BEAM FORMULAE by Arun Syam x Manager Technical Services AISC INTRODUCTION This article contains formulae for the calculation of reactions, shear force, bending moment and deflection for beams with various load and support conditions, Tabulated diagrams and equations are presented to show these variations. Reference is made from the AISC Design Capacity Tables for Structural Stee! to this article for a comprehensive ‘set of beam deflection formulae. ‘These formulae can readily be used with the beam design provisions of AS4100-1990: Steel Structures for the Particular limit state being considered (eg strength, serviceability, etc). {In the design of beams for strength limit state calculations, no second order analysis (ie moment amplification) is required and the design bending moment (//") is that calculated from the following equations for the appropriately factored strength limit state loads and combinations. For the serviceability limit state (eg deflection) the following 9 formulae can be used with unfactored imposed loads. Formula Index ‘The section number is listed for the particular beam load and support condition. EXTERNAL LOAD comm) mi _|M | ¢ —1— - Single or muttiple concentrated ue [oe [oa | Sh) wa | So” Saeemipgemmonnaes Sa onarise 26,2H 4,2) 2K,2L,2M | 2N,20,2P- oo ‘entire span ee 3 303 - - “a “arta span ca ~ Linear varying fad along tne 2 = ~ rarefparal span EI * 6 3H | C= Moment apoes at a pin 5 “et “° - SEsF |p - canitever 3 4G | sasesc 50 sé SF SG —> _— Single span simply supported beam P| = } Simpa bean win oe | see Sections - = ~ | TE J siraletccutie overnang #E ~ Propped cantiever ee | See Section 6 - - - Seer eer ence EEE 21} comomconmu tame i cere] See Section 6 - - - Notation Conventional notation is used and is self explanatory when used with the diagrams. Note that: oO q)w = signifies a uniform distributed load per unit length (eg kN/m or N/mm); aw ~ signifies a total load (eg kN or N). References & Acknowledgements, See after Part SG 2 ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1CANTILEVERS 1A. CANTILEVER BEAM — Concentrated load at free end c ReViw wwe =P P M max. (at fixed end) = PL 9 oe F, | incl ‘Armas. attreeons) .. = 25 | qm: ok Fat ated Ban 1B. CANTILEVER BEAM — Concentrated load at any point fy Revie. -P f Mmax (attvedend) . = PD M, when x> a) + Pune A A max. (at ree ond) = Ba» ( ee A, (at point of load) - oa Ax (when x< a) = Beat-o- 2 A, (hon x> a) = Pen ap-i+e) ca a a pci [ell] a, 4 tele Aev Me ‘Mma. (at fxed ond) My A max. (at ree end). A 1. CANTILEVER BEAM — Uniform distributed load over entire span wt of ace att) 4D. CANTILEVER BEAM — Uniform load partially distributed at free end je ce >) 2 <4 phen x 4 sama. at fad en | M, (when x< b) bet, — M, (when x> b) \ > ‘Armax at te0 end). — Ag whan x) “i [seater + 20% ot -2+'] 9 vee AY 2 ; : ‘Auten x> 8) =a, [1 -adu-n-ar-v'] ( for STRUCTURAL STEEL e = 200x 10? MPa = 200x 10° kPa Meru neo cere STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER I wee ERIN 3CANTILEVERS 16. CANTILEVER BEAM — Uniform load partially distributed at fixed end Revo. =H Max. (at fixed end) Ms (note x datum) Agate 0) ‘A max (at roe ona) 1F. CANTILEVER BEAM — Uniform load partially distributed along any portion of span Revol wb r-L— ‘b max (at tiedond) = wb(ox2) eR wo gd 2, 2 eae? r20, 7 A max.