HOLE DIGGER

DET IN WELDING

MUHAMMAD WA’IE UQAIL BIN MOHD JAINI

50106118069
2020

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

JULY 2020
 HOLE DIGGER

MUHAMMAD WA’IE UQAIL BIN MOHD JAINI

50106118069

Report Submitted to Fulfill the Partial Requirements

For the Diploma of Engineering Technology in Welding

JULY 2020

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this proposal is my original work and all references has been
cited adequately as required by the University.

Date: 8/12/2020 Signature………………….

Full Name: MUHAMMAD WA’IE UQAIL

BIN MOHD JAINI
ID Number: 50106118069

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 APPROVAL PAGE

We have supervised and examined this report and verify that it meets the
program and University’s requirements for the Diploma of Engineering
Technology in Welding.

Date: 8/12/2020 Signature………………….

Supervisor: MD ZAUKAH BIN IBEL
Official Stamp:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Some forms of earth augers may be used in oil drilling

equipment. Earth augers and drilling equipment are found in various sizes, for
either small individual operation, or larger commercial enterprise. The main use
of a gas powered auger is to dig holes for building, fence and sign posts, or to
create holes for ice fishing. As such, earth augers are often called post hole
diggers. I am making this project not only for marks, but to also increase my
knowledge. THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
 CONTENTS

DECLARATION................................................................................................ii

APPROVAL PAGE...........................................................................................iii

LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................vii

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................viii

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................ix

ABSTRAK.........................................................................................................x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................1

1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT...................................................................................................2
1.3 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................2
1.4 SCOPES AND LIMITATION................................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................4

2.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................4
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Suspension system principles..........................................................4
2.2.2 Type of springs.................................................................................6
2.2.3 Available absorber spring remover..................................................7
2.2 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY..................................................................10

3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................10
3.2 DIVISION OF WORK.........................................................................................................10
3.3 PROJECT STEPS.............................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Identifying problem.........................................................................11
3.2.2 Research........................................................................................12
3.2.3 Identifying solution.........................................................................12
3.2.4 Designing process..........................................................................12
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3.2.5 Gathering materials........................................................................13
 3.2.6 Cutting............................................................................................14
3.2.7 Joining............................................................................................14
3.2.8 Testing............................................................................................16
3.2.9 Gantt Chart.....................................................................................16

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION................................................17

4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................17
4.2 RESULTS...........................................................................................................................17
4.3 DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................................19
4.3.1 Joining defect.................................................................................19
4.3.2 Scissor jack movement..................................................................20
4.3.4 Strut fitting......................................................................................20
4.3.4 Structure Integrity...........................................................................21
4.4 PRODUCT COMPARISON...............................................................................................21
4.2 PRODUCT ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Type...............................................................................................23
4.2.2 Price...............................................................................................23
4.2.3 Electrical Motor..............................................................................24

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION......................................................................25

5.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................25
5.2 NEW KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED......................................................................................25
5.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................26
5.3.1 Fixed frame....................................................................................26
5.3.2 Power supply..................................................................................26

REFERENCES...............................................................................................27

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Vehicles Dynamic Principles...........................................................5

Table 3.1 Materials.........................................................................................13
Table 3.2 Gantt Chart.....................................................................................16
Table 4.1 Inspection Form..............................................................................19
Table 4.2 Product Comparison.......................................................................22

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RM Ringgit Malaysia University

UNIKL Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
MFI France Institute
IN Inches

MM Millimeters

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

WPS Welding Procedure Specification

NDT Non-Destructive Testing

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Car Suspension Principle................................................................1

Figure 2.1: Macpherson Strut Suspension.......................................................7
Figure 2.2 Macpherson Strut Spring Compressor...........................................8
Figure 2.3 Branick 7600 Strut Spring Compressor..........................................8
Figure 3.1. Project Methodology Flowchart....................................................11
Figure 3.2 Orthographic Drawing...................................................................13
Figure 3.3 Finished Cut Angle Bar.................................................................14
Figure 3.4 Joining Process 1..........................................................................14
Figure 3.5 Joining Process 2..........................................................................15
Figure 3.6 Joining Process 3..........................................................................15
Figure 3.7 Joining Process 4..........................................................................15
Figure 3.8 Testing Process............................................................................16
Figure 4.1 Finished Product 1........................................................................17
Figure 4.2 Finished Product 2........................................................................18
Figure 4.3 Finished Product 3........................................................................18
Figure 4.4 KingToyo KT-0270 Coil Spring Compressor.................................22
Figure 4.5 Branick 7600 Strut Spring Compressor........................................22
Figure 4.6 Spring Absorber Opener...............................................................22

