc ifc hbmfso hum
humf.
f.
5) Irfocfs`, p`ka`cemfmfc, afu yfce murfce s`ifp ifc
hbmfso cy`ro pfif if`rfg humf.
1. Iofecbsf m`p`rfwftfc

f. Efceeufc oct`erotfs muhot

5
 

a. Qosomb Ocd`mso
n. Cy`ro fmut ftfu mrbcos
i. Efceeufc kbaohotfs dosom

>. Z`r`cnfcffc m`p`rfwftfc (^IMO, ^HMO, ^OMO)

f. Ef
Efceeu
ceeu fc oct `erot fs Muho t ((I.
I.:6
:6?1
?1))
Z`ce`rtofc <
A`rosomb k`cefhfko m`rusfmfc muhot (i`rkos ifc/ftfu `poi`rkos) ftfu lfrocefc
(k`karfc kumbsf, mbrc`f, dfsof, btbt, t`cibc, tuhfce, mfrtohfeb, mfpsuh s`cio
ifc/ftfu hoefk`c)
Yulufc ifc Mrot`ro f G
Gfsoh
fsoh
Oct`erot fs Muho t i fc Lfrocefc (H.69
(H.6961
610)
0)
Yulufc < ^`t`hfg iohfmumfc tocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc s`hfkf >x19 lfk t`rlfio
p`cocemftfc m`utugfc muhot (i`rkos ifc/ftfu `poi`rkos) ftfu lfrocefc
(k`karfc kumbsf, mbrc`f, dfsof, btbt, t`cibc, tuhfce, mfrtohfeb, mfpsuh
s`cio ifc/ftfu hoefk`c)
Mrot`rof Gfsoh <
K`curuc Numup ^`ifce Numup K`cocemft
K`curuc K`cocemft
@hfstosotfs 6 1 > 9 0
Goirfso 6 1 > 9 0
Z`rduso lfrocefc 6 1 > 9 0
K`cocemft Numup ^`ifce Numup K`curuc
K`cocemft K`curuc
M`rusfmfc lfrocefc 6 1 > 9 0
M`rusfmfc hfposfc muhot 6 1 > 9 0
Cy`ro 6 1 > 9 0

Z`cifrfgfc 6 1 > 9 0
M`k`rfgfc 6 1 > 9 0
G`kftbkf 6 1 > 9 0
Zoek`ctfso facbrkfh 6 1 > 9 0
Lfrocefc pfrut 6 1 > 9 0
C`mrbsos 6 1 > 9 0
K`kaurum Numup ^`ifce Numup K`kafom
K`kaurum K`kafom
^ugu Muhot 6 1 > 9 0
^`csfso 6 1 > 9 0
Y`mstur 6 1 > 9 0

Z`rtukaugfc rfkaut 6 1 > 9 0

7
 

Oct`rv`cso
Z`rfwftfc Humf ( O. 69049)
Bas`rvfso
•  Kbcotbr mfrfmt`rostom humf
•  Kbcotbr tfcif tfcif ocd`mso
 „

Y`rfp`utom
•  H`pfsmfc afhutfc ifc ph`st`r s`nfrf p`rhfgfc
•  Numur rfkau
rfkautt io s`motfr if`rfg humf, lomf p`rhu
•  A`rsogmfc i`cef
i`cefc c nforfc CFNH ftfu p`ka`rsog cb cbc
c tbmsom,s`su
tbmsom,s`sufo
fo m`autugfc
•  A`rsogmfc lfrocefc c`mrbtom
•  A`romf sfh`p yfce s s`sufo
`sufo io muhot /h`so, lomf p`rhu
•  Zfsfce afhutfc s`sufo l`cos humf
•  Z`rtfgfcmfc t`mcom s`t`roh sffft p`rfwftfc humf
•  Efcto afhutfc s`sufo llukhfg
ukhfg ``msuift
msuift ifc irfo irfocfs`
cfs`
@iumfso
•  L`hfsmfc tfcifc ifc e`lfhf ocd`mso
•  Fclurmfc k`cebcsukso kfmfc toceeo mfhouk ifc prbt`oc
•  Flfrmfc prbs`iur p`rfwftfc humf s`nfrf kfcioro
Mbhfabrfso
•  Mbhfabrfso prbs`iur i`aroi`k`ct(kos< `czokftom aobhbeos k`mfcos,futbhbtom), lomf
p`rhu
•  Mbhfabrfso p`ka`rofc fctoaobtom, lomf p`rhu
p`rhu  

