U3: Preparing Written Papers and Oral Presentations

UNIT 3 — Preparing Written Papers

and Oral Presentations
Good writing and speaking are the two most important skills that will serve you well for the rest of your life. How you
write and speak says a lot about you as a person, and can help distinguish you from others. In the workplace, good
writers and presenters are highly prized. Writing and speaking well can open the door to advancement in almost any
field you choose.
For this reason, this unit was designed to teach you how to write papers and give oral presentations. But first
and foremost you need to know the types and sources of information and the strategies required to access
information more efficiently.

While sourcing for information, it is also important to ensure that the information you have found is reliable.
How you eventually present the information you have gathered in written and oral forms is also important.
Finally, to enhance your oral presentations, you need to know how to utilise visual aids.
Unit Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1. Describe the two sources of information, the four main mediums of information and the necessary
strategies to ensure that the information is up-to-date and reliable.
2. List the five stages in preparing a written assignment.
3. Explain how sources are cited in in-text usage and the reference section.
4. Outline the steps in preparing and organising an oral presentation.
5. Describe some helpful hints for effective oral presentation.
6. Discuss the types of visual aids and the guidelines for developing and using them.
3.1 Accessing Information
As a student here at WOU, you will be required to read extensively on the courses you
have signed up for. You will also need to undertake assignments or projects. To complete
all these tasks successfully, you need information.

Not just any information but reliable information. You need to know where to locate it
and more importantly, how effectively to present it in written or oral form. We will start
our discussion on information by looking at the two major types of information: primary
and secondary.
Primary and secondary sources of information

Tutors and librarians often use the terms primary and secondary when referring to different sources of information. What are
they?
To find out more about primary and secondary sources, watch the video to understand
the difference between primary and secondary sources of information.

Direct Link: Understanding Primary & Secondary Sources

 Primary Secondary Combination

Person Reference Material Internet websites

Interview/photos Book Graphs/charts/tables etc

E-mails DVD-rom Dissertations

Event Encyclopaedia Thesis

Discussion Magazine

Debate Newspaper

Diaries Monographs

Autobiography Biography

TABLE 3.1
Print and audio-visual mediums

Information from the print and audio-visual mediums come from sources such as:
Print Audio Visual medium

•Books Audio Aids examples are Radio, Tape-

•Newspapers recorder, Gramophone,
•Magazines Linguaphone, Audio cassette player,
•Journals Language laboratory.
•Dictionaries and thesaurus
•Encyclopaedia Visual Aids examples are Chart, Black and
•Periodicals while board, Maps, Pictures, Models,
•Directories Text-books, Slide projector, Transparency,
•Brochures, leaflets, flyers, etc. Flash-cards, Print materials etc.

Audio-visual materials (sound and

pictures): videos, films,

CD-ROMs, VCDs
Internet

What if you still need more information for your tests or assignments and it is not available in your course materials and
reference books? The Internet is the fastest way of getting the latest and most up-to-date information on almost anything.
The forms of information provided by the Internet include:
1. Documents
2. Files
3. Pictures
4. E-books
5. Music
6. Movies
7. Ready-made PowerPoint presentations.
When searching for information using the internet, you need to use a search engine. A search engine is a huge
database that stores and categorises web pages that are throughout the Internet. All you need to do is, go to one of
the search engines and type in a word or phrase relating to the subject you are looking for. Some commonly used
search engines are:
• Google
• Bing
• Yahoo! Search
Digital libraries

Digital libraries basically store materials in electronic format and they can manage large collections of the
materials effectively. The following are some examples of digital libraries:
1. 24 × 7
2. ebrary
3. proquest
4. ebsco
5. emerald
6. DIGITAL DISSERTATIONS
Web Reference

For further information on the topic you have just read, you may refer to the following websites:
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu
http://www.nypl.org/digital
 How up-to-date is the information?
The table summarises the news about an event and how up-to-date the information is from the various
sources:
Source of the information / Time frame Access to information
Report of event (Documentation (Is the information up to (Where and how to find the
Source: Adapted and dissemination) date?) information)
from Sharon Radio / TV / Internet news services Seconds / Minutes TV news indexes; web search tools
Hogan’s original
“Flow of Newspapers (print) e.g., The Star, Day / Days Newspaper indexes
Information” The New Straits Times, The Sun
conceptual
Magazines, e-magazines (print and Week / Weeks Periodical indexes
approach to electronic) e.g., Time, Newsweek
library instruction
and UCLA College
Journals, e-journals (print and 6 months + Periodical indexes; bibliographies
Library
electronic) e.g.,
National Geographic
Books, e-books 2+ years Library Library catalogue; bibliographies