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 ABSTRACT

FYP is a Final Year Project and this subject is needed for understudies in the
fifth semester before they can go to between transport programs. For FYP,
understudies are expected to make a thing, we have used the going with
rules to choose the most appropriate thing. Most importantly, convenient and
supportive, material creation. Second, the cost earnestness, after mindful
idea, we have decided to convey a thing called Hole Digger Machine. It took
17 weeks from the arrangement for creation to complete, to complete the
endeavor. It is our target that this thing can be an invaluable mechanical
assembly for eliminating which is useful for understudies as they don't have
to go to workshops to address the issues.

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 ABSTRAK

PTA adalah Projek Tahun Akhir dan subjek ini diperlukan untuk pelajar pada
semester kelima sebelum mereka dapat pergi ke antara program
pengangkutan. Bagi FYP, pelajar diharapkan dapat membuat sesuatu, kami
telah menggunakan peraturan yang sesuai untuk memilih perkara yang
paling sesuai. Paling penting, senang dan menyokong, pembuatan bahan.
Kedua, kesungguhan kos, setelah mendapat idea, kami telah memutuskan
untuk menyampaikan sesuatu yang disebut Hole Digger Machine. Ia
mengambil masa 17 minggu dari penyusunan penciptaan untuk
menyelesaikan, untuk menyelesaikan usaha. Adalah menjadi sasaran kami
bahawa perkara ini boleh menjadi pemasangan mekanikal yang tidak ternilai
untuk menghilangkan yang berguna untuk pelajar kerana mereka tidak perlu
pergi ke bengkel untuk menangani masalah tersebut.

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT INTRODUCTION

The common earth auger descends into the ground, and moves dirt up
toward the surface. This kind of auger is attached to machines such as skid
steer vehicles or other auger equipped vehicles. These may be sold or rented
as attachments, or as stand-alone models along with backhoes, cranes, and
other gear.

As a simple machine, the auger has been around for many centuries.
Manual augers were hand operated and often used for woodworking or other
similar tasks. As technology evolved, more simple machines like augers were
tied to engines or electrical motors to become power tools. The auger
became more of a class of large drill, supported by steady applications of
automated power.

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

Motorized augers are currently used in a variety of industries. In farming or

agriculture operations, an auger can be used to move grain up into a hopper
or other container. For outdoor tasks, an earth auger is commonly used to
create fence post holes, or to turn up ground for other purposes. Earth
augers can be used in gardening, and a gardening catalog may include this
type of tool, along with instructions for using it to aid in creating or
maintaining a garden plot. Some forms of earth augers may be used in oil
drilling equipment. Earth augers and drilling equipment are found in various
sizes, for either small individual operation, or larger commercial enterprise.
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These types of tools are often essential to the main purpose of drilling for oil,
to get far below the ground to access reservoirs of this valuable commodity.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Problem that we are facing are for the drill bit to go up and down. The drill bit
is quite long and it’s hard for the engine to move up and down. The power of
the engine is not enough power to spin the drill bit into the ground because
the drill is heavy for the engine to move the drill. The time given for the
project to be done is quite short due to pandemic in this country and it make
us difficult to do the project and to find the material for the project.

1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROJECT

Modern earth augers are used for other purposes as well. Engineers or
others may use a smaller earth auger to take soil samples. Some of these
machines have extra features for safety and convenience. One of these is a
"quick stop" feature. If a earth auger machine jams, the quick stop feature
turns off the motor and allows for withdrawal. As a classical simple machine,
the earth auger is a good example of how a manual tool can be easily
customized as a power tool. It provides good models for "operational
physics" where students of advanced physics seeks to understand them
through applied mechanics and operational demonstrations. The
development of the earth auger also represents how mass manufacturing
and new technology have replaced a primitive tool with a sophisticated one.

1.5 SCOPES AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

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The price of the unit might discourage some from considering it. However,
given that it comes with plenty of accessories, it is worth it.

Given that this is a petrol-powered device, it gets a bit louder than

other similar choices that run on power. Still, considering the other features
that it includes, this is not necessarily a deal-breaker.