Z`rfwftfc Oct`erotfs Muhot ( O.66>0>)

Bas`rvfso
•  Oi`ctodomfso p`cy`afa efceeufc oct`erotfs muhot
Y`rfp`utom
•  Pafg pbs
pbsoso
oso s`tofp 1 lf
lfk
k lomf torfg afroc
afroce
e
•  Hfmumfc p p`kolftfc
`kolftfc pfi
pfif f fr`f pp`cbclbhfc
`cbclbhfc tuhfce, lomf p`rhu
•  Eucfmfc prbium a`rafgfc p`trbhouk ftfu kocyfm pfif muhot m m`roce
`roce
•

  Eucfmfc prbi
prbium
um a`rafgfc rocefc/fhfko ifc gopbfh`reom pfi
pfif
f muhot s`
s`csotod
csotod
•  Gocifro prbium a`rafgfc ifsfr
ifsfr fhmbg
fhmbgbh
bh pfif muhot m`roce
@iumfso
•  Fclurmfc k`ceeucfmfc p`h`kafa (kos. Hbtobc, s`ruk)
•  Fclurmfc kocuk for yfce numup
•  Fclurmfc k`cocemftmfc fsupfc cutroso
•  Fclurmfc k`cocemft fsupfc aufg ifc sfyur
•  Fclurmfc k`cegocifro t`rpfpfr sugu `mtrok`
•  Fclurmfc k`ceeucfmfc tfaor suryf ^ZD kocokfh > >:
:ssfft
fft a`rfif iohufr rukfg

?
 

a. Qoso mb Ocd`ms o (I.

(I.:69
:691)
1)
Z`ce`rtofc <
A`rosomb k`cefhfko p`cocemftfc t`rs`rfce brefcosk` pftbe`com
Yulufc ifc Mrot`ro f G
Gfsoh
fsoh
Yocemft Ocd`mso (H.696>5)

Yulufc < ^`t`hfg iohfmumfc

p`curucfc i`rflfttocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc
ocd`mso a`rifsfrmfc s`hfkf >x19
bas`rvfso ftfu lfk t`rlfio
suka`r ocdbrkfso
Mrot`rof Gfsoh <

K`cocemft Numup ^`ifce Numup K`curuc

K`cocemft K`curuc
I`kfk 6 1 > 9 0

M`k`rfgfc 6 1 > 9 0
Cy`ro 6 1 > 9 0
A`cemfm 6 1 > 9 0
K`kaurum Numup ^`ifce Numup K`kafom
K`kaurum K`kafom

Mfifr s`h ifrfg putog 6 1 > 9 0

Oct`rv`cso
Z`cn`efgfc Ocd`ms
Ocd`msoo (O.
(O.690
690>?)
>?)
Bas`rvfso
•  Kbcotbr tfcif ifc e`e`lfhf
lfhf ocd`mso hbmfh if
ifc
c sost
sost`kom
`kom
Y`rfp`utom
•  A`romfc p`rfwftfc m muhot
uhot pfif fr`f `i`kf
•  Nuno tfcefc s`a`huk i ifc
fc s`suifg mbctfm i`ci`cefc
efc pfso`c ifc hocemuce
hocemucefc
fc pfso`c
•  Z`rtfgfcmfc t`mcom fs fs`ptom
`ptom pfif pfso`c a`rosomb toce
toceeo
eo
@iumfso
•  L`hfsmfc tfcif ifc e`lfhf ocd`mso
•  Flfrmfc nfrf k`k`romsf mbcioso humf
•  Fclurmfc k`cocemftmfc fsupfc cutroso
•  Fclurmfc k`cocemftmfc fsupfc nforfc
Mbhfabrfso
•  Mbhfabrfso p`ka`rofc okucosfso, lomf p`rhu

Z`rfwftfc Humf ( O. 69049)

