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Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 12 Answers
Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 12 Answers
Solutions
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Copyright © 2012 by Ezy Math Tutoring Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Although
every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publishers and authors assume
no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from
the use of the information contained herein.
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Learning Strategies
Mathematics is often the most challenging subject for students. Much of the trouble comes from the
fact that mathematics is about logical thinking, not memorizing rules or remembering formulas. It
requires a different style of thinking than other subjects. The students who seem to be “naturally”
good at math just happen to adopt the correct strategies of thinking that math requires – often they
don’t even realise it. We have isolated several key learning strategies used by successful maths
students and have made icons to represent them. These icons are distributed throughout the book
in order to remind students to adopt these necessary learning strategies:
Talk Aloud Many students sit and try to do a problem in complete silence inside their heads.
They think that solutions just pop into the heads of ‘smart’ people. You absolutely must learn
to talk aloud and listen to yourself, literally to talk yourself through a problem. Successful
students do this without realising. It helps to structure your thoughts while helping your tutor
understand the way you think.
BackChecking This means that you will be doing every step of the question twice, as you work
your way through the question to ensure no silly mistakes. For example with this question:
3 × 2 − 5 × 7 you would do “3 times 2 is 5 ... let me check – no 3 × 2 is 6 ... minus 5 times 7
is minus 35 ... let me check ... minus 5 × 7 is minus 35. Initially, this may seem time-
consuming, but once it is automatic, a great deal of time and marks will be saved.
Avoid Cosmetic Surgery Do not write over old answers since this often results in repeated
mistakes or actually erasing the correct answer. When you make mistakes just put one line
through the mistake rather than scribbling it out. This helps reduce silly mistakes and makes
your work look cleaner and easier to backcheck.
Pen to Paper It is always wise to write things down as you work your way through a problem, in
order to keep track of good ideas and to see concepts on paper instead of in your head. This
makes it easier to work out the next step in the problem. Harder maths problems cannot be
solved in your head alone – put your ideas on paper as soon as you have them – always!
Transfer Skills This strategy is more advanced. It is the skill of making up a simpler question and
then transferring those ideas to a more complex question with which you are having difficulty.
For example if you can’t remember how to do long addition because you can’t recall exactly
ାହ଼଼ଽ
ସହ଼
how to carry the one: then you may want to try adding numbers which you do know how
ାହ
to calculate that also involve carrying the one: ଽ
This skill is particularly useful when you can’t remember a basic arithmetic or algebraic rule,
most of the time you should be able to work it out by creating a simpler version of the
question.
1
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Format Skills These are the skills that keep a question together as an organized whole in terms
of your working out on paper. An example of this is using the “=” sign correctly to keep a
question lined up properly. In numerical calculations format skills help you to align the numbers
correctly.
This skill is important because the correct working out will help you avoid careless mistakes.
When your work is jumbled up all over the page it is hard for you to make sense of what
belongs with what. Your “silly” mistakes would increase. Format skills also make it a lot easier
for you to check over your work and to notice/correct any mistakes.
Every topic in math has a way of being written with correct formatting. You will be surprised
how much smoother mathematics will be once you learn this skill. Whenever you are unsure
you should always ask your tutor or teacher.
Its Ok To Be Wrong Mathematics is in many ways more of a skill than just knowledge. The main
skill is problem solving and the only way this can be learned is by thinking hard and making
mistakes on the way. As you gain confidence you will naturally worry less about making the
mistakes and more about learning from them. Risk trying to solve problems that you are unsure
of, this will improve your skill more than anything else. It’s ok to be wrong – it is NOT ok to not
try.
Avoid Rule Dependency Rules are secondary tools; common sense and logic are primary tools
for problem solving and mathematics in general. Ultimately you must understand Why rules
work the way they do. Without this you are likely to struggle with tricky problem solving and
worded questions. Always rely on your logic and common sense first and on rules second,
always ask Why?
Self Questioning This is what strong problem solvers do naturally when they
get stuck on a problem or don’t know what to do. Ask yourself these
questions. They will help to jolt your thinking process; consider just one
question at a time and Talk Aloud while putting Pen To Paper.
2
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2: Chance 53
Exercise 1: Probability 54
Exercise 2: Compound Probability 58
CHAPTER 4: Integration 92
Exercise 1: Approximations 93
Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications 96
3
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CHAPTER 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 127
Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws 128
Exercise 2: Logarithms & Exponents 132
Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration 138
4
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Year 12 Mathematics
Series & Sequences
5
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Exercise 1
Arithmetic Sequences
6
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences: Solutions Exercise 1: Arithmetic Sequences
4−2=6−4=2 ܽ = 22 − 2݀ = 8
b) 1, 4, 7, 10, ... ݀ = 68 − 76 = −8
4−1=7−4=3 ܽ = 76 + 3݀ = 100
ܽ = ܽଵ + (݊ − 1)݀
a) ____, 6, 10, 14, ...
݀ = 3, ܽ = 15 − 2݀ = 9
7
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences: Solutions Exercise 1: Arithmetic Sequences
ݔ−1
6) Find the first term of the ܽଵ = ݔ− 2 ൬
6
൰
arithmetic sequence whose tenth
term is 14 and whose twentieth ݔ−1
ܽଵ = ݔ− ൬ ൰
term is 62 3
ܽଵ = ܽଵ + 9݀ = 14 2 ݔ+ 1
ܽଵ =
3
ܽଶ = ܽଵ + 19݀ = 62
b) List the first three terms of
ܽଵ = 14 − 9݀ the sequence when = ݔ4
ܽଵ = 62 − 19݀ 1
ܽଵ = 3, ݀ =
2
14 − 9݀ = 62 − 19݀
7
3, , 4
2
10݀ = 48
ܽଵ = 102 − 76 = 26 ݀=4
ܽଽ = 26 + (8)4 = 58 For B:
ܽଵ = ܽଵ + 9 × 3 = 40
−20 + 4݊ − 4 = 40 − 8݊ + 8
ܽଵ = 13
12݊ = 72
For B:
݊=6
= ܣ13,16,19
= ܤ13,14,15
9
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Exercise 2
Geometric Progressions
10
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 2: Geometric Progressions
27 9 ܽ ݎଶ = 25
ݎଶ = =
12 4
ܽ = 100
3
=ݎ
2
d) ____, ____, 100, ____, 6.25
ܽ = 1600
2) Calculate the value of a in the
following sequences
11
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 2: Geometric Progressions
3) Find the 5th term of the sequence 7) The 2nd term of a geometric
with a first term 2 and a common sequence is 96 and the 5th term is
ratio of 3 1.5. What are the common ratio
and the first term?
ܽ = ܽ ݎିଵ
ܽଶ = ܽ = ݎ96
ସ
ܽହ = 2 × 3
ܽହ = ܽ ݎସ = 1.5
ܽ = 162
ܽ ݎ × ݎଷ = 1.5
4) Find the 20th term of the sequence
with first term 0.5 and common 96 ݎଷ = 1.5
ratio 4
1
=ݎ
ܽ = ܽ ݎିଵ 4
ݎସ 48
= ݎ−2 ଶ
=
ݎ 108
12
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 2: Geometric Progressions
4 1
ݎଶ = ܽ ଼ ݎ4
9 =
ܽ ݎସ 4
2
=ݎ 1
3 ݎସ =
16
For B:
9 ݔ+ 27
ଶ
ܽଷ = ( ݔ+ 3)= ݎ
4
1
ܽଶ = ܽ= ݎ
9( ݔ+ 3) 9 16
ݎଶ = =
4( ݔ+ 3) 4
ܽହ = ܽ ݎସ = (−4)
3
=ݎ ܽ ݎସ (−4)
2 =
ܽݎ 1
16
3 ସ 81
ܽହ = ( ݔ+ 3) ൬ ൰ = ( ݔ+ 3)
2 16 ݎଷ = −64
13
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Exercise 3
Arithmetic Series
14
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 3: Arithmetic Series
1) Find the sum of the first 20 terms d) ___, ___, 12, ___, ___, 21, .
of the following arithmetic series
ܽଵ = 6, ݀ = 3
a) 7, 11, 15, ...
݊
ݏ = (ܽ + ܽ )
݊ 2 ଵ
ݏ = (ܽ + ܽ )
2 ଵ
20
ݏଶ = (6 + ܽଶ )
20 2
ݏଶ = (7 + ܽଶ )
2
ܽଶ = 6 + (19)3 = 63
ܽଶ = 7 + (19)4 = 83
ݏଶ = 10 × 69 = 690
ݏଶ = 10 × 90 = 900
e) ___, ___, ___, -12, -8, ...
b) 10, 12, 14, 16, ...
ܽ = −24, ݀ = 4
݊
ݏ = (ܽ + ܽ ) ݊
2 ଵ ݏ = (ܽ + ܽ )
2 ଵ
20
ݏଶ = (10 + ܽଶ ) 20
2 ݏଶ = (−24 + ܽଶ )
2
ܽଶ = 10 + (19)2 = 48
ܽଶ = −24 + (19)4 = 52
ݏଶ = 10 × 58 = 580
ݏଶ = 10 × 28 = 280
c) -8, -5, -2, ...
2) What is the first term of an
݊ arithmetic series with a common
ݏ = (ܽ + ܽ )
2 ଵ difference of 8 and a sum to 30
terms of 4500?
20
ݏଶ = (−8 + ܽଶ )
2 30
ݏଷ = (ܽ + ܽଷଵ ) = 4500
2 ଵ
ܽଶ = −8 + (19)3 = 49
ܽଷ = ܽଵ + 29 × 8 = ܽଵ + 232
ݏଶ = 10 × 41 = 410
30
(ܽ + ܽଵ + 232) = 4500
2 ଵ
2
2ܽଵ + 232 = 4500 ×
30
15
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 3: Arithmetic Series
݀=2 30
ݏଷ = (ܽ + ܽଷ ) = 1950
2 ଵ
ܽଶହ = 64 + 24 × 2 = 112
ܽଵ + ܽଷ = 130
25
ݏଶହ = (64 + 112) = 2200
2
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 29݀ = 130
4) The first term of an arithmetic
series is (−10), and the sum of the 2ܽଵ = 130 − 29݀
first 10 terms is 35. What is the
common difference? 58 − 11݀ = 130 − 29݀
10 ݀=4
ݏଵ = (−10 + ܽଵ ) = 35
2
ܽଵ = 7
−10 + ܽଵ = 7
6) The sum of the first 8 terms of an
ܽଵ = 17 arithmetic series is 36, and the
sum of the first 100 terms is
17 = −10 + 9݀ 14250. What is the sum of the first
50 terms?