This choice does not perform well if there are many roots in the soil
that you are trying to dig into. Still, overall, it delivers great results.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this era, we see that the progression of technology is rapidly undergone
and so does in certain areas such as agriculture and plantation. We identify
the problems that need to be improved in this particular area that is digging a
hole. The traditional way is using a shovel that will take huge toll on workers
consumption and time consumption. It evolve to a better version but only with
only engine and drill blade. It sounds like a small matter to tackle but our
project is designed to tackle this problem very well. At the end we came up
with the project hole digger that will greatly improve the quality and efficiency
of work. It will cut the cost of manpower and time greatly due to only one
person can handle the machine.

2.2 CONCEPT / THEORY

I) Make the hole digger automated when the process of digging start and
is easy to handle by anyone.
II) It is designed to be handled by one person to cut the consumption of
energy and workforce.
III) It is powered by an engine and will cut the time of the digging. This will
result in more efficiency at work and will make any project successfully
completed.
IV) Implement some of the safety features such the body frame to avoid
any mishap when handling this machine.
V) To be used in any situation and field of work that requires to digging
holes such as landscape design or botanist.

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2.3 ACTUAL DESIGN WORK
Here are the steps we took in designing our project, step are taken to make
the project go as planned and executed without any flaw or unfamiliar
problems occurs.
I) Identifying the problems
Identifying the real problems that need to be addressed and
overcome. For example, the time spent digging one hole can be
overcome with new ideas.

II) Gathering information

Gathering enough date to provide enough evidence and solutions to
the problems. For example, using engine and drill blade to substitute
the usage of shovel

III) Sketching the layout of the project

Using the information that we gathered to put together the first version
of the idea of our project

IV) Making the drawing with actual measurements

Making the drawing with actual measurements we require for the
project. All the measurements and decisions are made during the
sketching process. By this method we can identify the size of the
project will be.

V) Making a model from the drawing

Making a model with the reference of the drawing to see if the idea we
have can be implement or not.

VI) Improve the model xv

 When the idea is implemented in our model, we can detect the flaw in
this project. We can improve and overcome the problem.

VII) Finishing the full-scale prototype

After detecting the flaw and we successfully overcome it, we do the
actual real scale size of the project.

VIII) Finished product from the drawing reference

At the end of the process, we will end up with finished products. There
will be a final test to determine the success of this project.

2.4 FOLLOW-UP ACTION

The follow-up action will be implemented when the plan is finished. The plan
will be observed during the development of the project. If there and problems
or flaws that have been detected, the follow up action will be implement to
overcome and improve the project. This will result in the success of the
project with the solution implemented and problems have been solved create
an imperfection project.

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2.5 COMPONENT USED
2.5.1 Engine

Figure 2.5.1.1

We use a small engine that was used to cut grass. The power engine
is enough to power the blade to dig the hole. The amount of power
engine is matter due to the condition and type of soil we will dig in. We
may come across rocks inside the earth when digging, massive
amounts of engine power will suffice the need to penetrate the rock.

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2.5.2 DRILL BLADES

Figure 2.5.2.1

Drill blade is one of the components in the project. It is use to

penetrate and dig a hole. It is function to work efficiently with the
engine when it paired together. The size of the hole is determine by
the size of the drill blade.

2.5.3 RECTANGULAR STEEL HOLLOW.

Figure 2.5.3.1

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 We chose the rectangular shape is because it is sturdier and easier to
weld together than pipe. The shape of this steel makes the project
more stable and easier to maneuver.

2.5.4 STAINLESS STEEL PIPE

Figure 2.5.4.1

Stainless steel pipe is used for the handle and the supporting leg for
this project. We choose pipe because it is easy to bend and shape into
the angel we want.

2.5.5 TIRES

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 Figure 2.5.5.1

This components mainly use for maneuvering. It will make transporting

this machine anywhere is more easily possible.

2.6 PREVIOUS RESEARCH

I) Earlier version from this project, there is two ways of digging hole. One
method is using a shovel and more advance method is using an
engine with a drill blades.
II) We identify that earlier versions of this machine consume more time
than average time this machine can dig a hole. This also results in the
increased of worker consumption due to exceed the expected time of
finishing the project.
III) This version provides more safety features than the earlier one due to
large scale of improvements in every area available.
IV) We try to improve the efficiency of this machine by adding the ability to
move and maneuver around easily. The addition of the tires will make
it happen.