Reference sources (print and Average 10 years Library catalogue; bibliographies

electronic) e.g., encyclopaedias;
handbooks
Web pages Seconds / Minutes to Years Search Engines (Google, Bing, etc.)
and Web Directories (Yahoo!)
Many newspapers also have a site called ‘archives’ that enables you to access old articles. However, remember that not
all archives are free. To access certain archives, you need to pay a subscription fee.
You can go to the following websites to view samples of Malaysian newspaper archives:
http://www.thestaronline.com
http://www.nst.com.my
http://www.bharian.com.my
http://www.utusan.com.my
How reliable is the information?

When you have found the information you need for your written assignment or your oral presentation, you have to
evaluate the information. This means you have to ask yourself:
1. Is this information reliable?
2. Can I trust or believe this information?
3. Can I safely use this information in my assignments?
Guidelines: 1. Who is the author or institution?
a.If the author is a person, does the resource give biographical information about him, such as educational and other
credentials, position, institutional affiliation, and street address? (sometimes an e-mail address is not enough.)

b.If the author is an institution, is there information provided about it, such as the purpose and history of the institution, in
addition to a street address?
c.The URL can give clues to the authority of a source. A tilde ‘ ~ ’ (pronounced as Till — Day) in the URL usually indicates
that it is a personal page rather than part of an institutional Website. Some users often keep personal or business Web
pages on a server under their personal home directory, you will often see the tilde as part of Web addresses. Also, make a
mental note of the domain section of the URL (see table below).
d.If the page is part of a larger institution’s website, is the information provided put through some screening process or
filtered before it is put on the Web?

.edu educational (anything from serious research

to student pages)

.gov governmental (usually dependable)

.com commercial (may be trying to sell a product)

.net network (may provide

.org organisation (non-profit institutions; may be

biased)
2. How current is the information?

• Is there a date on the web page that indicates when the page was placed on the Web?
• Is it clear when the page was last updated?
• Is some/any of the information obviously out-of-date?
3. Who is the audience?

• Is the web page intended for the general public, scholars, practitioners, children, etc.? Is this clearly stated?
• Does the web page meet the needs of its stated audience?
4. Is the content accurate and objective?

• Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, or institutional biases?

• Is the content just a brief overview of the information or an in-depth analysis?
• If the information is the author’s opinion, is it clearly stated?
• If there is information copied from other sources, is it acknowledged? Are there footnotes?
3. Who is the audience?
• Is the web page intended for the general public, scholars, practitioners, children, etc.? Is this clearly stated?
• Does the web page meet the needs of its stated audience?
4. Is the content accurate and objective?
• Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, or institutional biases?
• Is the content just a brief overview of the information or an in-depth analysis?
• If the information is the author’s opinion, is it clearly stated?
• If there is information copied from other sources, is it acknowledged? Are there footnotes?
4. What is the purpose of the information?
• Is the purpose of the information to inform, explain, persuade, market a product, or
advocate a cause?
• Is the purpose clearly stated?
• Does the resource fulfill the stated purpose?
Learning Activity

Please attempt the Learning Activities below to gauge and improve your learning of this topic:
Learning Activity 3.1
Learning Activity — 3.1 Accessing information
Learning Activity 3.1

Select one famous person or historical event (e.g., Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Merdeka, etc). Then look for three primary,
secondary and combination sources related to the person or event. Write them down in the appropriate columns below.
You may use Table 3.1 to help you locate the sources.

Person/event Sources

1.
Primary 2.
3.

1.
Secondary 2.
3.

Combination 1. 2. 3.
2. This activity has been designed to help you determine the reliability of your source.
Select one book in the reference list given for any of your courses and answer the following questions.

a.What is the title of the book? _______________________________

b.When was it published? __________________________________

c.What edition is it? ______________________________________

d.If it is not the first edition, when was the first edition published? ___________________________________

e.Is there information on the author?

Self-check
Self-check 3.1

For this activity you need to do an internet search on the dangers of smoking. Locate one website that gives you
information on the topic. Use the five guidelines and the questions given earlier to check the reliability of information
in that website. Fill in the information in the appropriate columns in the table below.
Title:
Website address:

Guidelines:

Who is the author or the

institution?