9݀ = 27
8
݀=3 ܽ( = ଼ݏଵ + ଼ܽ ) = 36
2
ܽଵ + ଼ܽ = 9
16
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 3: Arithmetic Series
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 7݀ = 9 ܽ = 0
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 99݀ = 285
ܽ = ܽ + (݊ − 1)݀
285 − 99݀ = 9 − 7݀
4݊ − 4 = 52
݀=3
݊ = 14
ܽଵ = −6 14
ݏଵସ = (1 + 53) = 378
2
50
ݏହ = (ܽ + ܽହ ) = 25(−6 + ܽହ )
2 ଵ
10) If the sum of the first n terms of
ܽହ = −6 + 49 × 3 = 141 an arithmetic series is 98, the
common difference is 4 and the
7) What is the sum of the first ten first term is 2, what is the value of
terms of an arithmetic series with n?
first term ݔ, and a common
݊
difference of (2 ݔ− 1)? ݏ = (2 + ܽ ) = 98
2
10 ܽ = 2 + (݊ − 1)4
ݏଵ = ( ݔ+ 2 ݔ− 1) = 15 ݔ− 5
2
ܽ = 2 + 4݊ − 4 = 4݊ − 2
8) The first term of an arithmetic
series is ݔଶ , and the sum of the ݊
98 = (2 + 4݊ − 2)
first six terms is 2 ݔଶ − 4 ݔ− 3. If 2
the sixth term is equal to zero,
what are the possible values of ?ݔ 2݊ଶ = 98
6 ݊=7
ݔ( = ݏଶ + ܽ ) = 2 ݔଶ − 4 ݔ− 3
2
17
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Exercise 4
Geometric Series
18
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 4: Geometric Series
1) Calculate the sum of the first 8 terms of the following geometric series
a) 1, 2, 4, ...
1 − ݎ
ݏ = ܽ
1−ݎ
1 − 2଼ −255
= ଼ݏ1 × = = 255
1−2 −1
b) 2, 3, 4.5, ...
1 − ݎ
ݏ = ܽ
1−ݎ
1 − 1.5଼ −25.6289
= ଼ݏ2 × = 2× ≅ 102.52
1 − 1.5 −0.5
= ݎ2, ܽ = 2.5
1 − ݎ
ݏ = ܽ
1−ݎ
1 − 2଼ −255
= ଼ݏ2.5 × = 2.5 × = 637.5
1−2 −1
2
ܽ = 675, = ݎ
3
1 − ݎ
ݏ = ܽ
1−ݎ
2 256
1 − (3)଼ 1−
= ଼ݏ675 × = 675 × 6561 ≅ 1946
2 2
1−3 1−3
19
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 4: Geometric Series
1
= ݎ, ܽ = −1000
2
1 − ݎ
ݏ = ܽ
1−ݎ
1 ଼ 255
1 − ቀ2ቁ
= ଼ݏ−1000 × = −1000 × 256 ≅ 1992
1 1
1−2 2
2) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 90 and the sum of the first two
terms is 18. Write the first 4 terms of the series
1 − ݎସ
ݏସ = ܽ = 90
1−ݎ
1 − ݎଶ
ݏଶ = ܽ = 18
1−ݎ
1 − ݎଶ 1 − ݎସ
5ܽ =ܽ
1−ݎ 1−ݎ
5 − 5 ݎଶ = 1 − ݎସ
ݎସ − 5 ݎଶ + 4 = 0
ݎଶ = 4 ݎ ݎଶ = 1
For = ݎ2, ܽ = 6
Series is 6 + 12 + 24 + 48
Or
20
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 4: Geometric Series
−18 + 36 − 72 + 144
3) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series
1
ܽ = 40, = ݎ−
2
1 ଵ 1
1 − ቀ− 2ቁ 1 − 1024 2 1023
ݏଵ = 40 × = 40 × = 40 × × ≅ 26.64
1 3 3 1024
1 − ቀ− 2ቁ 2
4) The sixth term of a geometric series is 40, and ݎହ = 20, what is the value of the first
term?
ܽ = ܽ ݎହ = 40
20ܽ = 40
1
ܽ=
2
5) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 30, and = ݎ2. What is the value
of the first term of the series?
1 − 2ସ
ݏସ = ܽ × = 30
1−2
−30
ܽ= =2
−15
6) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 800, and the first term is 20.
What is the value of r?
1 − ݎସ
ݏସ = ܽ × = 800
1−ݎ
1 − ݎସ
800 = 20 ×
1−ݎ
=ݎ3
7) The sum of the first nine terms of a geometric series is 1, and the sum of the first ten
terms is 0. What is the value of the first term, and the value of r?
1 − ݎଽ
ݏଽ = ܽ × =1
1−ݎ
1 − ݎଵ
ݏଵ = ܽ × =0
1−ݎ
ܽ(1 − ݎଵ ) = 0
1 − ݎଵ = 0
= ݎ±1
= ݎ−1, ܽ = 1
ହ ଵ
8) If the fourth term of a geometric series is
ସ
, and the common ratio is , what is the
ଶ
sum of the first six terms?
5
ܽସ = ܽ ݎଷ =
64
1 5
ܽ=
8 64
5 5
ܽ= ×8=
64 8
22
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Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 4: Geometric Series
1 1
5 1 − ቀ2ቁ
5 1 − 64 5 63 630 315
× = ݏ = × = ×2× = =
8 1 8 1 8 64 512 256
1−2 2
23
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Exercise 5
24
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
ଵ
a) ܽ =
1 1
1, , , …
2 4
1
=ݎ
2
b) ܽ = (−1)
Sequence oscillates
c) ܽ = ାଵ
1 2 3
, , , … ..
2 3 4
݊ 1
lim = lim =1
→ஶ ݊ + 1 →ஶ 1
1+݊
Sequence diverges
d) ܽ = 2݊ + 3
3
lim 2݊ + 3 = lim 2 + =2
→ஶ →ஶ ݊
Sequence diverges
25
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
2) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series
ଵ
ܽ
ୀଵ
for the given value of a, and determine if the series converges, diverges or neither
ଵ
a) ܽ = ଶ
1 ଵ 1
1 1 − ቀ2ቁ 1 1 − 1024 1023
ݏଵ = × = × =
2 1 2 1 1024
1−2 2
Series converges
b) ܽ = 2
1 − 2ଵ
ݏଵ = 2 × = 2 × 1023 = 2046
1−2
Series diverges
c) ܽ = −1
ݏଵ = −1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 0
Series oscillates
ଵ
d) ܽ = − ସ
1 ଵ
1 1 − ቀ− 4ቁ 1 1 1048575 1
ݏଵ = − × = ൬1 − ൰= ≅
4 1 3 1048576 3145728 3
1 − −4
Series converges
26
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
e) ܽ = 1
ݏଵ = 10
Neither
3) From your answers to question 2, for what value(s) of r does a geometric series
converge?
| < |ݎ1
a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ⋯ . +33
ܽ = 1 + (݊ − 1)2 = 33
1 + 2݊ − 2 = 33
݊ = 17
ଵ
2݇ − 1
ୀଵ
b) 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ + 256
ܽ = 2 × 2ିଵ = 256
2 = 256
݊=8
2
ୀଵ
27
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
c) ଷ
+ + + ⋯+
ହ ଶଵ
ଵ
By inspection, ଶଵ represents the tenth term
ଵ
1
2݇ + 1
ୀଵ
d) −3 + 6 − 9 + 12 … .60
ଶ
(−1) 3݇
ୀଵ
a) ∑ே ଶ
ୀଵ (݇ )
1, 4, 8, 16
b) ∑ே
ୀଵ (2݇ + 2)
4, 6, 8, 10
c) ∑ே
ୀ (݇ − 2)
−2, −1, 0, 1
d) ∑ே
ୀିଶ |݇ |
2, 1, 0, 1
28
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
6) Calculate the sum of the first 5 terms of the series generated by the notation
4ି
ୀ
1 1 1 1 341
1+ + + + =
4 16 64 256 256
2݇ + 2
ୀଵ
Series is 4, 6, 8, ….
40
ݏସ = (4 + ܽସ )
2
ܽସ = 82
ݏସ = 20 × 86 = 1720
8) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the series generated by the notation
2݇ − 1
ୀଵ
Series is 1, 3, 5, ….
Term 10 is 19
10
ݏଵ = (1 + 19) = 100
2
29
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
9) Determine the terms of the following series, and express the sum in terms of n
݇ ଶ − (݇ + 1)ଶ
ୀ
1 − 2݊
ୀଵ
10) Determine the terms of the following series, and express the sum in terms of n
1 1
൬ − ൰
݇+1 ݇
ୀଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
Series is − ଶ , − , − ଵଶ , … …
ே
−1
݊(݊ + 1)
ୀଵ
30
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Exercise 6
Sum to Infinity
31
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity
a) 8, 4, 2, 1, …
ܽ 8
ݏஶ = = = 16
1− ݎ1−1
2
ܽ 10 100
ݏஶ = = =
1− ݎ1− 1 9
10
ܽ 12
ݏஶ = = = 16
1− ݎ1−1
4
ହ ହ ହ
d) ଼ , ଵ , ଷଶ , ….
5
ܽ 5
ݏஶ = = 8 =
1− ݎ1− 1 4
2
ܽ 6.4 512
ݏஶ = = =
1− ݎ1−1 70
8
f) 2, 4, 8, 16, … …
ஶ
1
൬ ൰
2
ୀଵ
32
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity
1
ܽ
ݏஶ = = 2 =1
1− ݎ1−1
2
ଶ
3) The sum to infinity of a geometric series is 18. If the common ratio is , what is the
ଷ
first term of the series?
ܽ ܽ
ݏஶ = = = 18
1− ݎ1−2
3
ܽ=6
4) The first term of a geometric series is 21, and its sum to infinity is 28. What is the
common ratio?