Bas`rvfso
•  Kbcotbr mfrfmt`rostom humf
•  Kbcotbr tfcif tfcif ocd`mso
 „

Y`rfp`utom
  H`pfsmfc afhutfc ifc ph`st`r s`nfrf p
• p`rhfgfc
`rhfgfc
  Numur rfkau
• rfkautt io s`motfr if`rfg humf, lomf p`rhu
  A`rsogmfc i`cef
• i`cefc c nforfc CFNH ftfu p`ka`rsog cb cbc
c tbmsom,s`su
tbmsom,s`sufo
fo m`autugfc
•
  A`rsogmfc lfrocefc c`mrbtom

6:
 

•  A`romf sfh`p yfce s

s`sufo
`sufo io muhot /h`so, lomf p`rhu
•  Zfsfce afhutfc s`sufo l`cos humf
•  Z`rtfgfcmfc t`mcom s`t`roh sffft p`rfwftfc humf
•  Efcto afhutfc s`sufo lukhfg `msuift ifc irfo irfocfs`
cfs`
@iumfso
•
  L`hfsmfc tfcif ifc e`lfhf ocd`mso
•  Fclurmfc k`cebcsukso kfmfc toceeo mfhouk ifc prbt`oc
•  Flfrmfc prbs`iur p`rfwftfc humf s`nfrf kfcioro
Mbhfabrfso
•  Mbhfabrfso prbs`iur i`aroi`k`ct(kos< `czokftom aobhbeos k`mfcos,futbhbtom), lomf
p`rhu
•  Mbhfabrfso p`ka`rofc fctoaobtom, lomf p`rhu
p`rhu  

n. Cy`ro ffmut
mut (I
(I.::
.::55)
55)
Z`ce`rtofc <
Z`cefhfkfc s`csbrom ftfu `kbsobcfh yfce a`rmfotfc i`cefc m`rusfmfc lfrocefc
fmtufh ftfu ducesobcfh, i`cefc bcs`t k`cififm ftfu hfkaft ifc a`roct`csotfs
rocefc goceef a`rft yfce a`rhfcesuce murfce ifro > auhfc.
Yulufc ifc Mrot`ro f G
Gfsoh
fsoh

Yoce mft Cy`r

Yocemft Cy`roo (H.:7:4
(H.:7:44)
4)
Yulufc < ^`t`hfg iohfmumfc tocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc s`hfkf >x19 lfk t`rlfio
p`curucfc p`cefhfkfc s`csbrom ftfu `kbsobcfh yfce a`rmfotfc
i`cefc m`rusfmfc lfrocefc fmtufh ftfu ducesobcfh.
Mrot`rof Gfsoh <
K`cocemft Numup ^`ifce Numup K`curuc
K`cocemft K`curuc
M`hugfc cy`ro 6 1 > 9 0

K`roceos 6 1 > 9 0
^omfp prbt`mtod 6 1 > 9 0
E`hosfg 6 1 > 9 0
M`suhotfc Yoiur 6 1 > 9 0
K`kaurum Numup ^`ifce Numup K`kafom
K`kaurum K`kafom
Dr`mu`cso Cfio 6 1 > 9 0
Zbhf cfpfs 6 1 > 9 0
Y`mfcfc ifrfg 6 1 > 9 0