(attros onc). = tbe + 18cb+ 1208+ 36° 12c'a + 12abe+ 40a) yo Use 1D. (above) for V, Mand A variation along span. + Ma Lt 1G. CANTILEVER BEAM — Linearly varying load increasing from free end to fixed end Ae. -w Vee = Ws, oe Mevax (attredeny = ME ee M peer at * Armar ates ney, = ME A = el stent’ eu t Aev yy) Armax.(attreeens) .. = AE mee NE Be Leese ty -stata)] e oe tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10° mPa = 200x 10°kPa ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1i | | | ba l, rR x - Lp Y | uy. omet Ne Aev VYGIS)... ‘Mena. (at fixed ond) M,(Bt0C) . M,(Ct00) . A max (at tee ond) .» CANTILEVERS +08 oa w = Zora 90-3 w = Hex-ae+d+20 41 CANTILEVER BEAM — Linearly varying load from any point along beam increasing towards fixed end _—4 “Y L: Ex pl a Monet HAE Aev (8100) M max. (at fixed end) M100) M, (C100) ‘Amax at tree ond) = [pet Havre Le a-x'] 5 J. CANTILEVER BEAM — Linearly varying load from any point along beam Increasing towards free end w [ses xm sat — wake!) als Per-sx-2- a + 10ab+ 150) La -: ona sab 40 ‘+ ao ieee 1K. CANTILEVER BEAM — Moment applied at free end Rev Mmax.=M, ‘A max (at ee enc) a TF Rav Minax.« My (@3 x51) ‘A max at roe onc) Ay (atx=a) 1L. CANTILEVER BEAM — Moment applied at any point along span -0 7m ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 tor STRUCTURAL STEEL’ £ = 200x10° mPa = 200% 10°kPa‘SINGLE SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 2A, SIMPLE BEAM — Concentrated load at mid-span ‘Max. (at point of load) 4 wen eb A max. (at point of load) Acme oo. 2B. SIMPLE BEAM— Concentrated load at any point along span bp Rawinnvmacy = ® apt ‘ ry, Mg (whan x< 2) | a(a+2t Pab(a+ 2b Va (ae 2B) ul] Al Armax(at x= -\/ 252522 when a> thm rns ee Aqtetpoet tong = ee Axtwhenxea) oo ss = CA 2C. SIMPLE BEAM — Concentrated load at any point with ends moments fl Fora >: me P ey Raye +2 ey Fa=Vy ce \ coy IL: M, (when x< a) : = FPD+ My) My Q t Mg (at load) 2s PPRe Ma My) My ‘ wT Nemec 7 FE (Palm etn rerormpero]} 2D. SIMPLE BEAM — Two equal concentrated loads symmetrically placed Rev... ; ‘Mrmax. (between loads). My (when x< a) ‘A max (at conte) Axiwhenxca) os Ax (when as x s(L-a)) Honest tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10° mPa = 200x10°kPa ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 PEE Eye TT“oy ie 2. SINGLE SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 2E. SIMPLE BEAM— Two unequal concentrated loads unsymmetrically placed (“el ff eee 2 Path my ot Vg(whenacx<(L-8) = Le =P ‘ ee a eT Meimneten aA) oe M, (when x< a) « . coe = Rx Monnecre(i-d) oo ves RCP ina) 2F. SIMPLE BEAM — N Concentrated loads at n equal spaces Note: n=N+1&24 RV ns o CSBE rmx ois oven, steams) so EE imax niga, ateantaegion) « Gan wy A ax. (n= stcorta) eee BE T= Anairdnseonacnm ... = Big als-$(0+4)] = Amaxin>4 nized steer)... «Peg le-4 ][s-$(-4)] a ‘When > 10 the load may be considered as uniormily cistributed. 