ܽ 21
ݏஶ = = = 28
1− ݎ1−ݎ
21
1−= ݎ
28
7 1
=ݎ =
28 4
ଽ ଵ
Which is a geometric series with ܽ = 0.9 = ଵ ܽ݊݀ = ݎଵ
9 9
ܽ 10 10
ݏஶ = = = =1
1− ݎ1− 1 9
10 10
ଷ
$10 on day 1 and of what you received the day before from then on
ସ
ଵ
$20 on day 1 and of what you received the day before from then on
ଶ
33
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity
Series 1
10
ݏஶ = = $40
3
1−4
Series 2
20
ݏஶ = = $40
1
1−2
7) A form of Zeno’s paradox (Zeno was a contemporary of Socrates) postulates that one
can never walk across a room, since first one must cover half the distance of the
room, then half the remaining distance, then half the remaining distance and so on.
Since there will always be a fraction of a distance to cover, the total journey is
impossible. Reconcile this paradox with the use of a geometric series
ଵ ଵ
The travel is a sum to infinity with ܽ = ଶ ܽ݊݀ = ݎଶ
1
ݏஶ = 2 =1
1
1−2
8) A person weighing 210 kg plans to lose 10 kg in the first month of their diet, then 8
kg in the second month, 6.4 kg in the third month, and so on repeating the pattern of
weight loss. Their goal is to eventually reach 150 kg. Will they be successful with
this strategy? Explain your answer.
଼
The weight to lose is a geometric series with ܽ = 10, ܽ݊݀ = ݎଵ
10
ݏஶ = = 50
8
1 − 10
The maximum weight loss is 50 kg, so the goal weight will never be reached
34
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity
9) If the person from question 8 wanted to achieve their goal weight, but maintaining
the same pattern of weight loss, how much weight would they have to lose in the
first month?
Needs to lose 60 kg
ܽ
ݏஶ = = 60
8
1 − 10
ܽ = 12
10) An equilateral triangle has a side length of ݔcm. Another equilateral triangle is
inscribed inside the first one such that the vertices of the second triangle sit at the
midpoint of the sides of the larger triangle. (See diagram). This process is repeated
infinitely. What is the sum of the perimeters of the triangles?
ݔ
ଷ௫
Similarly the next size triangle has a perimeter of ,
ସ
ଵ
This gives a geometric series with ܽ = 3 = ݎ ݀݊ܽ ݔଶ
3ݔ
ݏஶ = = 6ݔ
1
1−2
35
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Exercise 7
36
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 7: Arithmetic & Geometric Mean
1) Calculate the arithmetic mean of the first 8 terms of the following sequences
a) 2, 4, 6, .....,
଼ܽ = 2 + 7 × 2 = 16
௦ఴ ସ(ଶାଵ)
Mean = =9
଼ ଼
଼ܽ = 3 + 7 × 6 = 45
௦ఴ ସ(ଷାସହ)
Mean = = 24
଼ ଼
c) −6, −2, 2, … ..
଼ܽ = −6 + 7 × 4 = 22
௦ఴ ସ(ିାଶଶ)
Mean = =8
଼ ଼
௦ఴ ସ(ଵ.ହାଵଽ.ଶହ)
Mean = = 10.375
଼ ଼
ହ ଷଵ ସ
e) ଼ , ଶସ , ଶସ , … … .,
5 2 127
଼ܽ = +7× =
8 3 24
ఱ భమళ
௦ఴ ସቀ ା ቁ ଵସଶ ଵ
ఴ మర
Mean = = =
଼ ଼ ସ଼ ଶସ
37
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 7: Arithmetic & Geometric Mean
ଵ
10݊ − 13
ୀଵ
ܽଵ = −3 + 9 × 10 = 87
ݏ 5(−3+87)
10
Mean = 10 = 10
= 42
ܽଵ = 18 + (݊ − 1)6 = 96
6݊ − 6 = 78
݊ = 12
௦భమ (ଵ଼ାଽ)
Mean = = = 57
ଵଶ ଵଶ
If the arithmetic mean of the series is 40, calculate the value of ݔ
2 ݔ+ 1 + 2݊ − 2 = 2 ݔ+ 31
2݊ = 32
݊ = 16
଼(ସ௫ାଷଶ)
Mean = = 2 ݔ+ 16
ଵ
ଵ
5) Calculate the geometric mean of the sequence ସ , 1, 4
య ଵ
Mean = ට4 × 1 × ସ = 1
6) Calculate the geometric mean of the set of numbers 22, 20, 12, 4, 0
ర ర
Mean = √3.6 × 5 × 6.9 × 10 = √1242 ≅ 5.94
a) 1, ____, ____, 27
3, 9
ଷ ଵ
b) ଼ , ____, ______, ଽ
2
=ݎ
3
1 1
,
4 6
ଶ ଵ
c) ହ
, ___, ____,
ଵ
1
=ݎ
4
1 1
,
10 40
39
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 7: Arithmetic & Geometric Mean
య
√ = ݎ2
య య
√6√2, √6√4
ଵ
e) ଼ , ____, ____, √8
√ = ݎ8
1
,1
√8
9) Prove with two examples if the geometric mean is always, sometimes or never larger
than the arithmetic mean for the same data set
For 1, 3, 10, 22
Arithmetic mean =9
ర
Geometric mean = √880 ≅ 5.45
య
Geometric mean = √400000 ≅ 73.68
From the examples, the geometric mean is smaller than the arithmetic mean
10) Write a set of data for which the arithmetic and geometric means are the same
Any set of data with the same value for all terms (e.g. 2, 2, 2,2)
40
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Exercise 8
Applications of Series
41
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 8: Applications of Series
For ݀ = 37
b) 0. 2̇ 6̇
37
ଶ ݏଷ = (20 + ܽଷ )
Similarly = 2
ଽଽ
ܽଷ = 20 + 36 × 4 = 164
c) 0. 5̇
37
ହ ݏଷ = × 184 = $3404
Similarly = 2
ଽ
݊
2) A man has $20 in his bank as at 800 = (20 + 16 + 4݊)
2
July 1st, and each day thereafter
puts $4 more into it than his 1600 = 36݊ + 4݊ଶ
balance
݊ଶ + 9݊ − 400 = 0
42
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 8: Applications of Series
݊ = 16 ݎ− 25
݊ = 7 = ݊ ݎ24
ܽ = 200, ݀ = 30
ܽ = 32 − 2݊
20 ܽ = 8, ݀ = 8
ݏଶ = (200 + ܽଶ )
2
ܽ = 8 + (݊ − 1)8
ܽଶ = 200 + 19 × 30 = 1000
50 7݊ = 1000
ݏହ = (200 + 1670)
2
݊ = 142.9
ݏହ = $93500
Term 72 is first multiple of
5) Find the sum of 7 over 500
40 71
ݏସ = (9 + 360) ܵ= ݉ݑ (504 + 994)
2 2
= 7380 = 53179
=ݎ2 1 − 0.7ହ
ݏହ = 1.4 ×
1 − 0.7
1 − 32 ≅ 3.88 ݉
ݏହ = 4 × = 124 ܿ݉
1−2
Total distance = 9.76 ݉
7) A ball is dropped from 2 metres,
and each time it bounces it c) How far does it travel
reaches 70% of its previous height. before coming to rest?
ܽ = 1.4. = ݎ0.7
8) You are given a new job with a
After 4th upward bounce choice of pay method
45
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Chapter 1: Series Exercise 8: Applications of Series
b) 1 cent on your first day, 10) At the end of the year 2002,
and double the previous world oil reserves were about 950
day’s pay each day (that is billion barrels.
on day two you earn During 2003, about 30 billion
another 2 cents, on day 3 barrels of oil were consumed. Over
you earn another 4 cents the past decade, oil consumption
etc) has been increasing at about 1% a
year. Assuming oil consumption
Geometric series increases at this rate in the future,
how long will reserves last?
ܽ = 0.01, = ݎ2
Geometric series
1 − 2ଷ
= ݏ0.01
1−2 ܽ = 30, = ݎ1.01
1.01 = 1.317
Need ܽହ = 2000
Geometric series
ܽ = 10, = ݎ0.97
10
ݏஶ = ≅ 333 ߤ݃
1 − 0.97
Geometric series
= ݎ0.2, ݊ = 5
47
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Exercise 9
Financial Applications
48
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Chapter 1: Number Exercise 9: Financial Applications
1) The value of a computer depreciates at the rate of 12.5% per year. If it originally
costs $5000, how much will it be worth after 5 years?
3) An investment fund returns 7.5% interest annually. Each year a man puts $2000 into
the fund. How much will he have in his fund after 20 years?
After 3 years he will have 2000 × 1.075ଷ + 2000 × 1.075ଶ + 2000 × 1.075
Etc
1 − 1.075ଶ −3.25
ݏଶ = 1.075 × = 1.075 × = 46.58
1 − 1.075 −0.075
4) A man borrows $10,000 at 2% per month reducible interest, and makes repayments
each month. What should his repayments be to have the loan paid off after 5 years?
49
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Chapter 1: Number Exercise 9: Financial Applications
The bracketed quantity is a geometric series with first term P and a common ratio of
1.02
1 − 1.02
ݏ = ܲ = 114ܲ
1 − 1.02
10000 × 1.02
ܲ= ≅ $288
114
5) A government uses proceeds from a federal grant to provide a tax rebate for land
owners. Suppose an individual receives a $600 rebate and spends 90% of this, and
each of the recipients of the money spent by this individual also spends 90% of what
he or she receives, and this process continues without end. According to the
multiplier effect theory in economics, the effect of the original $600 tax rebate on
the economy is multiplied many times. What is the total amount spent if the process
continues as indicated?
ܽ 600
ݏஶ = = = $6000
1 − ݎ1 − 0.9
6) A sweepstakes has $4,000,000 in prizes. The first ticket drawn wins $15, the second
ticket drawn wins $45; the third ticket drawn wins $135, and so on.
a) How many tickets can be drawn without giving away more than the allotted
prize money?
50
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Chapter 1: Number Exercise 9: Financial Applications
1 − 3
ݏ = 15 = −7.5 × (1 − 3 ) = 4000000
1−3
When 1 − 3 = −533,333.33
3 = 533,334.333
݊ = 12
7) After how many months will an investment of $15000 be worth more than $18000
given that the interest rate is 10% per annum calculated monthly?