How current is the

information?

Who is the audience?

Is the content accurate

and objective?

What is the purpose of

the information?
3.2 Preparing a Written Paper
In this section, we will discuss some of the common forms of written assignments that you may encounter as an
open distance learner. The following are some of the more common forms of written assignments at the university
level.

1. Essay
One of the most commonly assigned forms of essay is the thesis-support essay which addresses a central question
or issue and supports a thesis — the answer to the question or your stand on the issue. You may need to explain or
defend the thesis with reasons and evidence gained from your own personal experience or from reading and/or
research. The method or form for this type of essay generally comprises an introduction, body and conclusion.

2. Summary
If your tutor requests you to write a summary of something you have read, the intention is to help you clarify and
understand what you have read. It provides a brief description of the information or main points contained in an
article or document. A summary may or may not require you to give your own opinions.
3. Report
It is a very formal document that is written for a variety of purposes in the sciences, social sciences and business
disciplines. Generally, findings related to a given or specific task are written up into a report. A report is organised into
separate sections according to the specific requirements of the given task. It is not a continuous piece of writing like an
essay. Each type of report serves a very specific purpose and is aimed at a very particular audience. Science reports are
mainly laboratory reports that outline, analyse and evaluate results from experiments. Reports for business studies, on
the other hand, may range from short reports to lengthy reports such as cost-benefit analysis reports; research and field
reports; financial reports and proposals

4. Research paper
A research paper presents the results of your investigations on a selected topic. It is based on your own thoughts and
the facts and ideas that you have gathered from a variety of sources, e.g., from the library, survey, experiment, etc.
Strategies for preparing written assignments

There are basically five stages in preparing a written paper:

Analyse the topic

Look at the topic and analyse what information is required.

1. What do I think about this topic?
2. Is there anything related to this topic that I feel strongly about?
3. Has there been any recent discussion(s) on this topic or related to this topic in any of the media?
4. What are the words that I can think of that are related to this topic?

When analysing your topic, you will also want to consider the type, quantity, and format of information you will need. The
following questions may help you do this.
1. What kind of assignment do you have to complete? (e.g., 5 minute oral presentation, 10 page paper, 50 page paper)
2. How much information do you need?
3. Is currency important?
4. What types of publications do you want to read? (newspaper articles, books, journal articles, etc.)
5. Is point of view an issue? Do you need opinions?
6. How much time do you have?
Search for information

After analysing the topic, you need to search for the information you need on the topic. Refer to the previous section on
the strategies for accessing information. You may want to visit the library to look for books, journals and/or audio-visual
materials or you can search the various online resources (digital libraries and newspaper archives) to see what
information is available. Take note of the website addresses or create a folder and save the relevant files for future
reference. When downloading information, check for copyrights. You will learn more about Academic Integrity in Unit 5.
Plan the outline

Before proceeding to write the entire paper, it would be wise to create an outline first. An outline is an organised list of
all the information or ideas you managed to gather on the topic. Your outline will depend on the type of written
assignment you are required to prepare. If it is an essay, you may organise the points under introduction, body and
conclusion.

If it is a report or a research paper, try to spot the main categories or headings under which you can arrange your
ideas. This will comprise the body of the report or research paper and you will also need to provide an introduction
and a conclusion.
Prepare a draft

Once you are satisfied with your outline, you can write your first draft. Write following the outline you created. Once a
rough draft is ready, you can improve on it. Here are some tips on writing the various sections:

Introduction

The introduction basically tells your readers what you are going to write about and why (your justifications). The two
most important aspects of the introduction are the hook and the thesis statement. A hook helps to grab the reader’s
attention.
Web Reference

To read more about what hooks are, go to the following website:

https://www.academicwritingsuccess. com/7-sensational-essay-hooks/
The other important aspect of the introduction is the thesis statement. The thesis statement conveys the writer’s opinion,
perspective or approach to the topic.

Unlike the hook, thesis statements must be in complete sentences. They identify the audience for whom the paper was
intended. More importantly, they must highlight the main points of the paper.