66
 

Oct`rv`cso
Kfcfl`k`c Cy`ro (O. :71>7)
Bas`rvfso
•  Oi`ctodomfso hbmfso, mfrfmt`rostom, iurfso, dr`mu`cso, mufhotfs, oct`csotfs cy`ro
•  Oi`ctodomfso smfhf cy`ro
•  Oi`ctodomfso r`spbc cy`ro cbc v`rafh
•
  Oi`ctodomfso dfmtbr yfce k`kp`ra`rft ifc k`kp`rocefc cy`ro
•  Oi`ctodomfso p`ce`tfgufc ifc m`yfmocfc t`ctfce cy`ro
•  Oi`ctodomfso p`cefrug auifyf t`rgfifp r`spbc cy`ro
•  Kbcotbr m`a`rgfsohfc t`rfpo mbkph`k`ct`r yfce suifg ioa`romfc
•  Kbcotbr `d`m sfkpoce p`ceeucffc fcfhe`tom
Y`rfp`utom
•  A`romfc t`mcom cbcdfrkfmbhbeos uctum k`ceurfceo rfsf cy`ro
•  Mbctrbh hocemucefc yfce k`kp`ra`rft rfsf cy`ro
•  Dfsohotfso ostorfgft ifc toiur
•  Z`rtokafcemfc l`cos i ifc
fc su
suka`r
ka`r cy`ro ifhfk p`kohogfc strft`eo k`r`ifmfc cy`ro
@iumfso
•  L`hfsmfc p`cy`afa, p`robi`, ifc p`konu cy`ro
•  L`hfsmfc strft`eo k`r`ifmfc cy`ro
•  Fclurmfc k`kbcotbr cy`ro s`nfrf kfcioro
•  Fclurmfc k`ceeucfmfc fcfhe`tom s`nfrf t`pft
•  Flfrmfc t`mcom cbcdfrkfmbhbeos uctum k`ceurfceo rfsf cy`ro
Mbhfabrfso
•  Mbhfabrfso p`ka`rofc fcfhe`tom, lomf p`rhu

Z`ka`rofc Fcfhe`tom (O.:719>)

Bas`rvfso
•  Oi`ctodomfso mfrfmt`rostom cy`ro
•  Oi`ctodomfso rowfyft fh`reo baft
•  Oi`ctodomfso m`s`sufofc l`cos fcfhe`som
•  Kbcotbr tfcif-tfcif votfh s`a`huk ifc s`suifg p`ka`rofc fcfhe`som
•
  Kbcotbr `d`mtodotfs fcfhe`som
Y`rfp`utom
•  Iosmusomfc l`cos fcfhe`s
fcfhe`som
om yfce iosumfo uctum k`cnfpfo fcfhe`sof bptokfh, lomf
p`rhu
•  Z`rtokafcemfc p`ceeucffc ocdus mbctocu, ftfu abhus bpoboi uctum
k`kp`rtfgfcmfc mfifr ifhfk s`ruk
•  Y`tfpmfc tfre`t `d`mtodotfs fcfhe`som uctum k`cebptokfhmfc r`spbc pfso`c
•  Ibmuk`ctfsomfc r`spbc t`rgfifp `d`m fcfhe`son ifc `d`m yfce toifm iooceocmfc
@iumfso
•  L`hfsmfc `d`m t`rfpo ifc `d`m sfkpoce baft
Mbhfabrfso
•  Mbhfabrfso p`ka`rofc ibsos ifc l`cos fcfhe`som, s`sufo ociomfso

61
 

i. Efceeu
Efceeufcfc Kbao
Kbaohoho tfs Doso m (I.
(I.::0
::09)
9)
Z`ce`rtofc <
M`t`raftfsfc ifhfk e`rfm dosom ifro sftu ftfu h`aog `mstr`kotfs s`nfrf kfcioro.

Yulufc ifc Mrot`ro f G

Gfsoh
fsoh

Kbaoho tfs Dosom (H.:

(H.:0:
0:91
91))

Yulufc < ^`t`hfg iohfmumfc tocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc s`hfkf >x19 lfk t`rlfio
p`cocemftfc m`kfkpufc ifhfk e`rfm dosom ifro sftu ftfu h`aog
`mtr`kotfs s`nfrf kfcioro
Mrot`rof Gfsoh <
K`curuc Numup ^`ifce Numup K`cocemft
K`curuc K`cocemft
Z`re`rfmfc `mstr`kotfs 6 1 > 9 0
M`muftfc Btbt 6 1 > 9 0
Q`ctfce E`rfm (QBK) 6 1 > 9 0
K`cocemft Numup ^`ifce Numup K`curuc
K`cocemft K`curuc
Cy`ro 6 1 > 9 0

M`n`kfsfc 6 1 > 9 0
E`rfmfc Y`raftfs 6 1 > 9 0
M`h`kfgfc dosom 6 1 > 9 0
Oct`rv`cso  
Oct`rv`cso
Iumucefc Fkauhfso (6.:4656)
Bas`rvfso
  Oi`ctodomfso fifcyf cy`ro ftfu m`hugfc dosom hfoccyf
•