.ଵ
Value = 15000 × ቀ1 + ଵଶ ቁ = 15000 × 1.00833 = 18000
ଵ଼
When 1.00833 = ଵହ = 1.2
log 1.2
݊=
log 1.00833
݊ = 22
8) There are two investment schemes available. Scheme A pays simple interest of 8%
paid yearly, while scheme B pays 6.5% interest compounded annually. Which
investment will give the greater return?
× ܳ = ܫ0.08 × ݐ
51
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Chapter 1: Number Exercise 9: Financial Applications
1 + 0.08 = ݐ1.065௧
Solving graphically it can be seen that simple interest is worth more until year 7, and
compound interest is worth more from year 8
y
Value
1.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Years
52
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Year 12 Mathematics
Chance
53
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Exercise 1
Probability
54
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 1: Probability
1) A six sided die is thrown. Find the b) The number is less than 8
probability that
7
a) A six is thrown 12
2 1 5
=
6 3 36
1 30 5
6 =
36 6
55
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 1: Probability
41 2 1
=
52 26
5) A card is drawn from a standard
deck of 52. What is the probability 6) Are the events drawing king and
that drawing a number less than 5
mutually exclusive? Explain
a) It is a king
Yes, the sum of the probabilities
4 1 equals the probability of the
=
52 13 events together
a) Is a 5
56
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 1: Probability
2 1
=
10 5 c) The first coin shows a head
and the second shows a tail
b) Is red
1
5 1 4
=
10 2
d) The first shows a head or
c) Is a red 5 the second shows a tail
1 3
10 4
57
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Exercise 2
Compound Probability
58
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 2: Compound Probability
1) A coin is tossed three times. Draw a tree diagram that shows all possible outcomes
and from it calculate the probability of
a) Three heads
1
8
3
8
4 1
=
8 2
7
8
59
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 2: Compound Probability
2) There are 5 black and 5 white shirts in a draw. Three are taken out without
replacement. Draw a tree diagram and from it calculate the probability of
1 4 3 1
× × =
2 9 8 12
1 5 1 5
× × =
2 9 2 36
1 4 5 5
× × =
2 9 8 36
1 5 1 5
× × =
2 9 2 36
15 5
= =
36 12
1 4 3 11
=1− × × =
2 9 8 12
1 1 1
+ =
12 12 6
60
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 2: Compound Probability
3) The probability of rain on any particular day in May is 70%. If three days from the
month are chosen, use a tree diagram to calculate the probability that
1 − 0.343 = 0.657
4) There are forty balls in a bag. Two of the balls have a star on them. If a man draws 5
balls from the bag, what is the probability that at least one has a star?
38 37 36 35 34 37
=1−൬ × × × × ൰=
40 39 38 37 36 156
5) There are 5 red, 3 green and 2 blue blocks in a box. Three are drawn out without
replacement. What is the probability that
Cannot draw all blue as there are only 2 blue socks to begin with
ଵ
Each has a probability of ଶସ
ଵ
Total probability = ସ
5 4 3 1
× × =
10 9 8 12
1 7 11
=൬ ൰+൬ ൰=
120 40 60
Possibilities are:
ଵଶ
BGG ቀଶቁ
BBG ቀଶቁ
ଵଶ
GBG ቀଶቁ
GBB ቀଶቁ
GGG ቀଶቁ
ସଶ
Total probability = =
ଶ ଵଶ
62
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Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 2: Compound Probability
6) When John plays striker in his soccer team he scores a goal 2 games out of 5 on
average. His chance of playing striker is 25%. What is the probability that John
scores a goal two games in a row?
7) Three cards are drawn from a standard deck of 52 with no replacement. What is the
probability of drawing the king of spades, followed by the 7 of clubs then the 2 of
hearts?
1 1 1 1
× × =
52 51 50 132600
8) Four numbers are drawn out of a barrel of fifty numbers with no replacement. The
first number is 5. What is the probability that the next three numbers are NOT 6, 7,
and 8 in that order
1 1 1 1
=1−൬ × × ൰=
49 48 47 110544
9) There are 45 numbers in a lotto draw. Jim has one ticket with 6 numbers on it.
What is the probability that he does not win first prize (all 6 numbers drawn)
6 5 4 3 2 1 1
=1−൬ × × × × × ൰=1−
45 44 43 42 41 40 8145060
8145059
= (≅ 0.999999877)
8145060
10) When Ben sits a test he has a 70% chance of getting a question correct. If there are
10 questions on a test what is the probability of Ben getting at least one question
correct?
63
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Year 12 Mathematics
Geometric
Applications of
Differentiation
64
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Exercise 1
65
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
a) = ݕ2ݔ
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
b) ݔ = ݕଶ
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
66
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ݔ = ݕଷ + ݔଶ − 1
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
67
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
e) ݔ = ݕଷ − 12ݔ
30
20
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-10
-20
-30
f) ݔ = ݕଷ − 3ݔ
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
Point(s)
where Values of ݔ Values of ݔ
Turning
݀ݕ ௗ௬ where where
Function = point(s) of =0
݀ݔ ௗ௫ function is function is
y (Critical increasing decreasing
point)
= ݕ2ݔ 2 None None All None
= ݕ2 ݔଶ + 4ݔ 4 ݔ+ 4 = ݔ−1 = ݔ−1 > ݔ−1 < ݔ−1
2 ଶ 2 2
ݔ = ݕଷ + ݔଶ − 1 3 ݔଶ + 2ݔ = ݔ0 ݎ− x= 0 ݎ− <ݔ−
3
> ݔ ݎ0 − <<ݔ0
3 ଷ 3
68
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
ݔଷ − 12ݔ 3 ݔଶ − 12 = ݔ2 = ݔ ݎ−2 = ݔ2 = ݔ ݎ−2 < ݔ−2 > ݔݎ2 −2 < < ݔ2
ݔଷ − 3ݔ 3 ݔଶ − 3 = ݔ1 = ݔ ݎ−1 = ݔ1 = ݔ ݎ−1 < ݔ−1 > ݔ ݎ1 −1 < < ݔ1
4) What relationship is there between a function and its derivative at each critical
point?
The value of the derivative is equal to the gradient of the function at that point
5) For each of the functions in question 1, identify all local maxima and minima (use
your graphs), and the global maxima and minima over the domain graphed
Global max at (4, 16) and (-4, 16); global min at (0, 0)
ଶ ଶଷ
d) Local max at ቀ− ଷ , − ቁ; local min at (0, -1)
ଶ
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6 ݔ+ 2
e) 6ݔ
f) 6ݔ
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
ଶ
d) For = ݔ0, = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ2; for = ݔ− ଷ , = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ−2
e) For = ݔ2, = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ12; for = ݔ−2, = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ−12
f) For = ݔ1, = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ6; for = ݔ−1, = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊ܿ݁ݏ−6
8) What is the relationship between the value of the second derivative at a critical point
and the nature of the original function?
9)
70
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
a) Graph the function( = ݕ− ݔଷ + 3 ݔଶ − 3)ݔ, and calculate the first and second
derivatives.
݀ݕ
= −3 ݔଶ + 6 ݔ− 3
݀ݔ
݀ଶ ݔ
= −6 ݔ+ 6
݀ ݕଶ
y
8
2
x
-2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
-6
-8
b) From previous work, calculate the co-ordinate(s) of the critical point(s), and
the value of the second derivative at that point
݀ݕ
= 0 ݓℎ݁݊ − 3 ݔଶ + 6 ݔ− 3 = 0
݀ݔ
ݔଶ − 2 ݔ+ 1 = 0
=ݔ1
ܽ = ݔ ݐ1
݀ଶ ݔ
=0
݀ ݕଶ
c) How is the behaviour of this function at the critical point similar to previous
functions in this exercise, and how is it different?
71
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
The function is differentiable twice and has a critical point where the
derivative is zero. However the second derivative test does not indicate if the
critical point is a max or a min
72
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Exercise 2
73
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
SKETCH each of the functions below by considering and drawing the following key points
The identification of local maxima and minima and global maxima and minima
1) = ݕ2 ݔ− 3
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
74
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
ଵ
4) = ݕଶ ݔଶ − 6 ݔ+ 2
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
-5
-10
-15
75
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
6) ݔ = ݕଷ
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
76
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
ଵ
9) ݔ= ݕ+௫
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
77
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
ଵ
10) = ݕ௫ିଵ + ݔ
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
78
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Exercise 3
Word Problems
79
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
݀ଶ ݔ
a) ଶ
= ݕ−3 ݔ− 2 ݔ+ 4
݀ ݕଶ
= 12 ݔଶ
݀ݕ
= −6 ݔ− 2 Is positive for = ݔ1
݀ݔ
ଵ ହ
݀ଶ ݔ d) = ݕ− ଶ ݔଷ − ଶ ݔଶ + 4ݔ
= −6
݀ ݕଶ
݀ݕ 3
ଵ ଵଷ = − ݔଶ − 5 ݔ+ 4
Point ቀ− ଷ , ଷ ቁ is a ݀ݔ 2
maximum
2
= 0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݔ = ݔ ݎ−4
3
b) ݔ = ݕଷ + 6 ݔଶ + 9 ݔ+ 2
݀ଶ ݔ
= −3 ݔ− 5
݀ݕ ݀ ݕଶ
= 3 ݔଶ + 12 ݔ+ 9
݀ݔ
ଶ
Is negative for = ݔଷ
= 0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݔ−1 = ݔ ݎ−3
1
= 0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݔ1 = ݔ ݎ−
3
80
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
At = ݐ4, ܸ = 16 ܿ݉ଷ
At = ݐ0, ℎ݁݅݃ℎ= ݈݈ܾܽ ݂ ݐ
12 ݉
b) After how many seconds
Therefore ݇ = 12 does it reach its maximum
volume?
b) What is the highest point
From part a, volume is a
the ball reaches above the
maximum at t=2 seconds
ground and how many
seconds after it is thrown
does it reach this height? c) When is its volume 7 cm3?