2G. SIMPLE BEAM — Uniformly distributed load — Rev... . -% ro eee owen mae cate . wot My Le ce = Ba-n z Swit A max. (at contre) . ces Se boos cee HRC Hatt ee 2H. SIMPLE BEAM — Uniform distributed load with end moments L. (Use actual signs of moments) * Gout)” Pra ae Re eee evan. (+) (atx owe waaay em eRe Mo ee a Bbany em De ME A, (tor My > Ma). ss we Pavel Ae 2 Mag 2 Paar a tA 2 a 2 tor STRUCTURAL STEEL e = 200x10° mPa = 200x10°kPa we ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 Zz2. SINGLE SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 21, SIMPLE BEAM — Uniform load partially distributed along span — AeVi(maxwhenace) . a Fas Va (max when a>e) . Re Re Ve(when a (a+ b)) Armax. (when a= c) A, (when 0s xs a) . ee zig [221224] La? zara +000+20] A, (when a's.xs(a+b)) . - te {o- at + [224224] [oF 2acer-ar+b0+20]} Hei i 2J, SIMPLE BEAM — Uniform load partially distributed at each end L- Ray nae . oe maton bat | Re ri, Bele Ly. V, (when x< a) Wi Vy (when as x<(a+d)) Peer Ve (when x2 (a+b). . e Ps A wd ‘Memax. (at x= 7 when Fy < wa) a Mona (atx b= 22 won Ry mse) max (at x= 6-22 when P< Mwnan x< a) M (when asx<(a+b)) M, (when x> (a+b) - ‘Armax. when w= We & a= 0) 2K. SIMPLE BEAM — Load increasing uniformly to one end aie Fas Vemax. mau ® Re wwe smuL- a sr 2m. ‘iit , Mavax. (at x= B= 28am M - Mat Maa] ae rl «= ora i @ 2 = Met 082715 aoe tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10°MPa = 200x 10° kPa a STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 “eo Se mesa NCA OR PERRO ET TET ISINGLE SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 2L. SIMPLE BEAM — Load incre: ing uniformly, partially along span RaW Osxsa Fa= Vz (0s x50) Vylacxed) Max, (at x= a+ Mosxca Mesxed meses - ow Rear an20) ‘et A Osxca. . weet . Uta -doewel 2 glad -do+mel r A, (asxed) a < . Amoi ty Monat, Jl aotto- Mest we ! A, (bsxs) . . os 1 22, a_2b) ax Ayla? tn-wl a g-Br-2- ‘2M. SIMPLE BEAM — Load increasing uniformly from ends to center 0 nev . ” vatmnenxeb) oe Mata’ ae Max. (at contre) sore we A max. (at centre) ‘mei Aptwhon xed) = 6 at? | ‘ocd 1 i 2N. SIMPLE BEAM — Moment applied at one end i Me — Bev lM ee Mmax (atx=0) LM i 4 $F Moves oma) vi I A max. (at x= 0.422 L) 2 = oe ME i A |@| =m! j ( tor STRUCTURAL STEEL. = 200x10°MPa = 200x10°kPa ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER I2. SINGLE SPAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS 20. SIMPLE BEAM — Moment applied at any point along span = F(a rection) = V t—4 Mrmax.(-)(atx= a). Mma. (+) (at x= a) MOsxea. .. M(asxst) A max. (when a 08 at x= A, Os x a) Pat . é tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10° mPa = 200 x 10° kPa STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1IMPLE BEAM WITH OVERHANG 3B. SIMPLE BEAM WITH SINGLE OVERHANG — Concentrated load at end of overhang ay Pa JP Re Fae Vie Ve Me Bones Ca me IM (between suppors) ‘Mgy (Wor overhang) Hse ‘A max. (oawoen suppor atatx= 5) ‘A max, for overhang at x)= a). = A, (between supports) * GH ‘Ay (for overhang) 2 eee (between supports) = Rowe i Va (or overhang) = max) L é w 2 2 metxat [Sho = Murat na’ , 9 gh-5h 2 2 : Mylan) - . Bei i M, oatween sv9p0r8) eed ew | Ms (or varane) fant | . wet ot Pete 2022s 2a? | ‘Ac (between supporis) . - on nat Pout 20 e2e'd Aa torovemang) oo. oe BBs Peat and oh A tattrooond) os = gaa aaa -03, 3D. SIMPLE BEAM WITH SINGLE OVERHANG — Uniform distributed load between supports Revove ett Wine vee ee s when manatees) ss ate ue y ‘A max. (at contre) e@ a + Aw 24 EF ( tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 20x10? MPa = 200x 10°kPa STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 h peter ne meena3. SIMPLE BEAM WITH OVERHANG ( 3E. SIMPLE BEAM WITH SINGLE OVERHANG — Uniform distributed load on overhang 2 L a AraM tee - bx ce 71 & Fees oo wt eteay 9 a Fed Vee s en we Vp tloroverang) ss. yl Wx Max. (at Pe) siemmnsepe) Sy me yt ‘Mg; (for overhang) oe Lye att sama sat ‘A max. (between supports at x= Fe) = Taya g)™ 09208 “gy : A max. forovernang atxy=a) «= iHBsaL+9a A, (between supports) ae An itorovemarg) «so = tae sedated oe g QF. SIMPLE BEAM WITH DOUBLE OVERHANG — Equal concentrated load at each overhang av -P eT Te Max. (between suppor). =a aR M@sxs@) fo Px y Tay at ot acy . 