Web Reference

The following website explains what a thesis statement is and provides examples of it.
https://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/ 32467
Body

The body of your paper contains the information that you want to convey. It is the most significant part of writing. This is
where your:
1. Ideas/arguments are laid out.
2. Examples and evidence are provided to back-up ideas/arguments.
3. Justifications for the ideas/arguments provided in the introduction are elaborated.
Conclusion

Your conclusion is basically a summary of your main ideas (in the same order). This is where you recap what you have
presented in the body. Do not bring up any new points in the conclusion but make sure you have a final comment on
the topic. The comment could be a recommendation, a call for more research in the area or a prediction. Start the
conclusion with a signal such as ‘In conclusion’ or ‘As a conclusion’.
Revise the draft

Now that you have completed your draft, it is time to revise it. Go through the process as many times as you need to
improve on it. Check the sentences within the paragraphs. See that they are complete sentences and not fragments
or incomplete sentences. Turn on the grammar and spell checker in your computer as you are typing your
assignment. But do take note that it has its limitations and cannot detect all spelling errors.

Make sure that you have used appropriate transitional words like therefore, consequently, in addition, similarly,
furthermore, however, then, after that, for example, for instance, etc. Transitional words are also known as cohesive
devices or linking words. They are used to link one sentence with the next or one paragraph to the next. They show
the relationship between sentences or paragraphs and make your writing more coherent.
Web Reference

For a full list of linking words and how to use them, refer to
https://englishpost.org/teaching-grammar-linking-words/
Citing sources

An important part in any written assignment, whether they are essays, reports or research papers, is citation. It is
important that all sources of information are acknowledged or cited. It is always a good practice to show where you
obtained your information. This is done at the end of your written paper. You should record your references as a
single list and in alphabetical order.

There are several major citation styles used and are adopted by various colleges and universities. The following are
the more commonly used citation styles:
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
American Psychological Association (APA) — used in WOU
Modern Language Association (MLA)

In WOU, we use the APA citation style, 7th edition. You can get guidance on how to use the APA 7th edition from our
WOU Digital library.
http://woulibrary.wou.edu.my/help/citeguides _apa.asp

For more detailed information, please refer to:

https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7GettingStarted
Learning Activity

Please attempt the Learning Activity below to gauge and improve your learning of this topic:
Learning Activity 3.2
Self-check

Please attempt the Self-check below to gauge and improve your learning of this topic:
Self-check 3.2
There is growing concern that television violence increases violent and aggressive tendencies in young children
(Tan 2020). David (2021, 33) also stated that the majority of Malaysians feel that television entertainment has
now become too violent. Hurt (2020) identified that several of the variables in the relationship between television
violence and aggression are related to the viewers’ characteristics. Hurt says (2020, 10) viewers who are angry or
frustrated before watching a violent scene are more prone to aggression than others.
3.3 Preparing For and Making Oral Presentations
The ability to speak effectively is just as important as the ability to write well. In fact, they are the two most important
types of communication used while studying as well as at work. Oral presentations can enhance your reputation as a
student as well as an employee. Every opportunity to present orally should be looked upon not just as an opportunity
to sell your ideas but also your competence.

The steps below are suggestions that you can take into consideration when preparing an oral presentation.
1. Analyse your audience.
Just as the reader determines the success of written communication, the audience determines the success of an oral
presentation. Therefore, you need to know or analyse your audience. The following questions will help you to do this:
1.How much do they know about the subject?
2.What is their age group?
3.What is their educational background?
4.What is their cultural/ethnic background?
5.What is their economic background?
6.What are their interests?
7.Why are they attending my oral presentation?
8.What do they expect from me?
9.What will they gain from listening to my presentation?

Knowing who your listeners are will help you decide what kind of information should be presented and how that
information should be presented.
2. Know your objectives.
What is the purpose or objective of your presentation? The objective refers to what you want to achieve at the end
of your presentation. Do you want to inform, teach, motivate, persuade, dissuade, or get your audience to do
something? How you approach the subject depends on your objectives:
1. The benefits of saving money: To inform
2. How to solve a mathematical problem: To teach
3. Study hard in order to achieve good grades: To motivate
3. Research your topic.
Apply the strategies you learnt earlier on searching and accessing information. Determine, first and foremost, what
information you will need. You will also want to choose information that appeals to your audience particularly their
age, educational background, etc. When looking for information, bear in mind the duration of your presentation. It is
an indicator of how much information you need to find.
4. Organise your oral presentation.
When designing your presentation, make sure your content is well organised. Just like your written assignment, your
oral presentation consists of three parts:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Introduction

Think about what you are going to say to your audience after the usual “Good morning” or “Good evening”. The
following are suggestions that can help you come with an effective introduction.
Get the attention of your audience. You can do this by:
a. Telling them a story or anecdote related to the topic.
b. Beginning with a quotation related to the topic.
c. Telling a joke.
d. Listing out a series of interesting or shocking facts related to the topic.