݀ℎ − ݐଶ + 8 = ݐ7
= −2 ݐ+ 4 = 0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݐ2
݀ݐ
When ݐଶ − 8 ݐ+ 7 = 0
After 2 seconds, ℎ = 16 ݉
= ݐ1 = ݐ ݎ7
81
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
݀
݀ݔ
= 100 − 10 = ݔ0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݔ10 = ඥ2000 ݐଶ − 1600 ݐ+ 1600
man
When 2000 ݐ− 800 = 0
82
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
ݓ×݈ = ܣ
What is the maximum height of
the bridge, at what distance along ( = ܣ120 − 2 = ݓ)ݓ120 ݓ− 2 ݓଶ
the bridge does it occur, and what
is the total length of the bridge? ݀ܣ
= 120 − 4 = ݓ0 ݓℎ݁݊ = ݓ30
݀ݓ
݀ℎ
= −0.005 ݔ+ 1.25 The enclosure should be 30 metres
݀ݔ
wide and 60 metres long
= 0 when = ݔ250 ݉
9) Two poles, 30 metres high and 20
ℎ = −0.0025(250)ଶ + 1.25 metres respectively are 50 metres
× (250) apart from base to base. A rope is
attached to the top of each and
ℎ = 156.25 secured to a point in the ground
between them. Where should the
The bridge rises 156.25 m from a secured point be to minimize the
point 250 m along amount of rope used?
83
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
y
30 r
20
50 − ݔ ݔ
50 − ݔ ݔ
= 0 ݓℎ݁݊ =
√3400 − 100 ݔ+ ݔଶ √ ݔଶ + 400
84
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Exercise 4
85
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
݉ = 27 a) (0, 3)
= ݕ27 ݔ+ ܿ ݉ = −2
݉=0 b) (1, 2)
ଷగ ଷగ
Substituting ( ଶ , ) gives
ଶ
Equation is = ݕ2
ܿ = 3ߨ
c) (2, 3)
Equation is = ݕ− ݔ+ 3ߨ
݉=3
గ గ
b) ቀଶ , ଶ ቁ
= ݕ3 ݔ+ ܿ
݉=1
Substituting (2, 3) gives
ݔ= ݕ+ܿ
ܿ = −3
గ గ
Equation is = ݕ3 ݔ− 3 Substituting ቀଶ , ଶ ቁ gives
݉=8 Equation is ݔ = ݕ
గ గ
= ݕ8 ݔ+ ܿ c) ቀ , ଵଶቁ
ܿ = −22
1 ߨ √3
=ݕቆ + ቇ ݔ+ ܿ
2 6 2
Equation is = ݕ8 ݔ− 22
1 ߨ
3) Find the equation of the tangent to =ݕ൬ + ൰ ݔ+ ܿ
2 4√3
the curve ݔ = ݕsin ݔat the
following points ଵ గ
Let A= ቀଶ + ସ√ଷቁ
݀ݕ
= sin ݔ+ ݔcos ݔ ݔܣ = ݕ+ ܿ
݀ݔ
గ గ
a) ଷగ
ቀ ଶ ,−
ଷగ
ቁ Substituting ( , ) gives
ଶ
ߨ
݉ = −1 ܿ= (1 − )ܣ
6
= ݕ− ݔ+ ܿ
గ
Equation is ݔܣ = ݕ+ (1 − )ܣ
87
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
ଵ
Gradient of normal = − ଵଶ
d) (ߨ, 0)
ݔ
=ݕ− +ܿ
݉=ߨ 12
ଵ
݀ݕ Gradient of normal = − ଷ
= 3 ݔଶ
݀ݔ
ݔ
= ݕ− +ܿ
a) (4, 65) 3
݉ = 48 Substituting (1,2)
ଵ 7
Gradient of normal = − ସ଼ ܿ=
3
ݔ
=ݕ− +ܿ
48 Equation is 3 = ݕ− ݔ+ 7
Gradient of normal is
Equation is 48 = ݕ− ݔ+ 3124
undefined
b) (2, 9)
Equation is = ݔ0
݉ = 12
88
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
ݔ
5) Find the equation of the normal to = ݕ− +ܿ
4
the curve ݔ = ݕଶ − 2 ݔ+ 3 at the
following points
Substituting (3, 6)
݀ݕ
= 2 ݔ− 2 27
݀ݔ ܿ=
4
a) (1, 2)
Equation is 4 = ݕ− ݔ+ 27
݉=0
ଵ
Equation is = ݔ1 Gradient of normal = ଶ
c) (3, 6) ݀ݕ
= 2ݔ
݀ݔ
݉=4
Gradient of tangent is 4, so
Gradient of normal = − ସ
ଵ =ݔ2
89
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
ଶ
3 ݔ = ݕଷ + 2
= ݕ2 ݔ+ 6 ݔ+ 1
ௗమ௬
d) ݕᇱᇱ = 2 ݔ− 2.
b) ௗ௫ మ
=3
90
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Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
ݔଷ
=ݕ − ݔଶ + ܿ Substituting gives ܿ = 3
3
ݔଷ
=ݕ − ݔଶ + 4
3
2 ଷ
=ݕ ݔ− 2 ݔ+ ܿ
3
Substituting gives ܿ = 4
2 ଷ
=ݕ ݔ− 2 ݔ+ 4
3
ଷ
)ݔ( = ݕଶ + ݔଶ + ܿ
Substituting gives ܿ = 1
91
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Year 12 Mathematics
Integration
92
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Exercise 1
Approximations
93
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 1: Approximations
1
(௫)ି() = (2 + 6.5 + 10 + 14.5 + 10) = 10.75
݂(≅ )ݔ 4
௫ି
݂(3) = 10
Taking 4 intervals
݂(1) = 2 ଵ
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + 4݂(1.5) +
(3 × 10) − (1 × 2) 2݂2+4݂2.5+݂3
݂(≅ )ݔ = 14
3−1
1 2
= (2 + 13 + 10 + 9 + 10) = 10
2) Use the Trapezoidal rule to 6 3
approximate the area under the ଷ
curve ݔ = ݕଶ + 1 between the 4) Calculate ∫ଵ ݔଶ + 1 ݀ ݔ, and
points = ݔ1 and = ݔ3 Use explain why your answer is exactly
successively smaller subintervals of equal in this instance to your
size 1, 2, and 4 answer to question 3
Subinterval 1: ݔଷ 27 1
න= + = ݔ൬ + 3൰ − ൬ + 1൰
3 3 3
ଷିଵ
2
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + ݂(3)൯ = 10
ଶ 3
ଷିଵ
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(2) + ݂(3)൯
ସ
1
= (2 + 10 + 10) = 11
2
94
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 1: Approximations
ଷ
5) Use the approximation used in 8) Calculate ∫ଵ ݔଷ + 1
question 1 to estimate the area
under the curve ݔ = ݕଷ + 1 ݔସ 81 1
between the points = ݔ1 and න= + = ݔ൬ + 3൰ − ൬ + 1൰
4 4 4
=ݔ3
= 22
݂(3) = 28
ଵ
9) For the function = ݕ
௫ାଵ
݂(1) = 2
estimate the area between the
(3 × 28) − (1 × 2) points = ݔ1 and = ݔ2, by using
݂(≅ )ݔ = 41 first the trapezoidal rule, and then
3−1
Simpson’s rule for the whole
6) Use the Trapezoidal rule to interval and then for the two
approximate the area under the subintervals separated by the
ଷ
curve ݔ = ݕଷ + 1 between the point = ݔଶ
points = ݔ1 and = ݔ3
Trapezoidal subinterval 4:
Subinterval 4:
ଵ
Area ≅ ଼ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(1.5) +
ଵ
Area ≅ ସ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(1.5) +
2݂2+2݂2.5+݂3
2݂2+2݂2.5+݂3
1 1 4 2 4 1
1 = ൬ + + + + ൰ ≅ 0.35
= (2 + 8.75 + 18 + 33.25 + 28) 8 2 5 3 7 4
4
= 22.5
Simpson’s rule:
Taking 4 intervals 1 1 1
= ൬ + ൰ ≅ 0.28
3 3 2
ଵ
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + 4݂(1.5) +
Two intervals
2݂2+4݂2.5+݂3 ଵ
Area ≅ ൫݂(2) + 2݂(1.5) + ݂(1)൯
1
= (2 + 17.5 + 18 + 66.5 + 28) 1 1 4 1
6 = ൬ + + ൰ ≅ 0.27
= 22 6 3 5 2
95
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Exercise 2
Calculations &Applications
96
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
ଵ
a) ∫ ݔ+ 1 ݀ݔ
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
ݔଶ 1 3
න= + = ݔ൬ + 1൰ − (0) =
2 2 2
ଶ
b) ∫ଵ −2 ݔ+ 4 ݀ݔ
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
97
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
ଷ
c) ∫ିଵ ݔଶ ݀ݔ
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
ݔଷ 1 28
න= = (9) − ൬− ൰ =
3 3 3
ଶ
d) ∫ ݔଶ − 4 ݔ+ 3 ݀ݔ
x
-1 1 2 3 4
௫య
∫= − 2 ݔଶ + 3ݔ
ଷ
98
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଼
Area = ∫ + ∫ଶ = ൬ቀଷ − 2 + 3ቁ − (0)൰ ݀ ݔ+ ൬ቀଷ − 2 + 3ቁ − ቀଷ − 8 + 6ቁ൰ ݀ݔ
=2
2) Calculate the area bounded by the y axis, x axis, the line = ݔ3, and the line
= ݕ− ݔ+ 2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
-1
ଶ ଶ
Area = ቀ∫ − ݔ+ 2ቁ + ቀ∫ଷ − ݔ+ 2ቁ ݀ݔ
௫మ
∫=− + 2 ݔdx
ଶ
ଷ ହ
Area = ൫(2) − (0)൯ + ൬(2) − ቀଶቁ൰ = ଶ
99
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
3) Calculate the area between the x axis and the equation = ݕ− ݔଶ + 5 ݔ− 6
x
-1 1 2 3
ଷ ௫య ହ
Area = ∫ଶ − ݔଶ + 5 ݔ− 6 ݀ = ݔ− + ݔଶ − 6ݔ݀ ݔ
ଷ ଶ
45 8
= ൬−9 + − 18൰ − ൬− + 10 − 12൰
2 3
1
=
6
4) Calculate the area bounded by the curve ݔ = ݕଶ − 4 ݔ+ 5 and the line = ݕ2
x
-1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
100
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
Area = ∫ 2 − ∫ ݔଶ − 4 ݔ+ 5 ݀ ∫ = ݔ2 − ݔଶ + 4 ݔ− 5 ݀ ∫ = ݔ− ݔଶ + 4 ݔ− 3 ݀ݔ
௫య
∫=− + 2 ݔଶ − 3 ݔdx
ଷ
ଵ ସ
Area = (−9 + 12 − 3) − ቀ− ଷ + 2 − 3ቁ = ଷ
5) Calculate the area bounded by the curves ݔ = ݕଶ − 4 ݔ+ 8 and = ݕ− ݔଶ + 4 ݔ+ 2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
2
න = න − ݔଶ + 4 ݔ+ 2 − ( ݔଶ − 4 ݔ+ 8) ݀ = ݔන −2 ݔଶ + 8 ݔ− 6 = − ݔଷ + 4 ݔଶ − 6ݔ݀ ݔ
3
ଶ ଶ ଼ ଼
Area = ቀ− ଷ × 27 + 36 − 18ቁ − ቀ− ଷ + 4 − 6ቁ = 0 + ଷ = ଷ
6) Calculate the volume generated when the area bounded by the lines = ݕ2ݔ, = ݔ2,
and the ݔaxis is rotated about the ݔaxis
101
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
ଶ ଶ ଶ
4 ଷ
ܸ = න ߨ = ݔ݀ ݕන ߨ(2 ߨ = ݔ݀ )ݔන 4 ݔଶ ݀= ݔ