6 > snow Ag (atcente poi) : Me 3G. SIMPLE BEAM WITH DOUBLE OVERHANG — Uniform distributed load over entire beam ReVieVe. - - = w(a + L2) Th. 1 Va (05x15) 7 : YOsxsh) x] JR My (05%) ¢8) IM, (at suppor) xs % Stew Mt mosxsy now Mz M, at centre) Ag atends) A (atcontre) For STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10° MPa = 200 10°kPa 2 ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 <> 41. 7-0 0CUUESPRSP LTO OR TOU EERE RIENCEfc ( ReVow se oa = wa Ys (Os 5) a .+ Mone at A max (atx = = giiag= 00017 5 rat Axlatpointotioas) =. 1S Pai? 544 Actwnen <3) oo = eRe) 4, Pe g-at Biwnenaey os. ce gFgocutan-ap tor STRUCTURAL STEEL = 200x10° MPa = 200x10°kPa « STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 5 erreerapevppwere iidgremsencognnesieneeneen SE yerenesTeARbey st Rew Ru Re Fane a-—p—7 1M: at point ota) vO Ma (at xed one) Ma (hen x 3) Ma(when x> a) As (at point of toad) Ac twhan x> 3) 4. PROPPED CANTILEVERS 4B. PROPPED CANTILEVER — Concentrated load at any point along span Beat Arras tena ciatatent Let ye Peat A.max.(vnen a> arstate= iV to)e 88 V8 Actwhenxe a) . ost = Bast eee Pa ty = Bava = ha Aux~ Pra) Pa Wtna?? ‘4C. PROPPED CANTILEVER— Uniform distributed load over entire span ——1—4 few oe - at yori, fc Vas -% : ar fe “ = Pio a i VIZ a 7 ° a II. mcaxedy gue we “we - ene Fone] Hy, - | Mew A ma. fat xo ket 1B) a 4215. = HE A. = Pye -aut ey 4D. PROPPED CANTILEVER — Uniform load partially distributed over span ma = Geet 40s Fa) aw, een ( Miatxw as) vo Sher Ty, Mies) “ft M(as xe(as) a Fee Hie, Milas). « Aurea). « Antasreta+oy) Auasosest) = TS 2et- 40+ td Bet?) ae A = ark = Ax Aux ana? = Rix- woud) os ah oP alt) + wor e+ 1207)] gag emaet 208) + wes 120) - wera] 5 [ewan ant re-x] tor STRUCTURAL STEEL = 200x10° MPa = 200x 10°kPa ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1PROPPED CANTILEVERS 48. PROPPED CANTILEVER — Moment applied at propped end Aya Rae M M Ms ‘A max. (at x= 1/3) A Pa Aya ReaV Mmax.(s)(atpoin Boh)... = My[ 1-28 589] a M, (= Max. (-) whan a< 0.2781) Mat ~ Mg (+) (« Mmax. (-) when a> 0.2751) » Rya Mosxea) . . =F Mlasxsl) oe = Rm My Ay (Osxea) Me[E=2 ais ’\-u-01] Ajasxsy) E=2 au'x-x) ‘fot tulsa] 5. BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS 5A. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS — Concentrated load at mid-span e FTP Revi ee ef R R Mmax. at contre and ends)... = on momenres) oo Bed Vv ae Amax.(ateente) - os [Men na Meas Mies Ag nen x< 5) tor STRUCTURAL STEEL, e = 200x10°mPa = 200x10°kPa ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 15. BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS SB. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS — Concentrated load at any point along span ir Fy (max when a< 8) aie ® Ry 7% Ay= Vylax.whon a> d). te vw Ms (max. when a< 6) = ve | pe tirmcanmaea sc te IM, (at point of toad) Ma (when x-< a) A max when a> bat x=: ‘A, (et point of aa) Ag non xa) PRX (eal —3ax- Dx) eeu ‘SC, BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS — N Concentrated loads at n equal spaces 1 Note: n=N+1&n23 feup pp Pl Ravine so-n8 y “bebd-de pout eAaee My My cee oD @ vIn Me(atz=£ 4 nis ods - Agien Ser] A t Mote=Laniserny = Sues TW rome Amactatx=fanisody . = Pa-ty[r-da-4)] Amaiaxeta neon... « Pos {[a-La+4i]o-20-} 6 ‘When > 10 the load may be considered as unitormly distributed. 6D. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS — Uniformly distributed load fe Rev Or wh £ fiction, Ween wen St 4 Max (ators) es v - Matconse) ss « +e Jv 6d ek Ms teux- 6, reset XY [Hw a = Amax(atconte) 2... -i5 : @ [5 00000055050 Tet tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x10? Mpa = 20x 10°kPa 16 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER I5. BEAMS FIXED AT BOTH ENDS Rey RanYe Mrmax. (4) (at x= a+ My Me M(loreea) M (for a x< (a+b) 1M, for (a+b) s xs) Ay (iorx a) co RES aman 25-205 ie References & Acknowledgements 9 [1] American Institute of Stee! Construction, "Manual of Steel Construction - LRFD”, {st ed., American Institute of Steel Construction (pp 3-127 to 3-145). [21 Blodgett, O.W., “Design of Weldments”, The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation (Section 7.1). [8] Canadian Institute of Stee! Construction, “Handbook of Steel Construction”, 4th ed., Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (pp 5-132 to 5-150). : [4] Constructional Stee! Research and Development Organisation (Constrado), q “Steel Designers’ Manual”, 4th ed., Granada (Chapters 1-8). Note: Constrado is the Steel Construction Institute (UK). [5] Griffel, W., “Handbook of Formulas for Stress and Strain”, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. (Chapter 2). [61 South African Institute of Stee! Construction, “South African Steel Construction Handbook", 1st ed., The South African Institute of Steel Construction (pp 3.37-3.52). 17) Young, W.C., Roark’s Formulas for Stress & Strain”, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company (pp 100-112). tor STRUCTURAL STEEL _ = 200x 10° mPa = 200x10°kPa STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1EQUAL SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS ( Lang pattern on loaded spans Reactions toast remot, W a a deflections: jo, A 0.375 0.313 0.667 5 +380 $33 | Seer 1 2 i, 390 10.0875 tom A a ee i++ Me |-a38 0183 | 088 pte ot a O.a084 at o.421 rom A A owe ows | oage 6 tase oes | ts 6 0088 Soo | ser i 098 at 0.498 rom A tas | Oar Ms | -o08s toes | oar a ooee at 0.472 rom A A 00 oso | 0738 5 #00 $38 | Suen i 8.080 at 0.400 from A ais | bbe Me |~ose0 0150 | -o287 ~ At 0.0069 at 0.446 from A. a oa80 cas | ose? 3 80 age | i meh f My 9,103 a 0.450 rom 4 oats 89 | -8i tas | 3% 8 oO At 0.0099 at 0.479 from A 8 2330 oe | hss ee. M2 0.075 at 0.5 from 8 0.175, 0.200 o| ££ a7t Me | 888 BH | 288 | be 0.0068 at 0.5 from B ' A aes 680 5 9360 283 é cas tase a m ~ 8.073 at 0.999 trom a ~O280 , 073 at 0.989 from aA'lp2c 0D Me Obes a 0888 tom 8 oi Ma | ont Oat a Mc = 0.033 = 0.089 , i (089 at 43 tom A 4 cas 7300 B 0.650 0.725 é -8100 0180 1 f 4 * 7 ~ ie 0.017 nieve oo , 0.094 at 0.438 rom a A,B cD Me 0.087 = 0.100 Me cory oiaes a S.b0e9 at 0.474 rom A ‘ Reactions A, B, C, etc are in terms of W. rece Mars wera ot WE Mer worn torms of MASEL oe ie My te and arin terms of L reper ( «+ STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1 2 Bi eee penne er et eennrgenepnectiee6. EQUAL SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS 7 oaing patton on loaded spare Loaded Reactions are ‘moments, Ww detections om, 4 088 B 1.143, é ose fs, O77 at 0999 tom A Ms 8.006 at 888 fom & Me | -o107 me |Zoort a 0085 at 0.4 om A A oes 3 ogre c 0.464 8 dare eres faye | lm 0.8 a 0.6 ‘ at 0.48 roma Ata c3Dd E— | iM O.oet at oee2 om & ms | -oose he O36 Me | =O a 18087 at 0.477 rom A A 0380 8 es Cc 0.357 5 ee —_= & 0.482 al B 2 C D 4 E My Soria aietnaal i 4 at 9.09 om Me 0.088 at 0388 fom B Ms |-arat Me dre Ms | T0088 ae 8084 0.525 rom 0 A ~o098 rs |G oi8 Reactions A,B,C, ote are in terms of W. Moments Mare ts of WL. Deflections 4 are in terms of WL/EI, Locations of, Ma ete and Aare in tems of L span. ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1eTStructural Formulae uently used structural formulae BEAMS Flexural stross at extreme fibre: f= Melt = M/Z 'M = bending moment 1 = momento inertia. Z = Ve= section modulus c= distance to extreme fibre from neutral axis. Flexural stress at any fibre: f=Myll y= distance from neutral axis to fibre. ‘Average vertical shear stress: vA V = shear load A = area of cross section. Horizontal shearing stress at any section A-A: v= VO/Ib Q = static moment about the neutral axis of the entire section of that portion of the eross section lying ‘outside of section A-A b= width at section A-A. (Intensity of vertical shear is equal to that of horizontal shear acting normal to it at the same point and both are usually a maximum at mid-height of beam). 3 Slope and detection at any point £1 = M (Basic iteretal equation for beam) _xand y are abscissa and ordinate respectively of a point on the neutral axis, referred to axes of rectangular ‘co-ordinates through a selected point of support. (First integration gives slopes: second integration gives deflections. Constants of integration must be determined.) CONTINUOUS BEAMS (THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS) Uniform load: bevrn( eee Concentrated loads: M, sau (Hote au a= (r+ “h 4 ‘Considering any two consecutive spans in any continuous structure: ‘MyM, M, =moments at et, centre, and right supports, respectively, of any pair of adjacent spans. Lyand La sagths of left and right spans, respectively, ofthe pair. Nand ly ments of inertia of left and right spans, respectively. w1and y= leads per unit of length on left and right spans, respectively Py and P> ;ncentrated loads on left and right spans, respectively. ayand a; stance of concentrated loads from left support in left and right spans,respectively. by and by Jistance of concentrated loads from right support in left and right spans, respectively. ‘The above equations are for beams with moment of inertia constant in each span but differing in diferent ‘spans, continuous over three or more supports. By writing such an equation for each successive pair of spans {and introducing the known values (usually zero) of end moments, all other moments can be found. COLUMNS Concentrically loaded: stress f= P/A : P = column load, A = area of cross section. Eccentrically loaded: stress f= P/A + Mc/l = P/A (I + ec/r”). Bending in plane of principal axis. Deflection not considered. ‘e= eccentricity of load, r = radius of gyration. 