State your purpose:

a. Tell your audience your topic.
b. Present an oral or visual outline of your presentation,i.e., the main points or ideas you will be covering: “First, I
will talk about ..., Secondly, I will discuss ..., Then I will examine ..., Next ..., After that ..., Finally ...” You can also
show them a visual outline of your presentation with PowerPoint.
The body

With the visual outline above as your guide, you should be able to present your points one by one systematically and in a
logical order. Now go through the various sections of the body of your presentation:
1. Go through the points in the order that you wish to present them.

2. Make use of examples to support your points.

3. Prepare visual aids to present the contents of your topic. Your audience will understand better with visuals. It will also
make your presentation much more interesting. Make a list of visual aids you plan to use.

4. Include signposts in your presentation. Signposts are words and phrase that let the audience know where you are and
where you are going next:

Numerical signposts: “First ..., Second ..., Third ..., Finally ...” Numbering helps your listeners visualise your presentation
better.

Old-to-new transitions: An old-to-new transition is a sentence that alerts your audience to where you have been to and
where you are going to next in your presentation.
The conclusion

Finally, think about how you are going to end your presentation. The conclusion is to let your audience know that you
have reached the end of your presentation. The purpose of the conclusion is to leave your listeners with a clear idea of
everything that you have spoken about.
1. Use phrases like, “In conclusion, I would like to say ...”, “I would like to summarise by stating ...”, “To recap what I
have just said ...”, etc. Write your summary here:
2. Restate the purpose of your presentation by saying, “I hope you can see the purpose of my talk is ...”, “My intention
is ...”, “I hope that you are aware that ... so we have to do something about it …”, etc. Remind your audience the
purpose of your talk here:
3. Thank your audience.
4. Invite questions from your audience and do not forget to thank the audience for posing questions.
Web Reference

Now read about ten simple rules for making oral presentations that you can find at:
https://www.unl.edu/gradstudies/
connections/ten-simple-rules-making-good-oral-presentations

Now watch Priyanka Chopra Jonas speaking at the 70th anniversary of Unicef.
Direct Link: Priyanka Chopra’s powerful speech at our 70th anniversary event | UNICEF
Non-verbal language during oral presentations

Language comes in two forms — verbal and non-verbal. Verbal language comprises what you say and write. Non-verbal
language refers to how you communicate without words — eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, movement, voice
and appearance.

1. Eye contact
Always maintain eye contact with the audience. It compels listeners to tune in to what you are saying. When you look at
your audience, you can pick up verbal clues as to whether they can understand what you are saying. Their facial
expressions and body language are providing you valuable feedback on your presentation. Good eye contact also helps
you reflect self-confidence and gives credibility to what you are saying.

2. Facial expression
Expression should reflect what you are saying. If you are excited, your face should show excitement. If you talking about
something serious, your face should reflect that.
3. Gestures.
Use natural, animated gestures.

4. Movement
Don’t stand in a “frozen” position. Moving about can help accentuate your enthusiasm.

5. Voice
Your audience must be able to hear what you are saying and understand what you are saying. So don’t speak too softly,
too fast, or worse, mumble. Enunciate the words clearly and use different tones. A good speaking voice should also have
a pleasing melody. It should not be harsh or nasal.

6. Appearance
Your personal appearance affects your credibility. Informal clothing is rarely appropriate for a professional presentation.
Pay significant attention to personal grooming.
Taking questions

Your presentation does not end once you have finished saying everything you wanted to say. The question time is also a
part of your presentation and this is where your ability to interact with the audience will be tested. However, you cannot
really prepare for questions since you cannot predict what the audience will ask. Nevertheless, the following tips can
help you to handle questions better.
1. When a question is posed, always repeat the question, loudly and clearly, so that the entire audience knows what has
been asked.
2. Take a moment to reflect on the question before answering it. Don’t rush to give an answer. By doing this you actually
show respect to the questioner.
3. If, on the other hand, you are not sure of the answer, ask for a clarification or restate the question.
4. If you do not know the answer, say so. You don’t have to apologise but offer to look into it. You may also ask the
audience to help you with the answer.
5. Always wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before you begin to answer the question. Don’t interrupt
the questioner. The only time you may need to break in, is if the questioner is rambling or is vague. But do so.
6. Do not have lengthy discussions with one person, engage the entire audience.
Controlling nervousness