ଶ ଶ
ߨݔ
3
ସ ଷଶగ
Volume = ଷ ߨ(2ଷ − 0) = ଷ
7) Calculate the volume generated when the area bounded by the semicircle
√ = ݕ4 − ݔଶ and the ݔaxis is rotated about the ݔaxis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
102
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
ଶ ଶ
ଶ
ݔଷ ଶ
ܸ = න ߨ ߨ = ݔ݀ ݕන 4 − ߨ = ݔ݀ ݔቆ4 ݔ− ቇ
ିଶ ିଶ 3
8 −8 16 32ߨ
ܸ = ߨ ቆ൬8 − ൰ — (−8 − )ቇ = ߨ ൬16 − ൰ =
3 3 3 3
8) Calculate the volume produced by rotating the area between = ݕ3 ݔଶ and
ݔ = ݕ+ 2 with ≥ ݔ0 around the ݔaxis
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
ଵ ଵ
ݔଷ 9 ݔହ
ܸ = ߨ න ( ݔ+ 2)ଶ − (3 ݔଶ )ଶ ݀ ߨ = ݔන ݔଶ + 4 ݔ+ 4 − 9 ݔସ ݀= ݔ + 2 ݔଶ + 4 ݔ−
3 5
ଵ ଽ ଼గ
Volume = ߨ ቀଷ + 2 + 4 − ହቁ − (0) = ଵହ
103
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
9) Find the volume generated by rotating the curve ݔ = ݕଷ between = ݕ0 and = ݕ3
about the ݕaxis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
ଷ ଷ
ଶ
ଶ 3 ହ
ܸ = න ߨ = ݕ݀ ݔන ߨ()ݕଷ = ߨ ()ݕଷ
5
3 ହ ߨ ଼
ܸ= ߨ(3)ଷ = (3)ଷ
5 5
10) Find the volume generated by the curve = ݕ2 ݔ− ݔଶ and = ݕ0 about the ݔaxis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
104
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Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
ଶ ଶ
ଶ )ଶ ଶ ଷ
4 ݔଷ
ସ ସ
ݔହ
ܸ = න ߨ(2 ݔ− ݔ ݀ ߨ = ݔන 4 ݔ− 4 ݔ+ (ߨ = ݔ݀ ݔ − ݔ+ )
3 5
ଷଶ ଷଶ ଵగ
Volume = ߨ ቀ ଷ − 16 + ቁ=
ହ ଵହ
105
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Year 12 Mathematics
Applications of
Calculus
106
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Exercise 1
Rates of Change
107
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 1: Rates of Change
1) A tap is slowly opened such that the volume flow rate R varies in time according to
the equation ܴ = ݇ݐ, where ݇ is a constant and > ݐ0. Calculate the total volume
that flows through the tap in the first 12 seconds if ݇ = 1.5݉ଷ ି ݏଶ
ܴ = 1.5ݐ
3 3
ܸ = න 1.5 = ݐ݀ ݐන ݐ = ݐ݀ ݐଶ
2 4
ଷ
Volume in first twelve seconds = ସ × 144 − 0 = 108 ݉ଷ
2) The number of bacteria in a dish after t hours is given by ܾ = 3 ݐଶ + 5 ݐ+ 2. How
fast is the population growing after 3 hours?
ௗ
Rate of growth = = 6 ݐ+ 5
ௗ௧
ௗ
At = ݐ3, ௗ௧ = 23 ݎ݁ℎݎݑ
3) The rate of change of profit from sales of x beds per week is given by the equation
ௗ
= 50 − 2ݔ. What is the profit when 20 beds are sold?
ௗ௫
4) A ladder 5 meters long is resting against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder begins
sliding away from the wall at the rate of 1 metre per second, how fast is the top of
the ladder moving down when the bottom of the ladder is 3 meters from the wall?
5m
ݔ
ݕ
1 ݉ି ݏଵ
108
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 1: Rates of Change
ݔଶ + ݕଶ = 5ଶ
ݔଶ = 25 − ݕଶ
= ݔඥ25 − ݕଶ
݀ݔ 1 2ݕ
=−
݀ݕ 2 ඥ25 − ݕଶ
݀ݕ݀ ݔ݀ ݔ −ݕ
= × = × (−1)
݀ ݐ݀ ݕ݀ ݐඥ25 − ݕଶ
ௗ௫ ଷ
When = ݕ3, ௗ௧ = ସ ݉ି ݏଵ
5) In 2005, the population of a town was 1000. Since 2005 the rate of change in the
ௗ
population is modelled by the equation ௗ௧ = 4 ݐ+ 100, where t is the number of
years from 2005. What was the population of the town in 2009?
݀ܲ
ܲ=න ݀ = ݐන 4 ݐ+ 100 ݀ = ݐ2 ݐଶ + 100 ݐ+ ܿ
݀ݐ
6) A tank is being drained of water at a rate of = ݎ1 + 2 ݐ− 12 ݐଶ in litres per minute.
After 4 minutes there are 802 litres in the tank. What was the initial volume of the
tank, and how much will be left in the tank after 6 minutes?
4 + 16 − 4 × 64 + ܿ = 802
ܿ =1000
109
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 1: Rates of Change
=ݐ6
7) The number of fish that a seal can eat per hour (t) is given by ܴ = 32 − 2 ݐଶ
When = ݐ0, ܴ = 32
b) How many fish did it eat in the second hour? (To nearest whole number)
2 ݐଷ
ܰ = න ܴ ݀ = ݐන 32 − 2 ݐଶ ݀ = ݐ32 ݐ−
3
ଶ
When = ݐ1, (that is during second hour), ܰ = 32 − ଷ ≅ 31
8) In 1970 a rare painting was valued at $50,000. The rate of change in its value is
ௗ
given by the equation: ௗ் = 200 ݐ+ 500.
ௗ
When = ݐ50, ௗ௧ = 200 × 50 + 500 = $1050 ݎܽ݁ݕ ݎ݁
b) If an investor purchased the painting in 1970 for $50,000 how much profit
will they have made by the year 2020?
ܸ݀
ܸ=න ݀ = ݐන 200 ݐ+ 500 ݀ = ݐ100 ݐଶ + 500 ݐ+ ܿ
݀ݐ
110
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 1: Rates of Change
111
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Exercise 2
112
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
a) ݁ = ݕ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
b) ݁ = ݕଶ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
113
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
భ
c) ݁ = ݕమ௫
y
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
d) ݁ = ݕଷ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
e) ି ݁ = ݕ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
114
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
f) ି ݁ = ݕଶ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
2) What effect does the value of ݇ have on graphs of the form ݁ = ݕ௫ ?
The higher the value of k, the broader the graph; a negative value of k reflects the
graph around the y axis
a) = ݕ2݁ ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
115
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
b) = ݕ10݁ ௫
y
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
c) = ݕ0.5݁ ௫
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
d) = ݕ−2݁ ௫
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
4) What effect does the value of A have on graphs of the form ݁ܣ = ݕ௫ ?
The graph is moved up or down the y axis by A units. A negative value of A reflects
the graph around the x axis
5) The growth rate per hour of a population of bacteria is 5% of the population. The
initial population was 100,000 bacteria. Sketch the curve of the population after 40
hours
695
Thousands
595
495
395
295
195
Hours x
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
6) The initial population of a town is 2000, and it grows at the rate of 2.5% per annum.
Graph the curve of the population after 50 years
y
6700
6200
5700
Population
5200
4700
4200
3700
3200
2700
Years
2200
x
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
7) A mining town is suffering a net population decline due to lack of work. In 1990 the
population was 2,000 the decline rate thereafter was 4.5% per annum.
ܲ = 2000(0.955 )
100 = 2000(0.955 )
ଵ
When ݊ log 0.955 = log ଶ
݊ = 65 ݏݎܽ݁ݕ
If the population drops at the same rate, it will be less than 100 in 2055
8) The number of mites in a pond was 1500 on January 1st. Each day the size of the
colony grows by 8%
ܲ = 1500(1.08 )
5000 = 1500(1.08 )
ହ
When log ଵହ = ݊ log 1.08
݊ = 15.64
The population will reach 5000 during the 16th day; that is January 17th
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
c) The pond can only support 7500 mites. When will this limit be reached?
7500 = 1500(1.08 )
ହ
When log ଵହ = ݊ log 1.08
݊ = 20.9
The maximum will be reached during the 21st day; that is on January 22nd
9) In the year 1990 there was $3500 in a bank account In the year 2000, the account
held $5500. If there had been no deposits or withdrawals in that time, what was the
rate of interest on the account? In what year will there be double the original
amount? (Assume compound interest)
5500
log = 10 log(1 + )ݎ
3500
0.196
= log(1 + )ݎ
10
10.ଵଽ = 1 + ݎ
1 + = ݎ1.046
≅ ݎ4.6%
10) A radioactive particle has a half life of 90 seconds; that is the amount present will
reduce by half every 90 seconds. How much of a 1 kg sample would remain after 5
minutes?