2.7 LITERATURE REVIEW FORMAT

This is the earlier version of the hole digger that inspire us to improve in
every area that we can improve. Thus, it sparks the new improvement of this
version of hole digger.
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 Figure 2.7.1

Table 2.7.1: Measurement

1 Size 150mm x 600mm
2 Mechanism Have to be handle by one person but need to
carry the weight of the machine
3 Weight 7KG

The machine we made is the improvement of the earlier version. Although its
bit bigger but it is more easy to handle a maneuver. Can be handle by one
person and can also called semi-automatic machine due to the ability to
function alone.

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 Figure 2.7.2

This is an orthographic drawing of our project. As we can see that the

placement of the engine will be at the center of the project that is supported
by the body frame and engine holder. This is the actual measurement that
our group decide to use.

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 Figure 2.7.3

This is the drawing of this project’s body frame. The body frame is important
because it is like the backbone of this project. This body frame will carry out
the load of the engine and drill blade. The reason we add the type of design
is because it is safe to handle by one person, this is because we do not have
to hold such burden or load from the engine but simply let the body frame
carry it. The height of the full project is 1.5 meters, and it is most suitable for
every person to handle. It is not too high neither too low for anyone with any
height to operate this machine. We use a rectangular steel hollow with a
diameter of 25mm x 50mm x 2.3mm. The reason we choose it because it
sturdy and did not cost more weight to this machine thus making it easier to
handle and to move anywhere .We use two stainless steel pipe round where
one is bend to 90 degrees with the length of 50 centimeter and the other is
bend to 120 degrees with the length of 40 centimeter. The reason we choose
to use pipe round instead of steel hollow is because of safety reason due to
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sharp edge result of the bending 90 degrees.The frame for tires holder is
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300mm x 280mm. The external bar for handler is 120mm x 50mm.

Figure 2.7.4

This is the engine base drawing. The function of engine base is to carry the
engine weight and hold the engine in place to avoid mishap. The diameter of
the base is 400mm x 320mm. We chose 400mm x 320mm is because the
size of most engine we chose is fallen into smaller size than the base. In the
middle of the base we have a hole with the diameter of 160mm. We chose
the size of the hole to be 160mm is because it will fits in most of the size of
the blade that available to be purchase in the market. The bolt and nut used
is 6.6mm size. We use 16 of bolt and nut and separate it four bolts and nuts
in each corner of the back of engine base to make it more stable and sturdy.
The gap between bolts and nuts is 45mm because to add the strength of the
nuts and bolts. If we increase the size of gap, it will take the toll on the
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strength of the nuts and bolts. The back of the engine base is 170mm x
320mm because we do not want to make it too big and will take away big
amount of the drill blade.

Figure 2.7.5

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This is the drawing of the drill blade holder. This connects the blade with the
engine. In order to make the blade move, this component is important. The
diameter of the drill blade holder is 250mm. The inner diameter of the drill
blade is 160mm. The hole between the drill blade and the engine is 30mm.
The hole that will fit the drill blade upper part is 50mm. It is sufficient due to
the size of most drills is less than 50mm. The thickness of the drill holder
base is 20mm. The length of the drill blade is 125mm.

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 Figure 2.7.6

This component is the part where it holds the base of the engine to the steel
pipe on the body frame. This will enable the base of the engine to move
horizontally up and down. This part is purposely to be small because to make
it easy to move. The full diameter of the part is 50mm x 60mm x 50mm. It is
small enough to hold the weight if the engine and the engine base. The size
of the bolts and nuts is the same size as the engine base’s bolts and nuts

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 Figure 2.7.7

This is the drawing of the drill blades that will be used as the drill bit of this
project. Originally, we go for 400mm diameter and with the length 850mm.
The core pillar have 18mm diameter size. But the size doesn’t matter depend
on how big the hole size you want it.

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 Figure 2.7.8

This is the piece to connect both tires. The function of this piece is to make
the motion of the wheel go smoothly and without any problems. It have 380
mm full length and the middle have 180 mm length. This left the remaining
200 mm for the tire size. The diameter of the middle bar is 50 mm while the
outer bar is 30 mm.

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 Figure 2.7.9

This is the drawing of the tires, we go for the small one because we want to
cut the size of the space needed to fit the tires. The diameter of the tire is
274mm with the width of 90mm. The tire does not necessarily have to be big,
but it is enough for smooth movements and maneuverability.

2.8 CONCLUSION

The improvement that we implemented is effective immediately thus

generating good amounts of results as feedback. This machine is more one-
person handler and can be semi-automatic because it ability to still working
well without someone steer it while digging. The addition of body frames and
tires increases greatly on the maneuverability and can bring this machine
anywhere easily.
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 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter will enclose the details explanation of methodology that is being
used to make this project finalized and functioning well. This method is used
to attain the objective of the project that will carry out a perfect outcome. This
final year project used three important steps to complete the project starting
from planning, utilization, and testing.

3.2 Division of work

In this project, 4 people are responsible for completing this project. There are
4 parts to this project that is design, fabrication, inspection and testing. For
the design part, Muhammad Nurhan is responsible for the design of the
project using AutoCAD. For the fabrication part, Muhammad Wa'ie and
Muhammad Yusuf were responsible for developing and finishing the project.
For the inspection part, Muhammad Syahir is responsible for visual
inspection, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), and Welding Procedure and
Specification (WPS). For the testing part, Muhammad Wa'ie and Muhammad
Yusuf are responsible for the function of the project to make sure that the
Motor engine is working and the drill can run for digging holes.
Once the assemblies of the parts are complete, each component is
combined to complete the project. Proper planning and communication are
essential for assuring that no errors occur while combining components. This
is important to ensure that the project is completed on time and that the
process is done as effectively as possible.

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 Identify problem

Research

Reject

Identify
Solution

Accept?

Design process

Gather materials

Fail? Cutting

Joining

Assembly

Success

Testing

Figure 3.3 Project Methodology Flowchart

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3.3 Project Steps

3.3.1 Identify Problem

As a student, this is an issue that I have encountered myself in the
workshop. Insufficiency of resources increased my time spent during
dismantle the part for my hole digger project and it decreasing my
efficiency and productivity in finishing a job. I recognized this as a
problem that needs a solution.

3.3.2 Research
During this stage, I have done a thorough out process of gathering
information that helps to understand the hole digger systems as well
as the currently available products in the market. This process has
enormously helped in recognizing the basic function of a hole digger
and the available products in the market. This allowed the product
planning and designing process to be more efficient as the
specification for the products in terms of size, type and costs have
been determined.

3.3.3 Identify Solution

As a result of the research and literature reviews done, I managed to
bring up with a solution in the shape of a new product outcome. The
product capitalizes a concept from an auger style hole digger that has
a metal screw-like head and added with a small motor engine to
terminate the use of man-power for making holes in the ground.

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3.3.4 Designing Process
In this stage, the main factor that I have considered for this project is
the functionality and overall cost. To successfully design a product that
fulfilled the purposed of this project, the previously mentioned factors
determined the size and fabrication of the product. To make sure the
functionality of the product is not limited, I have designed the product
in a way it can fit most of the hole digger. The joining method that was
proposed was also important to ensure the product can withstand the
force of the moving driller when it drills into the ground. The following
drawing was provided as a result.

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Figure 3.3.4.1 Orthographic Drawing

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 3.3.5 Gathering Material and Consumables

Below is the list of the materials and consumables that were used to
complete the project:

Table 3.3.5.1: List of Materials

LIST OF SPECIFICATION QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL

MATERIAL PER UNIT PRICE
(RM) (RM)
1 RECT STEEL 25mm x 50mm x 6 meter 7.20/meter 43.00
HOLLOW 2.3mm

2 STAINLESS 1’’ inch X 1.0 mm 6 meter 8.90/meter 53.80

STEEL ROUND (Grade 304)
PIPE
3 CARBON STEEL 2’’ inch 2 meter 7.00/meter 14.00
ROUND PIPE
4 STAINLESS 1 mm 400 mm 85.00 85.00
STEEL SHEET
SQUARE PLATE
5 STUD BOLT ROD 18 mm 1 8.50 8.50