145Beam Formulae — Simply Supported Beams Concentrated load Pat centre Reactions: Ry = Maximum shear forces: vs +P; V2=-PR Maximum bending moment, PL Mrax= 7" at contre ‘Maximum deflection: Pe, at ir v= PE atcontre “aRFT PE (ap ag? A Poor 4) osest ‘Two equal concentrated loads Pequidistant from the centre Reactions: Ry = Ry =P Maximum shear forces: Wa4P; Va=-P Maximum bending moment: . Mnax = Pa between loads Pr Maximum deflection = >> (212 ~4 L shear=w{=—x], oSxSL s “G } rt WL Maximum bending moment =“ =—==, atcentra Bu-s, ossst Swth SW 3846] 384EI" Bates) os 25h Maximum detection = at centre 147148 Beam Formulae — Simply Supported Beams (continued) Distributed load increasing uniformly to one end Total toad = W — Reactions a-%, R x ~ my L Ine Shear lores: Vj = +R Wo oWx* vy ye we fit. 3B? OStSh }+-——os77a1- ao Maximum bending moment: = 0.1283WL, x=0.S7I4L m=*8(2-2), osxse wo oor, 1S193L, =e be totes7), oxe Oot. = oeE(e*-1OLx? +71"), osxsh Distributed load increasing toward centre Total load = W penne: R= = RY L Shear forces: Y= +R; Ry =" ip 2 “fe vogel?-#} osesy el “EET temenso meant: = ie(,_ 4x L ~ ; det, =x ‘480212 (2-42), osxst Load toward right end of beam—uniformly distributed Total load = wa S0L-ay Shear forces: Y= +R); V=R-wx, oSxSa Maximum bending moment: = we? Max", osxsa 24EIL wa?( 24EIL det. {(@L-a)*-2ax*(2b-a)+Lx'], osxsa =(sur-20?-20?), asxstBeam Formulae — Simply Supported Beams (continued) w Total load = W Reactions: R= Ry =" Shear forces: Vj = +R; Maximum bending moment: w ‘4B0EIL Maximum detection (603 +701? — 4a 4a?) Distributed load Increasing uniformly to one end Total load = W = wb Reactions: Ry Shearforces: j= +R; Ve V=R-w(x-a), asxsarb Maximum bending moment = (e+ bftal+H20+5)) reat Deflection: = Fale [20 + 2a(2L—a)+b(b+ 29] AE for oSxSa Partially distributed uniform load at each end Total load = a+ wre wya(2L—a) + wc? 2L Me(2L~c)+ mya a 2b Shear forces: j= +R; Vy = Reactions: Ry : vtssnumvondeg onan: = AL, when b M,=-"5, max when a0414L Tova’ mi Concentrated load P, at end of overhang Hed) ao Shear forces: = Reactions: Bending moments: Pa, at R, at fixed end Deflection at end of overhang PL (a @ 4 PE oot ee +5) Distributed load w N/mm on overhang 3a 3wa? Roacions: Ry =wa(1+32), R= — 28 ne emf tet) Re AEE 3wa® forces: Y= wa; Vy = ee Shear forces: ¥, y= ae Bending moments: 2 My=-*S at aoe wat 2A" at tied ond 4 we? Dotection at end of overhang = a3e\ LE 14.16Multiple Supports: Distributed triangular loading oz) Reactions: R, Wa 2L ‘Shear forces : -W Wa 2L Wa M, =F atteed ond Continuous beam of two equal spans—equal concentrated loads, P, at centre of each span Reactions: R, = Ry => 6 R= 1375P Shear forces: Vj =-V, ae u Yate 26 Bending moments: 6 Spt, at Ph athe 5 i PL, atpoint of load Pls at point of toa Continuous beam of two equal spans—concentrated loads, P, at third points of each span note Shear forces: V, 14.17Beam Formulae — Beams on Mul! iple Supoprts (Continued) Continuous beam of two equal spans—uniformly distributed load of w N/mm See also Distributed Load Chart on Page 16.22 Reactions: R= Ry= ZL Ry = L.2Swh Shear forces: Vj 3 V,= + 20k aes Bending moments: Maximum detecn = 000542 atx =O.4215L = (pe 4) osx at = GEG (este 42s") os SL Continuous beam of two equal spans—uniformly dletributed load of w N/mm op one span Reactions: R= wl, Ry=Zwl, Ry 14.18 Continuous beam of two equal