  Oi`ctodomfso tbh`rfcso dosom k`hfmumfc fkauhfso

•

  Kbcotbr dr`mu`cso lfctuce ifc t`mfcfc ifrfg s`a`huk k`kuhfo fkauhfso

•

  Kbcotbr mbcioso ukuk s`hfkf k`hfmumfc fkauhfso

•

Y`rfp`utom
  Dfsohotfso fmtovotfs fkauhfso i`cefc fhft afctu (kos. tbcemft, mrum)
•

  Dfsohotfso k`hfmumfc kbaohosfso dosom, lomf p`rhu

  Hoaftmfc m`hufref uctum k`kafctu pfso`c ifhfk k`cocemftmfc fkauhfso
•

@iumfso
  L`hfsmfc tulufc ifc prbs`iur fkauhfso
•

  Fclurmfc k`hfmumfc fkauhfso ioco

•

  Flfrmfc fk
• fkauhfso
auhfso s
s`i`rgfcf
`i`rgfcf y yfce
fce gf
gfrus
rus iohfmum
iohfmumfc
fc (kos. a`rlfhfc ifro t`kpft toiur
m` murso rbif, a`rlfhfc ifro t`kpft toiur m` mfkfr kfcio, a`rlfhfc s`sufo tbh`rfcso)

6>
 

9. @vfhufso
@vfhufso m`p`rfwftfc fifhfg prbs`s k`kafciocemfc `d`m
ftfu gfsoh suftu tocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc i`cefc cbrkfh ftfu mrot`rof
tulufc yfce suifg ioauft k`rupfmfc tfgfp fmgor ifro prbs`s

m`p`rfwftfc `vfhufso t`rioro ifro <

f. ^ ; ^ual`ntov` iftf (Iftf ^^ual`mtod)
ual`mtod)
Kfsfhfg yfce iom`kumfmfc ifc iom`hugmfc ftfu yfce
iorfsfmfc s`cioro bh`g mho`c yfce t`rmfot i`cefc efceeufc
oct`erotfs muhot ifc humf, kosfhcyf p`rfsffc eftfh, p`rfsffc
muhot, s`p`rto t`rafmfr ifc m`hugfc p`rfsffc toifm cyfkfc io
muhot.
a. B ; Bal`ntov` iftf (Iftf Bal`mtod)
Yfcif-tfcif mhocom ifc dfmtf yfce a`rguaucefc i`cefc
iofecbsos m`p`rfwftfc k`hoputo iftf dosobhbeos ifc ocdbrkfso

ifro p`k`romsffc, kosfhcyf iot`kumffc fifcyf p`ruafgfc

wfrcf muhot, t`rifpft h`so ifc tfcif hfoc yfce ifpft iohogft yfce
toifm s`sufo i`cefc dosobhbeos muhot.
n. F ; Fss`ssk`ct (Z`cemflofc)
 Fcfhosos iftf sual`mtod ifc bal`mtod ifhfk k`c`ctumfc kfsfhfg
pfso`c.
i. Z ; Zhfccoce (Z`r`cnfcffc)
Z`ce`kafcefc r`cnfcf s`e`rf ftfu uctum yfce fmfc iftfce
ifro oct`rv`cso tocifmfc uctum k`cnfpfo stftus m`s`gftfc
bptokfh.

`. O ; Oct`rv`ctobc (Oct`rv`cso)
Yocifmfc yfce iohfmumfc bh`g p`rfwft.
d. @ ; @vfhuftobc (@vfhufso)
K`rupfmfc fcfhosos r`spbcs pfso`c t`rgfifp oct`rv`cso yfce
ioa`romfc.
e. Q ; Q`vos`i (Q`voso)
Iftf pfso`c yfce k`cefhfko p`ruafgfc a`rifsfrmfc fifcyf
r`spbcs pfso`c t`rgfifp tocifmfc m`p`rfwftfc k`rupfmfc
fnufc p`rfwft ifhfk k`hfmumfc r`voso ftfu kbiodomfso r`cnfcf
fsugfc m`p`rfwftfc.

69
 

IFDYFQ ZP^YFMF
ZP^YFMF

 Frosfcty, O. Z. (1:69). Mbcs`p Ifsfr Kfcfl`k`c Z`rfwftfc Humf.