ܣ = ܣ ݁ ି௧
ܣ
= ݁ ିଽ = 0.5
ܣ
−90݇ = −0.693
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
݇ = 0.0077
ܣ = ܣ ݁ ି.௧
11) The population of a town in the year 2000 was approximately 16,500 and ten years
later it was approximately 27,200. Assuming a constant growth rate, what was that
rate, and what was the population of the town in 1990?
27200
= (1 + )ݎଵ
16500
(1 + )ݎଵ ≅ 1.648
log(1 + = )ݎ0.0217
1 + = ݎ10.ଶଵ
= ݎ0.051
16500
ܲଵଽଽ = ≅ 10036
1.051ଵ
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Exercise 3
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
݀ݔ
ܸ=
݀ݐ
= 4 ݐ+ 10 b) What is the rate of
acceleration of the
When = ݐ4, particle?
When = ݐ0, ܸ = 5
122
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
ܿ=5
No; if a particle is accelerating its
ଶ
ܸ = 10 ݐ− ݐ+ 5 velocity must be increasing
= ܣ−3 ݐଶ
ܸ = 30 ݉ି ݏଵ
3
5) Can a particle have positive = ݔන − ݐଶ + 8 ݀ݐ
2
acceleration and a negative
velocity? Explain When = ݐ0, = ݔ0
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
1
= ݔ− ݐଷ + 8ݐ
2 d) What will be its velocity at
this time?
1 ଷ
= ݔ0 ݓℎ݁݊ 8= ݐ ݐ
2
3
= ݐ4, ܸ = − (4ଶ ) + 8
2
= ݐ0 = ݐ ݎ4
ܸ = −16݉ି ݏଵ
The particle returns to the
origin after 4 seconds
y
Distance From Origin
14
12
10
2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
-2 Seconds
124
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
=ݐ6 ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ
ܸ = 0 ݓℎ݁݊ 2= ݐ , , , ….
2 2 2
The particle returns to the
ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ
origin at 6 seconds =ݐ , , , ….
4 4 4
When ܽ = 0, 6 = ݐ10 ߨ 3ߨ
= ݐ0, , ߨ, , ….
2 2
10 Graph the displacement as a
=ݐ function of t
6
125
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Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
16
14
12
10
2
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-2 Seconds
126
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Year 12 Mathematics
Exponential &
Logarithmic
Functions
127
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Exercise 1
128
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws
b) √ݔ e) ()ݔఱ
ଵ ఱ
ݔଶ ඥ ݔଶ
ఱ
c) య
√3ଶ f) ()ݔమ
ଶ
3ଷ ඥ ݔହ
d) య
√ݔ 3) Complete the following index laws
ଵ
ݔଷ a) ܽ ௫ ܽ ௬ = ܽ ௫ା௬
ೣ
e) ర
√ ݔଷ b) = ܽ ௫ି௬
ଷ
ݔସ c) ܽ = 1
భ
a) ()ݔమ e) (ܽ × ܾ)௫ = ܽ ௫ × ܾ ௫
௫ ೣ
√ݔ f) ቀቁ = ೣ
భ
b) ( ݔଷ )ర 4) Use index laws to simplify the
following
ర
ඥ ݔଷ
a) ܽଶ ܾ ଷ ܿ ଶ × ܾ ଶ ܿ ଶ
భ ଷ
c) ቀ ݔቁ ర
= ܽଶ ܾ ହ ܿ ସ
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws
ܾହ
= ݔା × ݕାௗ =
ܽସ ܿ ସ
ర య మ
d) మ
e) ܽିଷ ܾ ଶ ܿ ଷ × ܽଷ ܾ ିଶ ܿ ିଷ
= ܽଶ ܾ ଷ ܿ =1
య షయ
e)
మ మ మ f) షయ మ
య
ܾܿ ܽଶ
= =
ܽ ܾଷ ܿ
షమ య మ
f)
௫ೌ௬್ g) షమ య మ
௫௬
=1
ݔି × ݕିௗ
a) ܽିସ ܾ ଶ ܿ ିଵ × ܽଶ ܾ ିହ ܿ ିଶ
a) (ܽଶ )ଷ
1 = ܽ
= ଶ ଷ ଷ
ܽ ܾ ܿ భ
b) (ܽଶ ܾ ଶ )మ
b) ܽିଶ ܾ ିଷ × ܽ ିଵ ܾ ସ ܿ ିଵ
= ܾܽ
ܾ
= ଷ
ܽ ܿ భ భ ିଶ
ష
మ మ
c) ቆ భ ቇ
c) ି ݔ ݕ × ݔଶ ି ݕଶ మ
130
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws
ܾܿ
=
ܽ
d) (ܽଷ ܾ ିଶ ܿ ିଷ )
=1
e) ݔସ − ݔଷ
= ݔ(ݔ− 1)
= ܽ ܾ ିସ ÷ ܽ ܾ ସ
1
=
଼ܾ
భ
b) (ܽଶ ÷ ܾ ିଶ )మ ×
భ భ ଶ
ቀܽమ ÷ ܾ ିమ ቁ
= (ܽ ÷ ܾ ିଵ ) × (ܽ ÷ ܾ ିଵ )
ܽଶ
=
ܾଶ
భ
c) (ܾܽ)ିଵ ÷ (ܽଶ ܾ ଶ )ିమ
= (ܽିଵ ܾ ିଵ ) ÷ (ܽିଵ ܾ ିଵ )
=1
d) (2ܽଶ ) − 2
= 1 − 2 = −1
ସబ
e) (ସ)బ
=1
131
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Exercise 2
132
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
c) 5ଶ = ݕ
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
ݐ݁ܮlog ௫ ݐ = ݔ = 4 logଵ ܽ
=ݐ1 f) logଵ 30
a) logଵ 6 ଵ
g) logଵ ቀ଼ቁ
= logଵ (ܽ × ܾ)
= logଵ 2ିଷ
logଵ ܽ + logଵ ܾ
= −3 logଵ 2
ଵ
b) logଵ ቀଶହቁ
= −ܾ logଵ ܽ
= logଵ 5ିଶ
h) logଵ 10
−ܽ logଵ ܿ
= logଵ (2 × 5)
ଶ
c) logଵ ቀଷቁ
= logଵ ܽ + logଵ ܿ
ܽ
= logଵ ቀ ቁ
ܾ 8) Rewrite the following in terms of
log10
= logଵ ܽ − logଵ ܾ
a) log ହ ݔ
ଷ
d) logଵ ቀହቁ
logଵ ݔ
=
logଵ 5
134
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
b) log ௫ 5 b) log ଶ 10
logଵ 5 logଵ 10 1
= = ≅ ≅ 3.22
logଵ ݔ logଵ 2 0.301
d) logଵ 10 d) log ହ 5
logଵ 10 1 =1
= ൬= ൰
logଵ 100 2
e) logଵ 10
e) log ௫ ݔ
Undefined
logଵ ݔ
= (= 1)
logଵ ݔ f) logଵ 5
f) logଵ ݔ
=
logଵ 5
≅ 0.699
logଵ 10
logଵ ݔ
=
logଵ 1 10) Solve the following
Undefined మ ଵ
a) 3ି௫ = ଶ
g) log ௫ 1
మ
3ି௫ = 3ିଷ
logଵ 1
= =0
logଵ ݔ ݔଶ = 3
135
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
1.477
2 ݔ+ 1 ≅
0.398 a) ݁ ௫ = 10
≅ ݔ1.356
ln ݁ ௫ = ln 10
c) 6ଷ௫ = 32 ≅ ݔ2.3
1.505
3≅ ݔ ݁ ଶ௫ = 0.5
0.778
ln ݁ ଶ௫ = ln 0.5
≅ ݔ0.645
2 ≅ ݔ−0.693
d) 20 = 10(4)௫ାହ
≅ ݔ−0.347
4௫ାହ = 2
2 ݔ+ 10 = 1 12
ln ݁ .ହ௫ = ln
25
9
=ݔ− 0.5 ≅ ݔ−0.734
2
≅ ݔ−1.468
e) 1000 .ଵହ௫
= 12,000
d) ln = ݔ4
0.15 ݔlog 1000 = log 12000
݁ ୪୬ ௫ = ݁ ସ
log 12000
0.15= ݔ
3 ≅ ݔ54.6
≅ ݔ9.06 e) 4 + 2 ln = ݔ14
2 ln = ݔ10
11) What is the value of ln ݁ ௫ ?