spans—concentrated load, P, at centre of one span 3 ns: Ry =P, y= Reactions: R, = 35 Ps Shear forces: Vj Bending moments: B EPL, at point of oad a °L,, at point of 3 Fpl at suppor Ry ‘Maximum deflection:Beam Formulae —Beams on Multiple Supports (continued) Continuous beam of two equal spans—equal concentrated load, P, at any point on one span. Reactions: R, -Bpe ~o(L+a)] Re Sse -o(L-+)] Pab = 2240) ye Pb lap vg Shear forces: wash? -a(L+a)] % - Ble -o(L-+a)] ye ER(L+a) Bending moments: Maas = £22 [402 ~a(L-+<)] aD Pab My=-Fer(L+ a) Continuous beam of three equal spans—concentrated load, P, at centre of each span Reactions: ‘Shear forces: 14.19Beam Formulae —Beams on Multiple Supports (continued) Continuous beam of three equal spans—equal concentrated load, P, at third points on each span. re r f f r TT VT AY | Fietptt ggg Pett Re WALI Continuous beam of three equal spans—uniformly distributed load e0 also Distributed load chart on page 16.22 Loading: wN/ mm Reecons: diol 10 _ Mw RAR 14.20—Beams on Multiple Supports (continued) Continuous beam of four equal spans—uniformly distributed load ‘900 also Distributed load chart on page 16.22 D 14.2114.22 Table: Beam Formula — Continuous Beams — All Spans Equal Co-efficients for Bending Moment and Deflection for Uniform Distributed Load Bending moment (km Bly WL Deflection (mm) = x10" ¢ = bending moment (BM) co-efficient L = spanm 4 = deflection co-efilent E = modol east. MPa lorooe W= total load per span ~ uniformly dstrbuted AN 1 = moment oferta mnt | 0.9751) ‘0.0703 Data Presentation — Example c seas ose. oe, ose, ! < 0777 ohosr” ooss9 © -ag773" 0.0438 0085" 00412 0.0805, me | ear zag et af 4 dos [88] cone [8] 5] cpus [83] — coves [8 - iTable: Beam Formulae — Continuous Beams — Equal Spans Co-efficients for Bending Moments and Reactions, Uniform Distributed Loads L = Length of one span ~ m (Continuous beams loaded as shown) W= uniform load one span — kN All spans of equal length Moment: kx WxL Readion: Ex W com ayes 007 fs Os oars coe -008s pasifonc” oto ous Bis como 01 a0as_ ano & a Fe a yor 00s 00s aot . passat Rasa os ams os as 00s 075-008 ps tes oss oes ts eae any cos 0038 pasnaiunt thoubtionsy . of 3 oa cats cot 0087 seo RR ass oes i oo carr -ae7 ome a0» 00m ort 0077 Sis the om hes oe ~ On 0.054 0.036 0.081 0.054 passat “atic ote on ue a ates owe 011 cosas woos mss obs ve om” cae one owe 00st -o1u7 a0 -a008 pst Sennen iSasus ies ca ih oust ae ous pss 889, otis ome Bor oa ats ( oo 00m 0084 sou ss J, fe oa oan Be otis 14.2314.24 Table: Continuous Beams — Equal Spans — Co-efficients for Bending Moment and Reactions, Point Loads L = Length of one span — m ‘Continuous beams ~ point loadings as shown, W= Point Load at mid span — kN ¢ = Bending Moment Co-efficient 1r = Reaction Co-etficient — kV Moment: kx Wx L Reaction: kx W ce og5e 0.108 og r= 0313 1375 o8i3 0203 0.008 a 408 0688 01004 gs 0.15 a 015 O75, 035 is, is. 035 0213-0075, 0075 0213, oes 58 5s olde, 907s ns -0.075, 01975 55 5s 01075 03gs 01750138 0.050 0325 13 a5 0.05 02 01 40.025 oe he 04 ores 035 ones, a7 0181s 0.107 ott 061 a7 0530 1214 0893 1214 0330 021-008 005 0.183 0.08 oe a one ofb7 te 016-0181 0.148 0.027 0087 0270 go or? oh. o5i 1335 0386 oe7 oats + 0054 ads 081 ads 0054 oor Te or 084 ote 124 oe 054 oz 0-04 +0027 0.007 oe oa oy oes 0.161 0.04 0.007 0078 73-008 +002 0074 0887 one 0.124 ce