The troubleshooting process: 1. Gather data from the customer. 2. Verify obvious issues first. 3.

Try quick solutions first. 4. Gather data from the computer. 5. Evaluate the Problem and implement the Solution. 6. Close with the customer. __________________________________________ Windows XP Boot Sequence: Power On Self Test (POST) POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS BIOS reads the Master Boot Record (MBR) MBR takes over control of the boot process and starts NT Loader (NTLDR) NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI file to know which OS to load and where to find the OS on the boot partition NTLDR uses NTDETECT.COM to detect any installed hardware NTLDR loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE file and HAL.DLL NTLDR reads the registry files and loads device drivers NTOSKRNL.EXE starts the WINLOGON.EXE program and displays the Windows login scre en __________________________________________ ACPI Standards: S0: The computer is on and the CPU is running. S1: The CPU is not running. However, the CPU and RAM are still receiving power. S2:The CPU is off, but the RAM is refreshed. The system is in a lower power mode than S1. S3:The CPU is off, and the RAM is set to a slow refresh rate. This mode is often called Save to RAM . In Windows XP, this state is known as the Standby mode. S4: The CPU and RAM are off. The contents of RAM have been saved to a temporary file on the hard disk. This mode is also called Saved to Disk . In Windows XP, this state is known as the Hibernate mode. S5: The computer is off and nothing has been saved. ___________________________________________ Laser printers using electrophotographic technology Inkjet printers using electrostatic spray technology Dot matrix printers using impact technology ___________________________________________ Laser printer: Step 1: Cleaning - When an image has been deposited on the paper and the drum ha s separated from the paper, any remaining toner is removed from the drum. Printe r may have a blade that scrapes excess toner from drum. Some printers use an AC voltage on a wire that removes the charge from the drum surface and allows the e xcess toner to fall away from the drum. Step 2: Conditioning - Removing the old latent image from the drum and clearing the drum for a new image. Done by placing a special wire or grid, called the pri mary corona, across the surface of the drum. Drum receives a negative charge of approximately -600 volts DC. The roller is called a conditioning roller. Step 3: Writing - Scanning the photosensitive drum with the laser beam. Every po rtion of the drum that is exposed to the light has the surface charge reduced to

about -100 volts DC. As the drum turns, an invisible latent image is created on it. Step 4: Developing - Toner is applied to the latent image. Toner contains develo per particles made up of magnetic materials coated with a plastic-like material. The toner is charged to approximately -200 volts DC. Toner is attracted to the -100 volts DC areas of the photosensitive drum, but repelled by the more negativ e -600 volts DC areas. A control blade holds the toner at a microscopic distance from the drum. The toner leaps from the control blade to the drum, where it is attracted by the more positively charged latent image. Step 5: Transferring - Toner attached to the latent image is transferred to the paper. Secondary corona places a positive charge on the paper. Paper attracts th e negative toner image from the drum. The image is now on the paper, held in pla ce by the positive charge. Step 6: Fusing - Paper is rolled between a heated fuser roller and a pressure ro ller. Fuser roller is heated to about 350 degrees Fahrenheit (177 degrees Celsiu s). Loose toner powder fuses with the fibers in the paper. Paper is then moved t o the output tray as a printed page. Continuous Care Will Delay Trouble Forever. __________________________________________ The printing process in a solid-ink printer is a three-stage process: Step 1: Cleaning - Drum surface is cleaned to remove any remaining ink from the previous print. Step 2: Spraying - The print head and the drum are heated and an image is spraye d onto the print drum. Step 3: Transferring - Paper is passed between a pressure roller and the drum tr ansferring the image to the paper. The ink is dry when the transfer is finished. __________________________________________ Benefits of Networking: Fewer peripherals needed Increased communication capabilities Avoid file duplication and corruption Lower cost licensing Centralized administration Conserve resources __________________________________________ DHCP process: DHCP server receives a request from a host. Server selects IP address information from a database. Server offers the addresses to requesting host. If the host accepts the offer, the server leases the IP address for a specific p eriod of time. Advantages of DHCP: Simplifies the administration of a network Reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or invalid addresses _________________________________________ Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA). With this feature, a Windows computer c an assign itself an Internet Protocol (IP) address in the event that a DHCP serv er is not available or does not exist on the network. _________________________________________ OSI Model:

1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application _________________________________________