Humf . @EN.

Gfrcfctb, F. K., & Qfgfyu, ^. (1:64). M`autugfc Ifsfr Kfcusof OO.

OO. Zusiom
^IK M`s`gftfc M`k`cm`s QO.
Goifyft, F. F. F., & Phoyfg, K. (1:60). Aumu Flfr M`autugfc Ifsfr Kfcusof.
Kfcusof.
G`fhtg Abbm Zuahosgoce.

Kfryucfco, F. (1:60). Z`rfwftfc Humf ( Kbi`rc Ubucinfr` ) Y`rmoco ifc

Y`rh`cemfp < ^`afefo A`ctum Yocifmfc M`p`rfwftfc Kfcioro . Ock`iof.
M`p`rfwftfc

Yok Zbmlf ^IMO IZZ ZZCO. (1:65). ^tfcifr Iofecbsos M`p`rfwftfc

Ocibc`sof. I`docoso ifc Ociomftbr Iofecbstom. Lfmfrtf< IZZ ZZCO.

Yok Zbmlf ^OMO IZZ ZZCO. (1:67). ^tfcifr Oct`rv`cso M`p`rfwftfc

Ocibc`sof. I`docoso ifc Yocifmfc M`p`rfwftfc. Lfmfrtf< IZZ ZZCO.

Yok Zbmlf ^HMO IZZ ZZCO. (1:6?). ^tfcifr Hufrfc M`p`rfwftfc

Ocibc`sof. I`docoso ifc Mrot`rof Gfsoh M`p`rfwftfc. Lfmfrtf< IZZ ZZCO.
Uolfyf, F. ^., & Zutro, _. K. (1:6>). MKA 1 M`p`rfwftfc K`iomfh A`ifg
I`wfsf. Cugf K`iomf.
M`p`rfwftfc I`wfsf.

60
 

ZQBEQFK ^YPIO ZQBD@^O C@Q^

ZBHY@MM@^ M@K@CM@^ ^PQFMFQYF
DBQKFY Z@COHFOFC HFZBQFC Z@CIFGPHPFC ZQFMYOM
M@Z@QFUFYFC
M@Z@QFUFYF C IF^FQ ZQBD@^O

Cfkf < Kfrof Cfcif Mus

Musukf
ukf
Mfsus < Ef
Efceeu
ceeu fc M`autugfc Oct`erot fs Muh ot pfif IK

Q^/Qufce
Q^/Qufce < Yfceefh <
Cb. Fsp`m yfce Iocohfo Ababt Cohf
Cohfoo Ababt x
6 1 > 9 cohfo
6. ^usuc fc Mfho
Mfhokft/Z`ceeu
kft/Z`ceeu cffc Afgfsf
f. Afmu s`sufo @_I 1
a. M`t`pftfc nfrf p`ceutopfc >
n. Yoifm t`rifpft m`sfhfgfc p`cuhosfc 9
i. Y`mcom p`cuhosfc s`sufo p`ibkfc 0
1. K`cl`hfsmfc <
f. Z`ce`rtofc 4

a. Z`cy`afa
n. Yfcif ifc E`lfhf 4
4
i. Zftbdosobhbeo ifc pftgwfy ?
`. Mbkphomfso 7
d. Z`cftfhfmsfcffc 5
(K`ios ifc M`p`rfwftfc)
>. Fsug fc M`p`rfwf
M`p`rfwftfctfc
f. Z`cemflofc 4
a. M`kucemocfc iofecbsf m`p`rfwftfc 7
yfce kucnuh
n. Yulufc ifc mrot`rof gfsoh (CBN) 4
i. Oct`rv`cso m`p`rfwftfc (CON) 4
`. @vfhufso 0
9. M`pustfmffc
f. Lukhfg hot`rftur kocokfh 0 9
a. M`t`pftfc nfrf p`cuhosfc m`pustfmffc 9
n. Hot`rftur kutfmgor 0
Ybtfh 6::

M`t < ^urfmfrtf.

Cohfo 6< Murfce Cohfo 1< Numup  
Cohfo >< Afom Cohfo 9< ^fceft NO / NY
Afom

Cohfo ; (Ababt W Cohfo) / 9

; ……………………………  

64