ln = ݔ5
=ݔ
݁ = ݔହ
12) Solve the following
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
≅ ݔ148.41
ݔଶ − ݔ− 12 = 8
ݔଶ − ݔ− 20 = 0
= ݔ5 = ݔ ݎ−4
g) 0.05 = ݔln 5
1.609
≅ݔ = 32.19
0.05
137
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Exercise 3
138
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
d) ݁ = ݕ௫
మ ݀ ݕ2 ln ݔ
=
݀ݔ ݔ
݀ݕ మ
= 2 ݁ݔ௫ f) = ݕln( ݔଶ + 2 ݔ− 3)
݀ݔ
݀ݕ 2 ݔ+ 2
= ଶ
e) ݁ = ݕ௫
మ ାଶ௫ିଵ ݀ ݔ ݔ+ 2 ݔ− 3
݀ݕ మ
g) = ݕln(sin )ݔ
= (2 ݔ+ 2)݁ ௫ ାଶ௫ିଵ
݀ݔ
݀ݕ cos ݔ
=
f) ݁ = ݕୱ୧୬ ௫ ݀ ݔln(sin )ݔ
ೣ
න = 2 න ݑ݀ ݑ
c) ∫ ݁ ݀ݔ మ
1
a) ∫ ln ݔ݀ ݔ න = න ln ݑ݀ ݑ
3
140
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
ݑସ
න = න ݑଶ ݁ ௨ ݀ݑ = +ܿ
4
ସ
න = ݑଶ ݁ ௨ − න 2 ݁ ݑ௨ ݀ݑ a) ∫ ௫ ݀ݔ
= 4 ln ݔ+ ܿ
Again noting that
݁ ௨ = (݁ ௨ )' ଷ
b) ∫ ଷ௫ାଶ ݀ݔ
And integrating by parts
again
= ln(3 ݔ+ 2)+c
ଶ௫
= ݑଶ ݁ ௨ − [2 ݁ ݑ௨ − ∫ 2݁ ௨ ݀]ݑ c) 2 ∫ ௫ మ ିଷ ݀ݔ
= ݑଶ ݁ ௨ − 2 ݁ݑ௨ + 2݁ ௨
= 2 ln( ݔଶ − 3) + ܿ
(Substituting ݁ = ݔ௨ ܽ݊݀ = ݑln )ݔ
ଵଶ௫
ଶ
= (ݔln )ݔ− 2 ݔln ݔ+ 2ݔ d) ∫ ଷ௫ మ ାଵ ݀ݔ
(୪୬ ௫)య
f) ∫ ௫
݀ݔ = 2 ln(3 ݔଶ + 1) + ܿ
݁ = ݔ௨
ଵ
= ଶ ln( ݔଶ − 4 ݔ+ 2)+c
݀ ݑ1
=
݀ݔ ݔ
f) ∫ cot ݔ݀ ݔ
1
݀ݔ݀ = ݑ
ݔ
cos ݔ
cot = ݔ
sin ݔ
න = න ݑଷ ݀ݑ
Let = ݑsin ݔ
141
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
2ݔ ( ݔ+ 1)
= +
( ݔ− 1)( ݔ+ 1) ( ݔ+ 1)( ݔ− 1)
b) = ݕln( ݔ− 4) + ln( ݔ+ 1)
3 ݔ+ 1
=
݀ݕ 1 1 ݔଶ − 1
= +
݀ ݔ ݔ− 4 ݔ+ 1
7) Differentiate the following and
c) = ݕln ݔଶ + ln( ݔ+ 1) simplify your answers where
possible
݀ ݕ2ݔ 1 ೣ ି షೣ
= ଶ+
݀ݔ ݔ ݔ+1 a) = ݕ ೣା షೣ
142
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
݀ݕ
ᇱ ()ݔ ௫ ି௫ ݀ݔ
݃ =݁ −݁
(݁ ௫ + ݁ ି௫ )ଶ − (݁ ௫ − ݁ ି௫ )ଶ
=
݃ଶ ( ݁( = )ݔ௫ + ݁ ି௫ )ଶ (݁ ௫ + ݁ ି௫ )ଶ
ೣ
b) = ݕ ೣିଵ
݀ ݁( ݕ௫ )(݁ ௫ − 1) − ݁ ௫ ݁ ௫
=
݀ݔ (݁ ௫ − 1)ଶ
−݁ ௫
= ௫
(݁ − 1)ଶ
= 2 cos(ln )ݔ
d)
మ
= ݕln൫ ݔଶ ݁ ି௫ ൯
మ
= ݕln ݔଶ + ln ݁ ି௫ = ln ݔଶ − ݔଶ
݀ ݕ2ݔ 2
= ଶ − 2 = ݔ− 2ݔ
݀ݔ ݔ ݔ
Simplify
143
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Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
144
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Year 12 Mathematics
Trigonometry
145
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Exercise 1
Radian Measurement
146
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
ߨ
a) 30°
18
ߨ
6 j) 130°
b) 40° 13ߨ
18
2ߨ
9 k) 165°
c) 120° 11ߨ
12
2ߨ
3 l) 60°
ߨ
d) 70°
3
7ߨ
18 2) Convert the following radians to
degrees
e) 170°
గ
a) ସ
17ߨ
18 45°
f) 160° b) ସగ
ଽ
8ߨ
80°
9
ଵଵగ
g) 150° c) ଵ଼
5ߨ 110°
6
గ
d) ଵଶ
h) 75°
105°
5ߨ
12
147
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
e) గ 7ߨ
ଽ
6
140°
b) 240°
గ
f) ଶ 4ߨ
3
90°
c) 270°
గ
g) ଽ
3ߨ
20° 2
d) 320°
h) ߨ
16ߨ
180°
9
ହగ
i) ଵ଼ e) 360°
50° 2ߨ
గ
j) ଵଶ
4) Convert the following radians to
degrees
15°
ଷగ
a) ଶ
ଷగ
k) ସ
270°
135°
ହగ
b) ସ
ହగ
l) ଽ
225°
100°
గ
c)
3) Convert the following degrees to
exact radians 210°
a) 210° d) గ
ସ
315°
148
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
70
݈ = 2ߨ × 1.5 ×
e) ଵଷగ 360
ଽ
7ߨ
260° =
12
ଵగ
f) ଵହ e) Radius of 33cm, subtended
angle of 100°
204°
100
݈ = 2ߨ × 33 ×
5) Find the length of the following 360
arcs in terms of π
55ߨ
=
3
a) Radius 2cm, subtended
angle of 30° f) Radius of 2.25cm,
subtended angle of 135°
30
݈ = 2ߨ × 2 ×
360 135
݈ = 2ߨ × 2.25 ×
ߨ 360
=
3
27ߨ
=
16
b) Radius 10cm, subtended
angle of 90°
6) Calculate the areas of the
following sectors in terms of π
90
݈ = 2ߨ × 10 ×
360
a) Radius 10cm, subtended
= 5ߨ angle of 220°
220
c) Radius of 12cm, subtended ߨ = ܣ10ଶ ×
angle of 120° 360
550ߨ
120 =
݈ = 2ߨ × 12 × 9
360
149
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
4ߨ 1
= sin = ݔ−
9 2
150
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ
4= ݔ , , ,
3 3 3 3 (sin ݔ− 2)(sin ݔ+ 1) = 0
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ
3= ݔ , , , ,…
3 3 3 3
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ 15ߨ
=ݔ , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9
గ గ
b) sin 2 = ݔsin ݔ, ቒ− ଶ , ଶ ቓ
=ݔ0
tan = ݔ1
ߨ 5ߨ
=ݔ ,
4 4
2 sin 2 = ݔ1
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
2= ݔ , ,−
6 6 6
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
=ݔ , ,−
12 12 12
151
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Exercise 2
152
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, and state the domain for each
a) sin ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
-1 to 1
b) sin 2ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) sin ଶ ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
d) cos ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
e) cos 3ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
ଷ
f) cos ଶ ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
2) From your graphs in question 1, what effect on the range is produced by the varying
of B in the general equations
What general effect does the value of “B” have on such graphs?
3) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, and state the domain for each
a) 2 sin ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
b) ଶ
sin ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) ଶ
cos ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
d) 3 cos ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
4) From your graphs in question 3, what effect on the range is produced by the varying
of A in the general equations
What general effect does the value of “A” have on such graphs?
5) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, and state the domain for each
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
6) From your graphs in question 5, what effect is produced by the varying of “C” in the
general equations
a) sin ݔ = ݔ
=ݔ0
b) cos 2 ݔ = ݔ+ 1
=ݔ0
௫
c) sin 2 = ݔଶ
2ߨ
= ݔ0,
5
d) 2 cos ݔ = ݔ− 1
7ߨ
=ݔ
16
ߨ
= ݔ0, , 2ߨ
2
8) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, state the domain, and any values in the
range for which the function is undefined
a) y = tan ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
b) = ݕtan 2ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) = ݕtan ଶ ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
e) = ݕଶ tan ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
9) What effect does varying the values of A and B have on the graph and the range and
domain of functions of the type
ܣ = ݕtan ݔܤ
10) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π
a) = ݕcot ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
b) = ݕsec ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
c) = ݕcsc ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
1
x
-2
-3
-4
e) = ݕcot 2ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
f) = ݕcsc ଶ ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
11) Draw a rough sketch of the following in the range 0 to 2π, and then graph formally
to check your sketch
164
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
b) = ݕଶ sin 2ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
e) = ݕ2 tan ଶ ݔ
1
x
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
f) = ݕଶ tan 2ݔ
166
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1
x
-2
-3
-4
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Exercise 3
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= cos ݔ = − sin ݔ
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= 2cos 2ݔ = 2 sin 2ݔ
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
ଵ ଵ
c) = ݕsin ସ ݔ c) = ݕcos ଶ ݔ
݀ ݕ1 1 ݀ݕ 1 1
= cos ݔ = − sin ݔ
݀ ݔ4 4 ݀ݔ 2 2
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= 3 cos 3ݔ = sec ଶ ݔ
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= cos( ݔ+ 2) = 2 sec ଶ ݔ
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= cos( ݔ+ 1) = 2 cos(2 ݔ− 1)
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
݀ݕ ݀ݕ
= − cos( ݔ− 3) = −3 sin(3 ݔ+ 2)
݀ݔ ݀ݔ
ଵ
h) = ݕsin ቀ− ଶ ݔ− 1ቁ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration
݀ݕ 1 1
= − cos ൬− ݔ− 1൰
݀ݔ 2 2 ݀ݕ 1
= −2 sec ଶ ൬ ݔ+ ൰
݀ݔ 2
ଵ
i) = ݕcos ቀ2 ݔ− ଶቁ
ଵ ଵ
h) = ݕଶ tan ଶ ݔ
݀ݕ 1
= −2 sin ൬2 ݔ− ൰
݀ݔ 2 ݀ ݕ1 1
= sec ଶ ݔ
݀ ݔ4 2
3) Find derivatives of the following
4) Perform the following integrations
a) = ݕ2 sin ݔ
a) ∫ sin ݔ݀ ݔ
݀ݕ
= 2 cos ݔ
݀ݔ = ݕ− cos ݔ+ ܿ
ଵ
b) = ݕ2 sin ଶ ݔ b) ∫ cos ݔ݀ ݔ
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Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration
1 = ݁ ୱ୧୬ ௫ + ܿ
= ݕ2 ݔ− sin 2 ݔ+ ܿ
2
ଵ
e) ∫ ቀsin ଶ ݔቁ + 1 ݀ݔ
1
= ݕ−2 cos ݔ+ ݔ+ ܿ
2
a) ∫ sec ଶ ݔ݀ ݔ
= ݕtan ݔ
ୱୣୡమ ௫
b) ∫ ଶ
݀ݔ
1
=ݕ tan ݔ
2
d) ଵ
∫ ቀ2 cos ଶ ݔ− sin 2 ݔ+ sec ଶ ݔቁ ݀ݔ
1 1
= ݕ4 sin ݔ+ cos 2 ݔ+ tan ݔ+ ܿ
2 2
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©Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au