We have all felt it at one time or another — the sweaty palms and the butterflies in the stomach. Yes, many people
are afraid of oral presentations and therefore, try to avoid it. So, how can we overcome our fear of speaking to an
audience? When you are introduced to speak, take three breaths to relax yourself before you get out of your chair.

Then when you go up, thank the person who introduced you and then count to 10 before you start speaking. This
will allow the audience to get settled and be ready to hear you. It also is a way to show that you are now in control.
It also helps to know that the audience is on your side. They want to hear what you have to say and to see you do
well. Before you give your speech, think of them as caring, friendly people who want to hear you speak. It is just
like talking to your friends. The positive image should relax you and put you in a good frame of mind.
Visual aids

Visual aids are defined as any graphical representation of data used to communicate the contents or meaning
(including spatial and temporal location) of the data. They refer to anything presented in a form that the listener can
see to supplement the information the listener hears. In other words, it is good for the audience to hear what you have
to say, but it is even better if they hear and see the information. The old saying, “A picture is worth a thousand words”
is usually true.
1. Visual aids enable you to demonstrate a point visually as well as audibly. They can be the icing on the cake to add
punch to your presentation. The following are some of the advantages of using visual aids in presentations:
Visuals help the audience to focus on what you are saying. The audience’s attention will not be consistent throughout
your presentation. So it will be a challenge for you to direct the audience’s attention especially at strategic points.

2. The audience retains the message better. Research has clearly shown that people retain more of what they see and
hear compared to what they see. For example, research has found that message retention after three days is only l0%
following an oral presentation, but it is 65% following an oral and visual presentation.

3. The message is conveyed more efficiently. Using visuals helps to make your presentation more concise and precise,
thereby cutting down on lengthy presentations which may bore the audience.
Types of visual aids

There are many types of visual aids and they can basically be divided into two categories: standard visual aids and
electronically enhanced visual aids.

Standard visual aids consist of handouts, pictures, photographs, flip charts, posters, objects and models. Electronically
enhanced visual aids are audio visual aids and Powerpoint.
Reading

Now read about the design principles of visual aids at

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/
publicspeaking/chapter/chapter-13-design-principles/
Web Reference

For further information on the topic you have just read, you may refer to the following websites:
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/
present/visual-aids.html
https://www.orai.com/blog/visual-aids-in-presentation/
Learning Activity

Please attempt the Learning Activity below to gauge and improve your learning of this topic:
Learning Activity 3.3
c. To persuade:
Persuade my audience to buy original software.
d. To motivate:
Motivate my students to study smart.
Summary
In this unit, you were introduced to the two main important things you will be engaged in as a learner: producing written
papers and oral presentations. We talked about the sources and the information media that you can use particularly in
ODL.

This unit also introduced you to the strategies that you can apply to ascertain that the information that you have
gathered is current and reliable. Apart from these, you learnt how to cite sources using the APA style.

Finally, you were introduced to oral presentations: the types of oral presentations and the types, benefits and guidelines
for using visual aids to enhance your presentations.
References
Citetotal. (2021). 5-step guide on how to prepare for an oral presentation. Retrieved 22 December
2021. https://citetotal.com/writing-guides/how-to-prepare-for-an-oral-presentation/

Duric, A. (2021). Preparing for oral presentations. Skills You Need. Retrieved 22 December
2022. https://www.skillsyouneed.com/rhubarb/ preparing-oral-presentations.html

Garcia, A. (2020). 5 tips on writing better university assignments. Retrieved 22 December

2022. https://theconversation.com/5-tips-on-writing-better-university-assignments-130541

Grand Valley State University. (2021). Oral presentation tips. Retrieved 22 December
2021. https://www.gvsu.edu/ours/oral-presentation-tips-30.htm

Open Polytechnic. (2021). Step-by-step guide to tackling assignments. Retrieved 22 December

2022. https://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/current-students/study-tips-and-techniques/assignments/step-by-step-
guide-to-tackling-assignments/

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