6 WASHER Ø5/8-inch 6 0.40 2.40

7 NUT Ø21mm 4 0.80 3.20

8 MOTOR ENGINE 1 200.00 200.00

9 TYRE 2 21.00 42.00

10 GRIPPER 2 2.90 5.80

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 TOTAL RM 457.70

Table 3.5.5.2: List of Consumables

LIST OF PRICE TOTAL
CONSUMABLES SPECIFICATION QUANTITY PER UNIT PRICE
(RM) (RM)
1 Grinding Disc Ø 100 x 6.0 5 2.50 12.50
x 16mm
2 Cutting Disc Ø 4’’ x 1.0 x 5 4.50 22.50
16mm
3 Co2 10 LITER 1 182.00 182.00
WELDING
GAS
CYLINDER
4 GMAW Co2 WIRE 0.8mm x 15 kg 1 83.00 83.00

5 HIGH METAL Matt black (1 1 19.50 19.50

PAINT liter)
EXTERIOR
6 THINNER 400 ml 1 8.90 8.90

TOTAL RM 328.40

3.3.6 Cutting
In this stage, the rectangular holo plate was cut to 13 parts, stainless steel
round pipe was cut into 2 parts, carbon steel round pipe is cut into 2 parts, xx
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and stainless steel sheet plate is cut into 1 part using a cut-off machine
according to the measurement specification in the drawing provided. During
this process, the correct technique and accurateness are required to assure
that the materials are used wisely. To avoid any possibility of injuries, Safety
precautions were also taken by wearing personal protective equipment
(PPE).

3.3.7 Joining
All the plate and pipe that has been cut was joined together using a GMAW
welding machine according to the specification in the drawing provided.
Safety precautions are required such as wearing Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) was taken during the process.

Figure 3.3.7.1 Joining Process 1

Figure 3.3.7.2 Joining Process 2

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 Figure 3.3.7.3 Joining Process 3

3.3.8 Testing
This stage determined the utilization and credibility of the project. The project
was inspected to make sure that the joining is acceptable and there is no
sign of defects. The product was also tested by running the machine engine
to dig holes.

Figure 3.3.8.1: complete project

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3.3.9 Gantt Chart
To make sure that the fabrication process of the project were carried out
correctly, a schedule was created in the form of a Gantt Chart.

Table 3.3.9.1: Gantt Chart

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 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction

One of the most commonly used methods among non-destructive testing

methods is visual testing. The basis of the visual test process is the attention
to the human eye of any faulty material, directly or indirectly, by considering
predetermined criteria and requiring improvement in production. At the end of
the visual testing process, it is decided to accept, take or use the material.

Visual inspection, if applied properly, is a very effective quality control

tool. In this method, both surface defects in the material and classification
defects can be detected. This is a very economical method of control and a
very successful method of detecting faults. But one major drawback is that
only visible faults can be detected. Ideas on the internal structure of the
material could not be obtained. Therefore, it is very important for people who
take this test to be experienced and educated. In addition, moments of
distraction and carelessness or delusion of the eyes can lead to confusing
results.

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4.2 WPS Form

Figure 4.2.1 WPS Form

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Figure 4.2.2 WPS Form

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4.3 Visual Inspection

Figure 4.3.1

Figure 4.3.2

Figure 4.3.3

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 Figure 4.3.4

4.3 Result

4.3.1 porosity
Causes: Porosity is caused in the molten weld pool by the absorption of
nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, which is then released to become
trapped in the weld metal upon solidification.

Remedies: Clean the surfaces of the work piece and adjust to the position
where the weld is created before starting the welding process.

4.3.2 Crater

Causes: Stopping the arc too soon, causing the weld to not fully fill the
weld end.

Remedies: Let the weld to fully fill the space of the work piece before
stopping.

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Causes: Caused by maintaining the arc length too long, improper

selection of shielding gases, and incorrect electrode angle.

Remedies: Before starting the welding process, use the correct arc
length, proper selection of shielding gases, and use the correct electrode
angle and size.

4.4 Discussion
This project is accepted because there are no major defects that will cause any
serious problems.

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 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, this chapter will summarize about the uses of this project. This
machine is design specialized to dig holes in the ground for certain purposes
such as farming or construction. This project is a one-person handler and it can
be semi-automatic because the ability to work well without someone steer while
the project is running. The improvement that we accomplished is successful thus
generating a good results as feedback. In addition, the body frames and tires
increases the mobility of the project and the project can move anywhere easily.

5.2 Future recommendation

The product that has been made manages to reach the objectives within the
scopes. However, there is still room of improvement for the project to be made
as a product that have a higher standard such as improved the product to a
compact size so that it can be brought everywhere easily.

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